1.

§ 64. 1 occurs in all positions in the word; it is frequently geminated: all 2. 1, selles 22. 48, &c.

Metathesis occurs in the suffixes -eld (<-idl <-ipl) and -els (cf. OHG. -isal): foereld 1. 36, roeceles 1. 9. nl>ll in ællelno 24. 33, ællefnum 24. 9.

m.

65. m is met in all positions: mett 12. 23, smeade 12. 17; beam 6.41; geminated in huommes 20. 17.

m has fallen out before the voiceless spirant in: fifo 12. 6, fif 7. 41, fiftih 16. 6.

n.

§ 66. I. n has the force of a guttural nasal before c, g; in all other positions it denotes the dental nasal.

II. (a) n has dropped out with lengthening of the preceding vowel, before h in the Gmc. period, as in brohte 14. 20 (cf. § 15, III); in the OE. period before the voiceless spirants f, ð, s: cyddo 1. 61; cuðo 2. 44, oðer 22. 32, side 23. 22, muð 1. 64, pisum 15. 16, ús 13. 25, soð 16. 12, suide 9. 43; todana 13. 28; udwutto 22. 66 yðana 21. 25.

(b) n has dropped without lengthening in unaccented syllables: fracoð 16. 15 (<*fra-cūð), gigode 18. 21 (<*jugun); and in 3 pl. ind. of verbs, cf. Chap. XII, The Personal Endings of the Verb, §§ 81 ff.

(c) The dropping of the nasal does not take place if its position before the spirant has come about through syncope: clansunges 2. 22.

III. (a) For the characteristic North. dropping of n in the infin., the pret. opt. pl., cf. §§ 81 ff.; in the oblique cases of weak nouns, cf. §§ 121, 122, 123; in adverbs, cf. § 131, VI. It is also dropped in seofa I 7. 11, in the verbal

forms: aro 24. 38, wero 16. 12, weoro I 9.9; and by a scribal error in taco 2. 34.

(b) n is dropped between i and g in cynig 9. 7, &c. ; but in all other forms than the nom., acc. sing., the full ending -ing appears: cyninges 1. 5, cyningas 22. 25, &c.

§ 67. Initial p is rare in Gmc. words; it occurs in рæð 16. 26, 3. 5, priclom I 3. 6, plægade 7. 32; and in the following loan-words: pinia 8. 28, pisum 15. 16, pocca 9. 3, plæccum 14. 21, portcuoene 7. 37, and in the compound heafodponna 23. 33.

Medially and finally it is more frequent: woepeno 11. 22, spilde 17. 27, scip 15. 6, &c.

Loan-words: discipul 6. 40, sinapis I 8. 6.

It is geminated in uppstigende 12. 54, geypped 12. 2, earlippricco 22. 50.

b.

§ 68. I. b (Gmc. b) is the sign for the labial media; initially it is common, but medially and finally appears only in gemination and in the combination mb; initially: bærlic I 3. 8, bano 24. 39, bed 5. 18, brededes I 11. 14, &c.; medially: hæbbend 7. 2, habbað 3. 8, &c. (simplified in habas 9. 3), sibbe 7. 50, sibbo 14. 12, lombro 10. 13; finally: sibb 1. 79, ymb 9. 12, &c.

bb is written pb in uppbepbing I 10. 11, sipbade I 11. 12, and pp in sipp 8. 48.

b is merely a euphonic insertion in: symbles 13. 14, getimbras 11. 48, getimbrade 7. 5.

II. Gmc. b is represented medially by f, which in this position has the sound-value of a labio-dental voiced

spirant: hæfo 17. 9, ofer 12. 42, stafum 23. 38, wifo 17. 27, hlafas 24. 35, gewoefen I 4. 10.

Loan-words: febere 4. 39, diobla I 7. 5. The labial media has become the labial semi-vowel in diowel I 4. 16, diwle 13. 32, &c.

III. Finally Gmc. b appears in OE. as f: fordraf I 4. 16, hlaf 4. 3.

f.

§ 69. f is the sign for both the voiced and voiceless labio-dental spirant.

Initially it corresponds to Gmc. f and is voiceless: fingeres 16. 24, fola I 10. 2; flod 17. 27, full 2. 40, &c. Medially it corresponds partly to Gmc. b (cf. § 68, II, for examples); partly to Gmc. f: ulfum 10. 3, groefa 12. 58, heofon 10. 15, hefig 11. 7, ahefen 10. 15, fifo 1. 24, &c.

f geminated by j appears as bb: ahebba 18. 13, ahebbendum 6. 20.

f is used for ph in the foreign proper name deofi 13. II.

CHAPTER IX. DENTALS

t.

