20. The general direction of ƒ and v is the same as p. The general direction of th, th, s and z, is the same as t. The general direction of sh and zh is the same as ch.

21. By locating each of these curved characters (as well as those given later) on one of the above circles a perfect picture will be formed in the mind's eye, and there will be less danger of making any two of them so that they cannot be distinguished one from the other.

22. All of the above phonographs are always made from the top down, except sh, which, when standing alone, is always made from top down, but when joined to other strokes is made in the most convenient direction.

23. Read the following exercise carefully, tracing each character with some pointed instrument. Copy same in your notebook.

し

Exercise on Consonants.

(())ノノ()いし TCX XT ( / ) / ) ) )

ど

24. Write the consonant outlines of the words given in the following exercise:

Faith, five, fife, tooth, death, fetch, vouch, tithe, ask, espy, above, shabby, shadow, shove, dizzy, veto, shaky, defy, path, both, bathe, sheaf, asp, shape, cash, tissue, depth, fussy, posy.

25. The student will now complete the consonant phonographs by learning the following:

Phonograph.

Element.

Sound represented.
Initial.

Final.

represents sound of L as heard in lay and in fail.

26. The second character given in this list is called downward r and the third is called upward r. Their proper use will be explained later. Upward r and h are invariably written from bottom up. L is always written from bottom up when alone, but when joined to other strokes is sometimes written up and sometimes written down. The horizontal characters, k, g, m, n, and ng, are written from left to right.

27. The general direction of 7 and y is the same as ch. The general direction of downward r and w is the same as p.

28. Make the stroke in h perfectly straight, and the short line forming the hook at the bottom of h should be parallel with the stroke.

29. Upward r and ʼn should be made at the same angle as the up strokes in the script m and ch at the same angle as the down strokes in the same letter. Thus:

30. When standing alone upward r is distinguished from ch by the slant./upward r,/ch.

31. When joined to other strokes, upward r is distinguished from ch by the difference in direction, upward r being made from bottom up, and ch, from top down.

32. Read the exercise on the following page, tracing each character and observing the following facts: When two characters, extending in the same direction, are joined, they are made with a single motion of the pen. See lines I and 2. The first up or down stroke rests on the line. See line 3. There should be an angle between such combinations as f-n, l-m, etc. See line 4. When two consonants do not form a distinct angle, they are so blended that the point of joining cannot be seen. See lines 5 and 6.

33. Copy the exercise on Joined Consonants, next page, several times. Transcribe the same exercise; that is, write it in longhand. From the transcription, write in shorthand without reference to the book until the whole page has been written. Compare your characters with those in the book, making the necessary corrections. Practice the cor

rected outlines many times.

When the student has mastered all the explanations, and followed all the directions previously given, he may write Exercise No. 1, page 104.

First Position Vowels.

34. The ordinary alphabet is defective not only in its representation of the consonants, as we have seen, but also in its vowels. The a, e, i, o, u scale, is not sufficient to express all the vowel sounds of the English language, and is therefore abandoned and one more complete adopted in its stead.

35. The vowels and diphthongs are divided in shorthand into three classes; namely, first position, second position, and third position. The first position vowels are so called because they are represented by characters placed always at the beginning of some consonant. They are as follows:

me.

36. The correct sound of the first heavy dot is heard in The correct sound of the first heavy dash is heard in awl. The correct sound of the first light dot is heard in it. The correct sound of the first light dash is heard in on. The correct sound of the first angle pointing downward is heard in my. The correct sound of the first angle pointing upward is heard in boy. Thus, the six first-place vowels occur in regular order in the sentence, “He saw it on my boy."

37. Repeat the above sentence many times, pronouncing each word very carefully. Then pronounce the vowels many times slowly and accurately.

38. Remember that the first-place vowels must be placed at the beginning of all strokes, and will, therefore, always be placed at the bottom of h and upward r, and at the bottom of sh and 7 when they are made from bottom up, and at the left of k, g, m, n and ng.