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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE.

PART II.

PLANS FOR GRADED SCHOOLS.

PRELIMINARY REPORT.

THE following Illustrations of Buildings recently erected for Graded Schools in several of the principal cities of the country, are selected from a much larger number in possession of the Commissioner of Education, for many of which he is indebted to the Superintendents of Public Schools in these cities, who have in this way responded most promptly and liberally to his Circular (No. 9,) on the subject. A particular acknowledgment will be made in his full Report.

Latin School and English High School,..

Grammar Schools,...

Name and Dedicatory Exercises,..

Bowdoin School,.

Quincy School,..

Lincoln School,.

Everett School,.

SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE,

PRELIMINARY REPORT.

PAGE.

Special Circular of Commissioner of Education, No. 8,.... 513 PLANS OF BUILDINGS RECENTLY ERECTED for Graded SCHOOL,

BOSTON, MASS.,..

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CIRCULAR RESPECTING SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,

Washington, D. C., 1867.

THE following Circular is the substance of numerous letters which the Commissioner has already had occasion to write; and correspondents, to whom it may be addressed, will please receive it as specially addressed to them, in the way of answer, or of inquiry, on the points specified.

HENRY BARNARD, Commissioner.

A. No document explanatory of the principles of School Architecture, or illustrative of the present advanced practice in different States, has been published by the Department, but the Commissioner has been for years collecting the material for a comprehensive publication on the subject, to which any contribution in the way of suggestion or illustration will be duly acknowledged.

B. Information on any of the topics, and as far as practicable, impressions from any of the illustrations in the accompanying Classified Index, (XVIII,) will be promptly furnished without expense to committees engaged in preparing plans for school edifices.

C. The following Title and Contents will explain the nature of the document above referred to:

SCHOOL-HOUSES; PLANS OF BUILDINGS recently erected for Educational Uses; with an Introduction on the Principles of School Architecture, and its Progressive Development in the United States. [A Document prepared for publication by the National Department of Education.]

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1. Progressive Improvement and Present Condition of School-houses and their Equipment in the different States, drawn from official documents published from 1830 to 1840, and from 1865 to 1868.

2. General Principles to be observed in the Location, Grounds, Material, Construction, Lighting, Warming, Ventilation, and Furniture of Buildings designed for Educational Purposes.

3. Plans of School-houses recommended by Official Authorities, Educators and Architects in different countries.

PLANS OF BUILDINGS DESIGNED FOR EDUCATIONAL USES RECENTLY ERECTED. PART I. Unclassified Schools, or Schools with a single apartment, or at most two, in Rural Districts.

PART II. Graded Schools, or Schools with two or more classes, in Villages and large Cities.

PART III. Special Schools, such as Normal Schools, Scientific Schools, &c. &c. PART IV. Collegiate Institutions, or Buildings in which Residence and Domestic Uses are provided for, as well as Class and Lecture Rooms, Library, Cabinets, Laboratory, Gymnastics, &c. &c.

PART V. Library, Museum, Lecture-hall, Gymnasium, &c.-buildings for a special purpose.

The Introduction, and each Part, will be paged and issued by itself, as soon as completed, and its publication is authorized.

XVIII. SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE.

Defects in School Constructions, IX, 487. Principles and Practical Illustrations of School Architecture, by Henry Barnard, IX, 487; X, 695; XI. 563; XII. 701; XIII. 817; XIV, 778; XV. 782; XVI, 701.

District Schools, or for Children of every age. Plan by H. Mann, IX, 540; by G. B. Emerson, 542, 548; by H. Barnard, 550, 553, 555; by R. S. Rust, 556; by T. A. Teft, 559; by A. D. Lord, 562; by D. Leach, 563.

