gefoerdon 8. 31, saldon 2. 24, geendebrednadon 1. 1, gehreawsadon 10. 13.

Weak verbs, Class III: -e, hæfde 17. 6; -on, sægdon I 10. 3.

Preterite Participle.

§ 97. (1) Strong verbs.-The pret. part. of the strong verbs regularly ends in -en: boren 21. 23, beboden I 9. 7, gedrifen 8. 29, besmitten 14. 34, &c. ; for other examples cf. § 98 ff., Tense-Formation of Strong Verbs.

The old ending -in perhaps appears in awrittinæ I 2. 5, cf. § 55, II, Suffixal Ablaut.

For syncope of the middle vowel in the inflected forms, cf. § 60, III.

The anomalous form harmcuoedum 6. 28, although it glosses a pres. part., appears to be intended for a pret. part., the -ed of the stem suggesting a false analogy to the -ed of the weak preterite part.

(2) Weak verbs.-The pret. part. of the weak verbs ends in -d with the appropriate middle vowel (cf. § 105 ff., Tense-Formation of Weak Verbs); it ends in -t where there is no Gmc. middle vowel, and the final cons. of the stem is a velar (cf. § 78).

Examples: ofgebeged 24. 29, gegroeted I 3. 15, alefed 6. 9, geneded 14. 8, astyred 10. 41, asended 4. 26, gecostad 4. 13, ahefigad 21. 34, losad 19. 10, gemersad 1. 65, gemyndgad 1. 54, geðreatad I 6. 9, gefreod I 8. 9, 12. 58, geðread I 5. 14, gebroht I 5. 11, eftgesald 14. 14, gesoht 11. 50, awoeht I 5. 20.

- is written for -d in eftgeniuað 6. 10.

-t for -d in geendat 22. 22, gelædet 23. 32, gesendat 19. 32, eftasettet 19. 20, foregesettet I 9. 14, efnegesettet 7. 8, ymbsetet 21. 20, ofersuiðet I 4. 11, gewoendet 17. 4.

CHAPTER XIII. TENSE-FORMATION OF STRONG VERBS

§ 98. Class I.

Ablaut Verbs.

(1) The vowel of the present stem is I: abidas 7. 20, bidend 2. 25, bites 9. 39, adrifa I 9. 15, hrinæ 16. 24, arísað 18. 33, scine 17. 24, toslíto 12. 18, astig 14. 10, gesuica 18. I.

ripan sometimes has the vowel short in the present, and is then subject to the o/a-umlaut: hrippes 19. 22, but hriopað 12. 24 (Fü. 65. 1).

(2) The vowel of the 1 and 3 sing. pret. is a fordraf I 4. 16, forgrap 5. 26, hran 7. 14, gehran 5. 13, arás 4. 39, gerás 24. 26, ymbscean 2. 9 (for ea, due to the influence of SC, cf. § 52 (d)), astág 19. 4, adunestag 3. 22, besuác 19. 8, awrat 20. 28.

Late formations according to the weak inflection are seen in gegrippde 9. 38, gehrinade 18. 15, aduneastigade 10. 30.

(3) The vowel of the 2 sing., the pl. ind., and the whole optative pret. is i: arison 4. 29, astigon 5. 19, awrigon 22. 64, awrite I 2. 13; with io due to u-umlaut in gebiodon 2. 38.

The weak form occurs in gegrippedon 23. 26.

(4) The vowel of the pret. part. is i: ofadrifen 16. 4, toslitten 5. 6, gesliten 8. 29, besmitten 14. 34, bisuicen 21. 8; awrigen 9. 45, auritten 4. 4.

The weak form is found in gehrined 21. 5.

$99. Class II.

(1) The stem-vowel of the pres. is éa (= WS. éo; for the confusion in North. between ea, eo, and io, cf. § 13): forbeadane I 6. 11, forbeadende 23. 2; also in the contract verb fleað 8. 13, gefleanne 21. 36; io appears in bebiodo 23. 46. u as the present vowel appears in brucco 22. 11, brucað 14. 15, &c.

(2) The stem-vowel of the 1 and 3 sing. pret. is éa:

bead I 10. 19, bebead I 5. 8, &c., forbead I 6. 10, geceas 6. 13, forleas 15. 9, tosceaf 1. 52, with simplification of the diphthong, due to the following palatal (cf. § 35) in gebréc 24. 43, gebræc I 11. 13.

(3) The vowel of the 2 sing. ind., the plural ind., and the whole opt. is u: forbudon 9. 49, flugon 8. 34, forlure 15. 9.

The vowel of the singular has been carried over to the plural in brecon (together with palatal umlaut, cf. § 35) 13. 26, 17. 27, and to the opt. in gebrece 1. 8, 11. 37, gecease I 3. 6, I 7. 2, also in the plural geceason 14. 7.

(4) The stem-vowel of the pret. part. is o: aboden 12. 3, &c., beboden I 9. 7, forboden I 4. 17, gecoren 8. 15, &c., beloccen 11. 7, forloren 15. 32, &c., agotten 5. 37, &c.

§ 100. Class III.

(1) (a) Verbs in nasal+cons. have as the stem-vowel of the present i (cf. § 3, II): gebindeð 11. 22, dringes 17. 8, drincas 10. 7, gefindes 15. 9, beginnes 3. 8, grindas 17. 35, gelimpað 21. 13, singes 22. 34, winnað 12. 27; also, with metathesis of r and consequent breaking, iorna 14. 31, iornende I 2. 17, &c.

