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came suddenly upon Sheshouan, and found ourselves in the sôko, or marketplace, situated outside the walls of the town. Crossing the sôko at a brisk trot, we entered the town by the Bab-el-Sôk, and proceeding through several streets, passed under a dark archway. Here dismounting, we knocked at a door, which being opened, we entered the house of my guide's parents. In the dark they did not recognize me as a Christian — in fact it was not till some minutes later, when we had secured the mules in the patio of the house, and ourselves in a large bare room, that my boy confided in them. They were not at all pleased to see me, but they knew as well as I did-and therein lay my safety that my detection meant death to their son for bringing me, as well as to myself. Half an hour later, having partaken of some food, and rested a little - for we had been sixteen hours en route from Tetuan, I left the house, and with Selim's father walked through the town.

purchasing some fowls and eggs for sup per, looking very much upset and in tears. I was sorry to see this, for up till now he had behaved splendidly, though his mother had been in one long fit of hysterical crying ever since I had arrived — a circumstance which was not warranted to improve any one's spirits. Even when I saw Selim in this state, I never suspected anything was wrong, except that his spirits had given way under the strain, and it was quite casually that I asked him what was the cause of his trouble.

"Oh, sir," he cried, "it is all up! Those Beni-Hassan men have told that they had seen a Christian on his way to Sheshouan, and all the town is on the alert to catch you!”

I went at once to the tiny window and looked into the street. It was full of men hurrying to and fro. Twice I heard the question asked, "Have you seen the Christian?" My prospects certainly did not look golden; but nothing could be done for an hour or so, till it was dark; and on an empty stomach one can do very little, so I set to work and cooked and ate my supper. I had not much appetite, but I made a point of eating half a roast fowl and drinking a large jugful of milk, meanwhile carefully considering my plans in my mind. First, I determined to abandon the woman's disguise, as being of a suspicious nature, and instead borrowed a torn and ragged mountaineer's brown cloak.

Sheshouan, which is a large town covering more acreage than Tangier, and possessing seven mosques and five gates, is magnificently situated on the slope of the mountain, which rises from the town almost perpendicularly to a great height. The houses are different from those of any other city in the country, as they do not possess the general flat roof, but are gabled and tiled with red tiles, which gives the place more the appearance of a Spanish than a Moorish town. But what to the natives is the great attraction of Supper was over, and in half an hour Sheshouan is the abundance of water; for more it would be sufficiently dark for me issuing from caves far above in the moun- leave. What a wretched half-hour that tain-side are three waterfalls, whose water was! Selim was in tears, his mother in is so cold that the natives use the expres- hysterics, his father sulky; in fact, the sion that "it knocks one's teeth out to only persons who kept up any show of drink it." I tasted it, and found it too spirits were myself and I confess it cold to be pleasant drinking. From the was nothing more than a mere "show" of pool at the bottom of these three falls aque- spirits and a man whose help had been ducts carry the water to the numerous mills sought, a native of a mountain village which are clustered there, after turning some hours distant, and who all through the wheels of which it continues its course never lost his cheerfulness, though the to the many fruit-gardens for which Shesh-risk of losing his own life - a risk that he ouan is famous. After about two hours' walk in the town, we returned once more At last the half-hour was over, and to the house, where I was only too glad to all our plans completed. Mahomed, my roll myself in my blanket and surrender new-found friend (and verily a friend in my weary body to sleep. All next day I need), was to accompany me out of the lay in hiding. During the afternoon we town by the principal gate, thus hoping to decided that my safest means of leaving excite less suspicion than if we attempted would be after dark in the disguise of a to escape by one of the less important and woman, as that would render me almost more obscure exits; while Selim was to entirely hidden from sight under the enor- proceed by another way and meet us outmous haik that completely envelops wom-side the sôko. The mules we left for ankind in Morocco. the present, arranging for Selim's father About sunset my boy returned from to bring them early in the morning to our

was voluntarily running- was very great.

next hiding-place, the cottage of Mahomed, had bound up my legs in some strips of situated in a village some four hours sacking, we ate a supper of native bread distant. and goat's milk, and very good it was too. My disguise was light and airy,-far My kind friends then left me, and were too light and airy for such a cold night-soon slumbering in another part of the consisting as it did merely of a brown cottage, their snore reaching me even in jelaba and a pair of slippers. Creeping my cellar. I felt better, though far from quietly through the door we left the house, and walked through the now crowded streets to the gate. Every now and again I felt an uncomfortable, creepy sensation, as I heard the hurrying natives saying to one another and saying it once or twice even to my companion and myself"Where is the Christian?" "Have you seen the dog of a Christian?" At the gate was a guard placed to stop me; but in my disguise I passed them successfully and entered the sôko, where men were passing to and fro on the lookout for me. Here, to avoid suspicion we seated ourselves cross-legged on the ground and remained sitting for several minutes, it seemed like an hour. While in this position a Luck, however, was against me, for one native came and seated himself next to of the very Beni-Hassan men who had me, and carried on a short conversation accosted me on the road turned up in the with my companion. Every moment I village by some evil chance and recog expected detection it seemed an impos-nized my beasts. However, Mahomed sibility that I should escape. Then we rose and were once more en route.