City Schools-Baltimore, V. 198; Boston, IV. 518; VI. 518; X. 718; XII, 701; XVI. 711; Chicago, III, 537; VI, 515; XIII, 610; Cincinnati, XIII. 623; IV. 522; New York, I. 408; VI. 524; X. 750; XIV. 788; Norwich, II, 699; Philadelphia, XI, 817; Providence, XI, 583; St. Louis, I. 348. Primary and Infant Schools. General Principles, X. 695. Playground and Appliances, X, 697. Schoolroom, by Wilderspein, X, 699; by Chambers, 702; by British and Foreign School Society, 705; by National Society, 706; by Committee of Council on Education, 710; by Dr. Dick, 714; by J. Kendal, 715; by J. W. Ingraham, for Boston Primary Schools, 718; by J. D. Philbrick, 740; by New York Public School Society, 750; in Providence, XI. 583.

Baltimore Female High School, V, 198; Cincinnati Hughes High School, XIII, 623; Boston Latin School, XII, 551; Woodward High School, IV. 522; Chicago High School, III, 537; High School, Hartford, XI, 606; Public High School, Middletown, XI. 612; New York Free Academy, XIV. 788; Providence Public High School, XI. 597; Norwich Free Academy, II, 696; St. Louis High School, I, 348.

Seminaries for Girls. Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn, I. 581; Richmond Female College, I. 231; Public Grammar School for Girls in New York, I. 408; Providence Young Ladies' High School, V. 14; Vassar College, XVII. Union and Graded Schools-Plans, Elevations, &c., X. 563-612; XII. 701. Union School, Ann Arbor, Mich., VIII. 91. Public Floating School, Baltimore, V. 201. Haven School Building, Chicago, XIII, 610. Newberry Public School, Chicago, VI. 515. Putnam Free School, Newburyport, Mass., XIII, 616. Public Schools No. 20 and No. 33, New York City, VI, 524. School Houses in Philadelphia, XIII, 817. Graded School, Simcoe, U. C., VIII, 679. Union Public School, Ypsilanti, Mich., IV. 780. Norwich Central School, II, 699. Grammar Schools Plans, XII, 701. Bowdoin School, XIII, 702. Quincy School, XII. 704; Specifications, 709. Lincoln Grammar School, Boston, VI, 518. Dwight Grammar School, Boston, IV. 769. Prescott Graminar, XVI. 711. Fifteenth Ward (N. Y.) Public Grammar School for Girls, I. 409. Central High School, Philadelphia, I. 92; XIII, 831. Grammar, Providence, XI, 588, 594.

Normal Schools-Plans, Elevations, &c. Illinois State
Normal School, IV, 774. New Jersey State Nor
mal School, III. 220. Massachusetts State Norma!
School at Westfield, XII. 653. New York State
Normal School, XIII. 539. Philadelphia City
Normal Schools, XIV. 737. Girls' High Norma
School, Charleston, S. C., XIII, 620. Normal and
Model Schools at Toronto, U. C., XIV, 488. O+-
wego Training School, XVI, 213. New Britain, X.
51. Bridgewater Normal School, XVI. 466. Fra-
mingham, XVI. 469. Salem, XVI. 470.
Public Library, Boston, VII, 252. Cooper Scientific
Union, N. Y., I, 652. Dudley Observatory, Albany,
I. 594. Yale College in 1764, V, 722. Americal
Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, Hartford, Ct. I'
440. New York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb,
III. 346. New York Asylum for Imbeciles. Syrn-
cuse. IV. 416. N. Y. State Geological Hall, IV. 781.
Harvard Hall, V, 530. Yale College, 1764, V. 72.
Apparatus for Physical Exercise, IX, 530; XI. 539;
XII, 677; for illustration, XIV, 569.
Blackboard and wall-surface, IX. 546, 563; X.
739; XVI. 575.

Crayons, how made, XVI. 574.
Dedicatory Exercises and Addresses, III. 193; IX.
633; XIII. 836; V. 648; XII. 655; XIII, 53:
XVI. 453; I, 645, 647.

Drawing-room and Desks, X, 554; XIV. 795; XVI

722.

