WG. u is limited in its occurrence by :

(1) i-umlaut, § 24.

(2) Change to iu after palatals, § 49 ff.

CHAPTER II. LONG VOWELS

The long vowels are not regularly marked, but are sporadically indicated by an accent (') or by doubling the vowel (Lea 38). Where such indications occur in the text, they will be noted.

ā.

§ 6. WG. a (=Gmc. æ, Got. e, WS. ) is represented by ĕ with a few examples of a (S. 150, 1; EB. 96).

This e appears in the third stem of st. vbs. Cl. IV, V : bedon I 9. 5, beron 7. 14, brecon 13. 26, gebrecon 6. 1, gefreten 8. 5, éton 13. 26, geton 18. 34, ongeton 18. 34, gesprecon 2. 15, gesegon 5. 26; in the pres. and pret. part. of some red. vbs.: ondredes 23. 40, leto 13. 28, letas 18. 16, redanne 4. 16, slepes 22. 46; in the subst. vb.: weron 16. 11, wer 2. 22, nere I 3. 9, toweron 23. 48; in the pret. of the vb. doa: dedon 6. 11, derhdedon 2. 39 (for the more frequent forms with y: dyde 2. 48, dydon 17. 10, &c., cf. § 24). Other examples: ber 5. 18, beer 5. 24, bernisse 21. 11, dedum 23. 51, efernlocað 24. 29, erend(wreco) 7. 42 (Kl., Beitr. 6. 385, 386; Bugge, ibid. 24. 431 ff.; Fü. 6; but cf. also S. 100, anm. 4), ettere 7. 34, étlic 24. 41, ferlice 9. 39, feerstylt 5. 26, erist 2. 34, eswico 13. 15, huer 17. 17, huér 9. 48, hér 21. 18, ger I 4. 6, léce I 2. 1, lecnande 9. 6, légo 16. 24, forletnise 21. 20, megas 23. 49, mersung 4. 14, gemersiað I 7. 19, ned 9. 39, nedon 24. 29, nedles 18. 25, nedra 11. 11, redo I 11. 5, sed 8. 11, séde 1. 55, seteras 20. 20, slep 5. 9, sprec 16. 9, teleð 10. 16, telnise I 6. 12, dér 22. 12, wedes 8. 44, gewéded 8. 35, wepen(berend) I 7. 5, setnung 23. 19, weron

As this is not changed by i-umlaut, I have thought it unnecessary to distinguish those words in which the umlaut conditions are present, as in lece, dedum, sed, &c. (cf. EB. 192, Lea 45, Fü. 6, Fo. 6).

The ĕ in the sing. geett 4. 2, gefrett 15. 30 is common Gmc. (Kl., PG., p. 436; S. 391, anm. 3; cf. Got. frêt, OHG. âz, frât, ON. ât).

for is found in mægwlit 9. 29, wære 5. 12, &c. (where Füchsel considers it to be due to the æ of the sing., Fü. 6, bemerkung).

ē never appears in WG. swa, but always a or ā: swæ 18. 9, suæ 5. 7, sua 8. 18 (Fü. 6; Bülb., Angl. Beibl. 10. 368 ff.; EB. 103; Fo. 6).

The a of gan has not yet been satisfactorily explained; cf. S. 57, anm. 1; Fü. 6; Fo. 6; Kl., PG., p. 433. For the forms, cf. § 112.

WG. a is limited in its occurrence by :

(1) Following nasals, § 16.

(2) Following palatals, § 37.

(3) Preceding palatals, § 52.

ĕ.

§ 7. The origin of this ĕ (=Gmc. e) is obscure; cf. Kl., PG., p. 411; Streitberg, § 79; Bowen, pp. 7, 10. The only example is: her 22. 38.

Loan-words: febere 4. 39, feberadlum 4. 38 (Pog. 118), creciscum I 2. 9.

I.

