When to Use Circles and Loops.

83. Since the circles and loops not only increase the speed in writing shorthand, but add to its legibility, we, of course, use them whenever possible. We have, therefore, only to learn the cases where we cannot use them.

84. As it is impossible to vocalize circle s, whenever a vowel is placed to s, we must use the stroke; hence the following

Rules for the Use of Stroke S.

a. When a word begins with a vowel immediately followed by s, use the stroke. (Line 1.)

b. When a word ends with a vowel immediately preceded by s, use the stroke. (Line 2.)

c. When there are two necessary vowels between s and a preceding or following consonant, use the stroke. See line 5.

85. The rules for the use of the circle representing the sound of z are the same as for s, except that when a word begins with the sound of z we use the stroke. See line 6. There are two reasons for using the stroke z at the beginning of words; first, because so few words begin with the sound of z that it is not necessary to use the more ccn tracted form, and second, because words of rare occurrence are not easily read unless very fully written.

86. The loop for st cannot be used when the word ends with a vowel preceded by st, nor when there is a vowel between the s and t. See line 7.

Do not neglect to practice the next page in the following manner. 1. Read. 2. Copy. 3. Transcribe. 4. Write from transcript. 5. Correct. 6. Read from your own writing. Repeat 4, 5, and 6 many times or until there are no corrections to be made and until you can both write and read without hesitation. Write Exercise No. 8, page 108.

The Initial W Hook.

87. A small hook written at the beginning of 1, upward r, m, and n, represents w, and it is written on the inside of

the three curves,

wl,

wm,

wn,

and on the left-hand side of upward r, wr.

88. The initial hook w, like the initial circle s, is read first and the vowels are placed and read with reference to the stroke.

89. The circle s may be written within the w hook, as follows:

swl,

swr,

swm,

swn.

90. When the circle is written within the hook, the circle should be commenced in the same direction as the beginning of the stroke to which the hook and circle are attached.

91. The sound of h need not be represented when it comes before the w hook. Weal and wheel are written. and are readily distinguished by the context. See line 5.

92. The student will observe that the first sound in wheel, when, whim, where, and, in fact, all words that in longhand commence with wh, is h.

93. W, before all strokes, except 1, upward r, m, and n, is written with a semicircle curving either to the left or right.

94. Use the semicircle curving to the left, providing it makes a good angle with the following stroke (see line 6); if not, use the one curving to the right. See line 7. Before k, g or ng, the semicircle w must always curve to the right, thus: w-k, — w-g, — w-ng.

95. A semicircle curving upward or downward may be used to represent the sound of y. See line 8. Use whichever semicircle makes the better angle.

ننے

ام

\

دولا

20

طب

مأ

96. The circle s may be written within the semicircles. See line 9.

97. When a word begins with a vowel followed by w or y, the strokes must be used. See line 10.

98. When the stroke is more conveniently written, or makes a more suggestive outline, it should be used in preference to the semicircle. See line 11.

99. Make the semicircles very small; not more than onequarter the length of a stroke.

100. Make the initial w hook small, and do not allow the beginning of the hook to curve in toward the stroke or it may be mistaken for the circle s.

Practice page 33 as usual. Write Exercise No. 9, page 110.

Heavy M.

101. M may be made heavy to represent the sound of mp (see line 1) or mb. See line 2.

102. The heavy m represents mp much more frequently than mb, and, therefore, in reading, mp should always be tried first. If that does not give the word, try mb.

Tick H.

103. A short tick made in the direction of ch (always down) and one-quarter as long as ch, represents 4. See line 5. 104. It, however, can only be used to advantage before -the following strokes: k, g, m, mp, downward r, w, l, p,b, s and z.

105. The tick at the beginning of an outline is read first. 106. The tick h may be used in the middle of an outline if it makes a good angle with both the preceding and following stroke.

107. In a few words of frequent occurrence / may be omitted. See line 11.

Apply directions given at bottom of page 30 to the ex-ercise on the next page. Write Exercise No. 10, page 110.