(b) In verbs in r+cons., the original e of the present stem is broken to ea (for eo): cearfas 19. 27, ofcearfa 8. 22, ymbcearfanne 1. 59, scearfað 13. 7, gescearfa 13. 9; under the influence of a preceding w this is replaced by o: aworpa 19. 45, aworpo 6. 42, &c., geworpa 11. 18, onworpað 21. 12, worðes 1. 34, aworde 21. 31, geworða 21. 7 (cf. § 45).

(c) Verbs in 1+cons. have the present stem in its original form e: delfo 13. 8, geldanne 7. 41, ageldas 20, 25, forgeldo 10. 35, helpende I 7. 1, forsuelgas 20. 47.

(d) e appears also in fregna 20. 3, gefregno 23. 14, besides frægno 22. 68, frægnend I 9. 9, &c., tostraegdaeð 11. 23, and gefraignas 19. 31.

(e) An anomalous present with u occurs: widspurna 4. 11, cf. Fü. 67, 1 (e).

(2) (a) The stem-vowel of the I and 3 sing. ind. pret. of the verbs in nasal+cons. is a: gebánd 13. 16, unband I 9. 20, blann 7. 45, geblann 5. 4, gedranc 5. 39, fand 13. 6, ingann 24. 27, agann 11. 38, gelamp 8. 42, inbewand 23. 53; with metathesis of r: arn 15. 20, gearn I 11. 9, forearn 19. 4; the form binde 24. 28 also occurs, and the weak form ges"uincgde 12. 47.

(b) In verbs in r+cons., the stem-vowel a is broken to ea, which after w appears as a (or æ): gecearf I 9. 16, ofcearf 9. 9, tocearf 22. 50, awarp 4. 35, gewarð 16. 2, award 4. 42, awærð I 7. 18 (cf. § 46).

(c) This stem does not occur in verbs in 1+cons. in Luke.

(d) The stem-vowel appears as a or ai in gefrægn I 9. 16, &c.; gefraegn 9. 18, tostraegd 1. 51, gefraign 8. 30, &c.

A combination of this stem-vowel with the weak pret. is found in gefrægnade 18. 36, gefraignde 15. 26, 23. 9. (3) The stem-vowel of the 2 sing. ind., the pl. ind., and the opt. pret. is u; (a) verbs in nasal+cons.: unbundon 19. 31, druncon 17. 28, fundon 19. 48, ongunnon 7. 49, &c.; wunnon 5. 5, miswunne I 2. 12; with metathesis of r: togagnesurnon 17. 12.

The vowel of the singular is transferred to the plural in ongannon 15. 24.

(b) Verbs in r+cons.: gecurfe I 11. 6, wurpon 19. 35, awurpon 4. 29, Jurscon 22. 63. The vowel of the pres. ind. is transferred to the opt. in aworpe 11. 14.

(c) Verbs in 1+ cons.: underdulfon 8. 7, guldon 7. 42, gehulpo 5. 7.

(d) Also in bebrugdon 20. 20, frugnon 3. 14, gefrugnon 3. 10, &c.

(4) (a) The stem-vowel of the pret. part. before n+ cons. is u gebunden 8. 29, druncene I 10. 18, druuncen 21. 34, geðrungen 8. 42, inbewunden 2. 12. Weak forms occur in gesuincged 18. 32, geðringed 8. 42.

(b) Verbs in r+cons. have o as the stem-vowel of the pret. part. ofcorfen 3. 9, ymbcorfen 2. 21, aworden I 7. 18, &c., gewordne I 3. 4, geðorscen. An umlauted form occurs in awoerpen 20. 15 (cf. § 55, II).

(c) Verbs in 1+ cons. have o: underdolfen 8. 14.

(d) Verbs in gd and gn also have o: tostrogden 21. 6, gefrognen 17. 20.

§ 101. Class IV.

(1) The stem-vowel of the present is e, which is subject. to o/a-umlaut: beres 14. 27, bere 1. 13, berende 2. 5, bearanne 23. 26, gebeara 10. 4, &c.

For the forms of cuma and nima, cf. below.

(2) The stem-vowel of the 1 and 3 sing. ind. pret. is æ: gebær 1. 24, 11. 27, gebræcc 9. 16, gebræcg 22. 19,

24. 30.

(3) The vowel of 2 sing. ind., the pl. ind., and the opt. pret. is ē (=WS. æ): gebere I 7. 7, gebrecon 6. 1, beron 7. 14, 24. I.

(4) The stem-vowel of the pret. part. is o: boren 21. 23, gebroceno 4. 18, tobrocen 6. 48, forholen 8. 17.

Cuma and nima require special treatment. In cuma y occurs much more frequently than u as the present stem-vowel, although it properly belongs only to the optative, cf. S. 371, anm. 1, 5; Fü. 68; Kluge, PG. 166; u is met only in the infinitive.

Examples.-ind.: cymo 19. 13, cymes 23. 42, cymmeð 17. 20; opt., cyme 1. 43, cymo 17. 1; imp., cym 7. 8, cymað 13. 14; inf., cuma 18. 16, cume 14. 20, cummanne 12. 45; but also gecyme 9. 23; pres. part., cymende 23. 26, tocymmende I 2. 9.

The stem-vowel of the whole pret. ind. and opt. is ō; cf. S. 39o, anm. 2: cuom 5. 32, ewom 12. 49, cuome 7. 7, cwome 11. 25, cuomon 22. 52, gecuomon 5. 7 (opt. pl.).

The stem-vowel of the pret. part. is u: forcumen 17. 25, forcummenum 21. 26, forcumeno 24. 4.

The vowel of the present stem of nima is i<e before