Soon we had reached the spot where Selim was to have met us, but there were no signs of him. We sat down on some rocks and waited, but he did not come. Then Mahomed left me to search for him, and I was alone, but completely hidden among the ferns and stones. While Mahomed was away, a man passed me so closely that his jelaba touched my knees; but he went on without perceiving me. A few minutes later Mahomed and Selim appeared, the latter having mistaken the trysting-place.

We at once set off at a brisk walk across country to Mahomed's cottage. For four hours and a half we walked in the cold night, over the most terrible ground. We had not been on our way half an hour, when I slipped in crossing a stream, and got my shoes soaked with water, which rendered them impossible to walk in. From that moment, till we arrived at the cottage, I walked bare-legged and barefooted, pushing my ankles, already raw from sunburning, through the sharp, thorny bushes, till the blood was trickling down over my feet. At last we reached the village, and creeping from tree to tree, Mahomed reconnoitring ahead, we entered the cottage. I was at once taken to my hiding-place, a kind of cellar, but very clean, where, half an hour later, when I

safe, yet I was out of Sheshouan. I opened my red-leather bag, and drew out some cigarettes; then rolling myself in my blanket, I lay and watched the blue smoke curl up and up till it was lost in the darkness. Never did I enjoy a cigarette so much as then, and were Í a poet, I would have written an ode to that benefactor of mankind, Nestor Gianaclis. It was not long, however, before I fell asleep, worn out with the excitement of the day, and the long night walk; nor did I wake till late the next morning. My breakfast bread and eggs and milk - was brought me at once, and I received the welcome news of the arrival of my mules.

denied that they belonged to Christians ; but the suspicion of the villagers was aroused, and again I was in great danger.

It had been our intention to proceed on our way when the sun set, but toward evening we discovered that the villagers were on the lookout for me, and that it would be unsafe to leave before the moon went down, about midnight.

That day and evening seemed very long, but Mahomed never lost his cheerful mien, and kept me interested by telling me stories of himself - how he was the head of a robber band, and only a few months before had shot two rich Moors, whom he had robbed, and whose mules he had stolen. Never for a moment did I mistrust him, as I knew that whatever he might be, his ideas of hospitality - the greatest virtue the Arabs possess - would render impossible any treachery. The only reason I can think of why he should have rendered me such services was his love of adventure, for he positively seemed to enjoy the risk he was himself running in saving me. There was no monetary reason in his acts; for on my parting from him the next day, he absolutely refused to take what I offered him, and it was with great difficulty that I persuaded him even to accept payment for the food, etc., I had partaken of in his house.

At last the moon went down, and accompanied by Mahomed I set out, again

creeping from tree to tree and hedge to hedge, once even taking refuge in an empty stable, till the village and the guard around it were safely passed. Then Mahomed hid me in a clump of trees while he returned to the village, and, with Selim, brought out my mules. The cold was intense, in spite of its being July, and I felt cramped and sore indeed as I crouched down, not daring to move a muscle. So an hour passed, then my eyes were gladdened with the welcome sight of Mahomed, Selim, and the mules. Selim and I at once mounted the beasts, while Mahomed walked ahead to show us the way. When dawn appeared we were well on our way, and an hour or two after sunrise had left almost all danger behind us. At the ruined fondak, which we reached after about eight hours' ride, Mahomed left us and turned back. Never did I grasp a hand to say good-bye with more kindly feelings than I did that of this stalwart, handsome mountaineer, who had risked his own life and had saved mine. I tried to thank him in fitting words, but he stopped me and said, "It is nothing, it is nothing." Four hours later the white walls of Tetuan were in sight; and thirteen hours after leaving the village, tired and hungry, with blood-stained legs and torn clothes, I passed through the gates with a sigh of relief such as I have seldom sighed, and felt myself- at last safe from all dangers.

Possibly in three months' time there will be no such place as Sheshouan, for the inhabitants have always been at war with the sultan's people, and denied his authority. Not long ago his Majesty sent a governor there to try to bring about a more orderly state of affairs; and had he survived, he might have done so, but he was at once murdered by the fanatical inhabitants. Rumor, which often speaks the truth, says that the sultan, on his approaching visit to Tetuan, intends to turn aside from his route and revenge his governor's death, to lay waste their country, kill their men, carry their women and children captive, and burn their city. My only hope is that my friends may escape. WALTER B. HARRIS.

Tangier, 1888.

From The Spectator.