39,

§ 8. WG. I appears as i. Examples: the pres. forms of st. vbs. Cl. I: abidas 7. 20, bídend 2. 25, bites 9. adrifa I 9. 16, ariso 15. 18, scineð 17. 34, gescira 16. 2, astigeð 18. 31, toslito 12. 18, gesuica 18. 1, oferwrigað 1. 35, awritt 16. 6; also: bides 21. 26, bliðe I 7. 9, dicg 19. 43, gediides 11. 27, forduined 14. 34, gitsare I 7. 14, higo 2. 4, higna 13. 25, hwil 12. 50, huit 9. 29, idlo 1. 53, gelic I 8. 14, lichoma 12. 22, lícorower 4. 27, lif 12. 15,

linneno 16. 19, mín 9. 35, rixað 22. 25, scimande 17. 24, sciremonn 3. 1, scrípen 19. 21 (Lind.2 28, anm. 1), sido 12. 35, swigadon 23. 56, suin 15. 16, ofersuidet I 4. 11, tid 1. 57, ðín 16. 6, ðrifald I 4. 11, drínise I 4. 9, wif 2. 5, wigbed 11. 51, wines I 5. 2, wisa 15. 7, witge 7. 28, witgong I 4. 3, onwriting I 10. 8.

For drio, drim, &c., v. § 53.

For hrippes, cf. § 3, I; fifo, swiðe, &c., cf. § 3, III.

For scip 15. 6, cf. § 52 (e); lih 11. 5, bitwih 11. 51, cf. § 39.

For the i in giuiað 11. 10, giuað 11. 12, giude 23. 52, &c., and giunga I 7. 2, cf. Lea 51, note; but cf. also EB. 256, anm.

For gehrine 7. 39, gehrinade 18. 15, gehrined 21. 5, &c., cf. Fü. 14; Lind.2 28, anm. 2.

Loan-words: crist I 10. 10, &c., fic I 8. 3, ricu 4. 5, ricemenn 7. 41, pinia 8. 28.

§ 9. WG. ō appears as ō.

ō.

Examples: all forms of the pret. of st. vbs. Cl. VI: ahof 1. 52, onsóc 22. 57, slogon 22. 64, astód 6. 8, onstodon 23. 23, gesuor 1. 73, geduoge 7. 4, geðuogun 5. 2, awox 2. 40, awoxe 22. 31; numerous pres. forms of vb. doa: dom 20. 8, doa 12. 17, &c.; also: broder 6. 42, boc 4. 17, blod 11. 50, dogrum 2. 46, dome 11. 32, fostring I 2. 1, fota I 11. 13, flód 17. 27, bereflor 3. 17, flowing 8. 43, frofor 2. 25, god 18. 18, behofað 12. 12, behoflic' 14. 28, hrofe 17. 34, locas I 10. 17, moder I 5. 11, móres 19. 37, mót 6. 41, hrowundum 8. 23, unrod I 6. 9, unrot 18. 4, socnises 19. 44, stowa 11. 24, drowung 9. 23, Orowiga 22. 15, wop 13. 28.

In gesohte, the o is shortened (S. 125).

For the ō in brohte, gedohte, woh, &c., cf. § 15, III.
In to 1. 28, 2. 34, &c., Bülbring considers that we have

WG. Ŏ with lengthening (EB. 101); Sievers regards the ō as WG. (Gram. 60, anm.).

Final wō appears as u in hu 24. 6, huu 15. 17, tuu 10. 17, and in the compound hulic 7. 39, hulco I 9. (S. 60, anm.; 172, anm.; EB. 102; 464).

3

Loan-words: or 19. 13, brydlopum 20. 34 (where o represents ON. au; cf. S. 26, anm.; Kl., PG., p. 932; also Björkman, Scand. Loan-Words, p. 71, note; Fü. 9), stol 15. 22, stolum 20. 46 (Pog. 150; S., Ags. Voc., p. 13), non 23. 44.

WG. ō is changed to œ, ē, by i-umlaut, § 25.

ū.