Furniture for Schools, IX, 551; X, 754; XII, 687 ;
Defective Construction, IX. 492, 518; XI. 537;
Chase's Adjustable Desk, XIII, 656; Mott's Re-
volving Seat, X, 563.

Furnaces, XVI. 579, 582.
Hot-water apparatus, XVI, 713.
Library of Reference, I. 739; IX, 545.
Location and Playground, IX, 492, 503, 507, 510,
527, 542; X, 731.

Privies and Facilities for Cleanliness, IX, 520, 539;
X. 728; XI. 607; XIII. 853.
Warming, IX, 546, 552; X, 705, 727; XI. 584, 598 :
XII. 832; XVI, 579, 713.
Ventilation in American Dwellings, V. 35. In School
Houses, IX, 563, 547, 568; X, 724; XIII, 612,
832, 858; XIV. 801; XV. 782; XVI. 716, 727.
Ornamentation, X. 731; Mrs. Sigourney on, 732;
Salem High School, XIV, 804; IX, 543.
Specifications, Terms of, X, 733; XII, 708.
Seats and Desks, Arrangement of. IX, 551; XI. 583;
XIII, 656; Octagonal Plan, XVI. 728; Barnard's
plan, with division, X, 760, 761.
Size of building, XVI. 716.
Stand, movable, for blackboard, XVI. 709.
Stoves for Schools, Mott's, XVI. 590; Chilson, XVI
589; Emerson, IX, 546.

Rules for Care of School-house, XIII, 851, 857; for use of Furnaces, XV. 803; setting furnace, XVI. 584.

SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE.

PLANS FOR UNION AND GRADED SCHOOLS.

GRAMMAR SCHOOLS IN BOSTON.

IN determining on the size, internal arrangements, and equipmen of a School-house, regard must be had not only to the number of chil dren to be accommodated, but to their age, studies, and classification, tha is, to the character and aim of the school or schools to be provided for.

By a Union, or Graded School, was originally intended a school in which all the scholars of a given territory-usually a village, or other populous municipality-before accommodated in several small houses, were brought into one large building, and there distributed into different rooms, or grades according to attainments, so as to bring a large number of pupils of nearly the same age, and in a few and the same studies, under teachers having special qualifications for each grade-and especially to bring the young children by themselves under female teachers, and to facilitate the employment of the same class of teachers as assistants in schools designed for the older pupils. In the more populous districts the gradation was and still continues more minute, and by degrees, school-houses are now erected specially for at least three grades-although houses designed mainly for the youngest grade, embrace accommodations for the next highest, and houses designed for the oldest pupils and the highest grade not unfrequently include accommodation for the next lowest.

But in edifices designed for a particular grade, regard must be had in the internal arrangement to the different plan of classifying the school for the purposes of instruction and government-and particularly to this,— whether there shall be on each floor one large room, (or two, capable of being made into one when necessary,) where all the pupils shall be properly seated for study, supervision and general instruction under a principal teacher, with smaller room to which the several classes shall retire for purposes of recitation to assistants selected in reference to their special qualification in instruction; or whether the floor shall be divided into a certain number of rooms, each room to accommodate only as many pupils as can be profitably instructed by one and the same teacher-and each room to constitute a separate school, except that all are to be subject to the supervision, and, to some extent, the occasional visitation and instruction of the Principal teacher of the whole school.

In the Public Schools of Boston, the former plan prevailed generally in all the grammar schools-until the organization of the Quincy school in 1848. Since that date the size of the houses has been determined by the convenience of classifying the pupils into rooms, each capable of providing from fifty to sixty with separate desk and chair, and he school has been organized so as to have a special teacher for each room, all subordinate to the Principal-his room accommodating the same number of pupils, in which he is allowed an assistant, so as admit of his visiting from time to time the other rooms, or classes in the same building. There are many advantages in this arrangement, and under a Principal, disposed and at liberty by having assistants in his own room to make himself felt in government and instruction in each room-the disadvantages of not having all the pupils of the same school under the eye, voice and personal influence of the superior master, are in a measure obviated.

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