THE CIRCUITS.

YEAR after year, and term after term, the judges of the Queen's Bench division

meet in the vain hope of reforming the circuit system. The summit of their reasonable ambition must necessarily be to succeed in reducing inevitable inconvenience to a minimum. The provinces will not be denied in their claim for a share of the judicial talent which is collected upon the Common Law Bench, and so long as that claim is recognized, London suitors and London lawyers will continue to have ground for complaint. There is here, in truth, no question of fairness or unfairness. Except from a sentimental point of view, it matters very little whether Manchester and Liverpool, to take cases which are important, or Bodmin and Presteign, to select cases which are of less gravity, obtain a larger proportion of the services of the bench than their population deserves. Yet this is the basis upon which the problem is commonly discussed, as though the principles of arithmetic were the only legitimate foundation of the arrangements of society. In truth, we stand in some danger lest arithmetic should become our tyrant, and even the judges occasionally show a tendency to hasten the advent of the tyranny. "What is the amount in dispute?" So a lord justice will interrogate counsel for an appellant in the court to which appellants must go; and when the halting answer comes that the question is only one concerning the right destination of a hundred pounds or less, the court assumes an attitude which is partly pitiful and partly indignant. It is a scandal - so we read the thoughts lying behind those serenely contemptuous faces that the trained judgment of the most eminent men on the bench should be forced to direct itself to the settlement of these petty disputes at a time when momentous issues are waiting for solution. So London lawyers and London suitors exclaim that it is an outrage that the common-law judges should be engaged in trying prisoners in distant parts of the country, while the courts of the Queen's Bench division are an echoing desert. Nothing, in reality, is more difficult to justify than the tone of these complaints. The same principles of law apply to a bill for £20 as to a bill for £5,000; a dispute over a peasant's will is as important to the parties concerned as a quarrel over millions is to men of greater wealth. A question affecting the liberty of the humblest subject is at least as grave as one in which millions of money are involved. Moreover, if the truth must be told, this fact is one to which the minds not only of the public, the poor purblind public which

may easily be misled, but also of the judges who, above all others, ought to recognize to the full the fundamental principle that the poor man and the rich are equal in the eye of the law, ought to be earnestly directed.

of Merioneth and Montgomery must journey to Denbighshire; and if they are poor men, who might have been able to call witnesses if they had been tried in their own counties, their cases call for no small measure of sympathy. Soon, too, Birmingham will be added to the list of towns which will not be denied a civil assize at every circuit, and those who know her well predict that her assize courts, the fabric of which is now rising, will find occupation for judges for many weeks at a time.

The existence of a circuit system can only be justified on the principles which have been set forth in the foregoing lines. That such a system has certain special advantages to recommend it, an attempt will be made to prove later. For the present we are concerned to show that the metropolis, although it puts its complaint. Beyond question, such a state of affairs in a form which is almost immoral, in that as this is not creditable to the good sense it involves the assumption that wealth de- of the community, and it is high time to serves better justice than poverty, has a look for remedies. Tinkering at the exgenuine and serious grievance to exhibit isting circuit system is obviously of no notwithstanding. A map of this griev- avail. The judges have been engaged in ance may be bought for a penny in the that hopeless task for many a year, with shape of the circuit paper, which, in order the same result in every case. The provthat it may be complete as a map, must inces protest, the members of the various be supplemented with a note to the effect circuits complain that a constant state of that, by virtue of the special commission, uncertainty is ruinous to them, and prejutwo additional judges are, as far as ordi- dices them in mapping out their forensic nary litigation goes, not at the disposal of careers; and metropolitan suitors com. the community. The paper shows that plain without ceasing that their interests Mr. Justice Field opened the commission are neglected. In truth, the problem beat Reading on November 10th. Mr. Jus-fore the judges is insoluble under existing tice Cave was due at Aylesbury on the conditions. Fifteen men cannot do the 14th, but has since found time to hurry up to London in order to attend to his business as bankruptcy judge. Looking round the other circuits, we find the commissionday at Carlisle fixed for the 17th, Salisbury for the same day, Cambridge for the 19th, Newcastle for the 22nd, Carnarvon for the 27th. The net result is that from November 27th till the end of the term, Baron Pollock, Justices Field, Stephen, Mathew, Cave, Wills, Grantham, and Charles, have engagements in the provinces. There remain in London, the lord chief justice, Mr. Justice Manisty, Baron Huddleston, and Mr. Justice Denman; and of these, one must be engaged daily in judges' chambers. Surely, then, London has reason to complain that three judges are a ridiculous force to oppose to the common-jury list, the special-jury list, the without-jury list, to say nothing of the multifarious matters which call for the attention of a divisional court. Yet the period of Autumn Assizes is not that at which the grievance is most conspicuous, for, except in Manchester and Liverpool, the judges have only to deal with criminal business; and on the smaller circuits the prisoners of many counties will be concentrated in a few centres for trial. Anglesey men, for example, will be tried at Carnarvon; prisoners from the counties