§ 70. The dental tenuis t occurs in all positions: tanas 23. 3, tido 21. 24, tuigo 18. 12, ceiste 7. 14, awrit 16. 7. It occurs geminated in byttum 5. 37, sittas 24. 49.

d is used for t in æd I 7. 3 (only time in the preposition); in composition æd always appears in Luke in the forms of ædeaua 6. 46, ædgeædre 23. 48 (besides ætgeadre 7. 49, æthrine 16. 13, æthran 10. 11), huad 12. 29 (fifty times, besides huæt 8. 9), hlod I 3. 4, ondedende I 11. 8, unrod I 9. 16, sexdeih 24. 13, dread 6. 19; td in huætd I 7. 13; dt in hlodti 1. 9.

tl>dl in sedle 1. 52, sedlo 20. 46.

Loan-words: Latin t appears as d in acced 23. 36.

d.

§ 71. The dental media occurs in all positions: dom 10. 14, forduindeð 14. 34, bead 22. 30; geminated in biddo 8. 28, biddas 13. 24, &c.; for forms doubled by the scribe, cf. under Gemination, § 77.

dt (a) before voiceless sounds: gitsare I 7. 14, gitsuncge 12. 15, miltheart 6. 36, &c, miltsa 16. 24 (but d remains in mildsa 18. 39, and is lost altogether in milsa 17. 13, 18. 38). It is lost in hunteantig 8. 8. (b) after voiceless sounds, especially in the prets. of weak verbs Class I (cf. Inflection, § 105(2)): geneolecte 7. 12, geboette I 7. 5, gecyste 22. 47, &c.

t is irregularly written for d in getdung I 7. 3, heartbreer 17. 6; and in the pret. parts. of the following weak verbs (cf. Inflection, §§ 97, 105 (3) (a)): gesettet 6. 48, sendet 1. 19, gelædet 23. 32, geendat 22. 22, &c.

is irregularly written for d in: bedon 8. 37, aronede I 8. 6, Jerneleger' 15. 13, geondeta 12. 8; and in the foreign proper names: sodomom 10. 12, iudea 21. 12, eftgeniuað 6. 10.

After a cons. + d or t, d is lost, cf. examples under TenseFormation of Weak Verbs, Class I, § 105 (2): abaldon 24. 5, gesendon 21. 1, gehræston 13. 19, &c. For grammatical change of d and ð, cf. § 79.

*.

§ 72. The dental spirant is usually denoted by and appears in all positions: dah 18. 4, ornas 8. 7, dread 3. 7, broder 6. 42, cwed 24. 19. It is also sometimes used. in foreign proper names for th: marda 10. 38, obeðing 3. 23, Jeofi I 3. 11 (th is more frequent: nathaning 3. 31, arimathia 23. 51, lothes 17. 28).

The sign is regularly employed only as an abbreviation for dæt: pte 5. 24 (ætte only in 9. 12), odoþ 21. 32.

p is found besides in pæm 24. 1, p'm 20. 28, pone 1. 59. Note. The second instance may be due to an error in printing, as Skeat in his Preface, p. vii, mentions only the first and the last.

is geminated in odde 2. 37, oðða 22. 27, siðða 7. 45, soðða 13. 7. Apparent gemination is caused by the loss of i in wræddo 21. 23 (<*wraþipo).

Original lþ>ld: wulder I 4. 1, wuldro 4. 22.

Original pl> dl after a long vowel: ádlo 21. 11, nédles 18. 25; and after a short vowel in sedle 1. 52, sédlo 20. 46. plotl in seatlas 11. 43, 20. 46.

t+tt: Sætte 9. 12.

+ remains unchanged: wræððo 21. 33 (but simplified in wrade 3. 7, wrado 4. 28), miððy 12. 54, miððio I 4. 8.

+d generally remains, as: læðdon 1. 71, but is assimilated in cydde I 7. 11.

An interchange between and d takes place in hædno 12. 30, hædna 22. 25, hædnum 21. 24; besides hæðin 17. 16, hæðinra 21. 25, hæðnum 18. 32.

d is wrongly written for din bid 8. 17, edmodnise I 8. 10, hæled I 6. 1, cymed 8. 17, dæt 9. 27; t in inting 8. 47 ( only three times in Luke: inðing 23. 14, 22, indinges 23. 4); hð ðð in mohða 12. 33.

þ corresponds to WS. d in ræde 18. 8, hundrað 15. 4, &c., mið 8. 51, &c.; to WS. t in legeð 11. 36, legeðslæht 10. 18 (cf. Fo. 40).

ð is dropped in cuæ I 9. 4, cuoe 15. 31.

8.

§ 73. s appears frequently in all positions: sagum I 2. 10, scipe 5. 3, nestum 3. 14, his I 3. 8; geminated in cyssende 15. 20.

s is assimilated to n in Dionne 12. 5.

The affricate ts is denoted by ts or z; it is foreign to Gmc. and appears only where through vowel syncope