§ 10. WG. ū appears as ū in: brucco 22. 11, brucað 14. 15 (pres. of st. vb. Cl. II, explained as aorist pres. by Osthoff, PBB. 8. 282; cf. Kl., PG. § 161, p. 430), londbuend I 3. 8, neheburas 1. 58, buta 2. 26, drugi I 5. 4 (besides drygi 23. 31; cf. § 26), fordrugade 8. 6, adune 19. 6, hús 13. 35, rúmmód 6. 35, scua 1. 79, lehtune 13. 19, feltune 14. 35, dusendo 9. 14, uta 14. 35.

ū is changed to ý by i-umlaut, § 26.

CHAPTER III. DIPHTHONGS

ai.

I

§ 11. WG. ai appears as a: in the 1 and 3 sing. pret. ind. of st. vbs. Cl. I: fordraf I 4. 16, forgrap 5. 26, æthran 10. 11, gehran 5. 13, aras I 4. 6, arás 4. 39, astág 19. 4, besuác 19. 8, aurat I 2. 6; in the pret. pres. wát 16. 15, aga 18. 18, ah 18. 12. Other examples: agnageð 12. 15, án 23. 29, ana 8. 50, adlo 21. 11, ár I 4. 13, áð 1. 73, báno 24. 39, basnung 21. 26, basnend 23. 35, cildclaðum 2. 12, facen 20. 23, famæ 9. 39, gastes 4. 14, grapað 24. 39, hal 8. 30, ham 15. 6, hát I 11. 14, gehaten I 3. 13, hlaf 4. 3, hlaferd 16. 8, lar 4. 32, forelatuu 22. 26, lað 21. 17, laað

16. 15, gelahte 9. 47, mara 12. 28, rahton 22. 53, sado 21. 35, sawel 12. 29, stanes 22. 41, suat 22. 24, tahte I 2. 14, tanas 23. 34, tacon 2. 12, da 19. 34, dara 13. 31. wag (hræl) 23. 45, wrað 14. 21.

agnettum 19. 23 may belong here (Lind.2 75, anm. 1). For the a in geneolacað 10. 11, -laced 21. 28, cf. § 57, II.

According to S. 57, 2 (a); 62, anm.; Kal. 59, anm.; 60 a; the following also belong here: oncnawanne I 7. 20, oncnawen 8. 17, sawed 8. 5, sawenne 8. 5, gesaudes 19. 22. Others consider this a=WG. a (§ 6): cf. EB. 129; Braune, Got. Gr. 22; Lea 40; Fü. 6; Fo. 6; also Kl., PG., pp. 432, 407.

In a few words ō appears instead of a: noht 5. 5, 10. 19, &c., no 20. 22, ohtrippe 10. 2 (?).

ē for a occurs in we 11. 47; æ in wæ 10. 13, 11. 42, &c. (Lea 43, 5); the word is classed with the Scand. loanwords in Kl., PG., p. 935; Bjorkman, p. 39, considers it dubiously Scandinavian.'

Loan-words: caseras 13. 13, caseres 20. 24, caseri 20. 22, casering I 8. 16 (besides cæseres I 10. 8, cæsering I 8. 16, Pog. 199; also cessares 2. 1, cf. § 27). In magist' 6. 40, ā corresponds to Lat. ă, cf. S., Ags. Voc., p. 12; EB. 101, anm. 3.

For sacerd, sacerdhad, cf. § 1, II (b).

a is affected by i-umlaut, § 27.

au.

§ 12. WG. au is represented in L. by ea, in some cases by eo; for this confusion between ea and eo in North. cf. S. 150, 3; EB. 108.

ea occurs in the 1 and 3 sing. pret. ind. of st. vbs. Cl. II: bead I 10. 19, geceas 6. 13, geceasa 14. 7, forleas 15. 9, tosceaf 1. 52; also in beam 6.41, beanbælgum 15. 16, bear 1. 15, biobread I 11. 14, ceapigas 19. 13, dead 7. 12, deado