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work of twenty, nor can they so arrange the work of twenty that it can be done by fifteen. All that they can achieve is to crowd the work of the provinces into as little time as possible, insomuch that provincial solicitors urge that the work is scamped at assizes; to sit on occasion for fourteen hours at a stretch the writer has twice known this to happen and by this means snatch a few days for London. The evil is one, in short, which calls for thorough reform. Either the number of the judges must be increased, or something must be done in the direction of decentralization; or, in other words, the jurisdiction of county courts and quarter-sessions must be extended. Whichever course is adopted, money must be spent; and here the traditional parsimony of the Treasury stands in the way. The Treasury, which can hardly be induced to find funds in obedience to the express commands of Parliament, invariably opposes any measure which threatens to call upon it for money. Now, new judges would have to be paid; that is beyond question. An extension of the county-court jurisdiction would involve an increase in the wages of the county-court judges, since, in the first place, it is unjust to increase men's work without raising their pay; and, in the second place, the pay of county-court judges

is not at present sufficient to tempt firstrate men to leave the bar. Again, in the case of quarter-sessions, as at present constituted, it not seldom happens that the real arbiter upon questions of evidence is not the chairman, but the local attorney, who as clerk directs the bench. If the jurisdiction of quarter-sessions is to be enlarged, then the justices must be placed under the direction of professional chairmen of ability and experience, and such men must be paid. But for all that, it is extremely questionable whether any call need eventually be made upon the Treasury, for courts of law pay their own expenses, and increased facilities for litigation have invariably been followed by an increase in the number of suitors. Nor is increased litigation an evil of necessity, since your sad-litigious individual, whether he be the typical party in person or a speculative attorney, will go to law in spite of difficulties, while honest men are coerced into yielding to injustice because of the law's delays.

Between the two remedies suggested there is not much to choose in the way of expense; but it is submitted that the balance of convenience is in favor of an increase in the number of judges such as would enable circuit business to be done properly, and London work to be efficiently performed. Decentralization involves crystallization. County - court judges, after some years in a given locality, begin to know too much of the inhabitants, become familiar with the appearance of suitors, and the manners of the advocates who appear before them. Sometimes they become but this is rare-violently dogmatic, or take an objection on principle to an act of Parliament. The writer has experience of one who can hardly be induced to recognize the Married Women's Property Act, and of more than one whose patience yields to the strain caused by the feeling that, if he listens to argument, he may lose a convenient train. Moreover, if you increase the jurisdiction, you make it inevitable that the countycourt judge should, from time to time, be compelled to try cases in which the interests of his friends are involved, which is a thing by no means to be desired, for, let him be ever so impartial, he will in such cases be accused of favoritism. Under the circuit system, on the contrary, legal intelligence circulates. Judges fresh from London, from contact with the highest ability at the bar, go through the country administering justice to men who are complete strangers to them, and knowing

nothing of the antecedents of the parties. They have the evidence before them, and decide accordingly; and so deciding, or in criminal cases apportioning punishment, they are, in addition, an example of judicial demeanor. A judge on circuit is, in fact, a teacher of the law no less that an administrator, and the lessons which, by example and precept, he instils into the magistrates in his grand-jury box are of inestimable value. Further, the circuits are of great profit as a practical, if expensive, school to young barristers. In the prosecution of prisoners, a simple task and a lightly paid, they flesh their forensic steel and learn to conquer nervousness; at the bar mess they are brought into closer contact than would otherwise be possible with men who are imbued with the best traditions of an honorable profession. Thus do they establish friendships with and profit by the experience of men who are worth knowing, and the country, in the long run, is the gainer, for the code of honor on circuit is high, and the nation would be indeed in evil case if its barristers, as a body, were not worthy of implicit confidence.

From The Economist. THE SUBMISSION OF GREAT BRITAIN TO QUEENSLAND.

THE government has announced, through Baron de Worms in the Commons, and Lord Knutsford in the Lords, that it has submitted to the ministry of Queensland in the matter of Sir H. Blake, and that this officer, though his ability and services are acknowledged on all hands, will not be appointed governor in that colony. We are not about to remonstrate further, for the submission once announced is, of course, irreversible, but we doubt if those who have approved it are quite aware of all the many and serious consequences it will entail. One of them is, that it distinctly puts back that federation of the empire of which so many politicians, some of them, like Lord Rosebery, desirous of reputation as practical men, have recently been dreaming. To use one of the American phrases, which fifteen years ago were so familiar to us all, the movement of the Queensland government, whether justified or not, has ended in a victory for State rights, and not for any closer union of the empire, federal or otherwise. The great bond which has hitherto united the kingdom with its free

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