labor and co-operation. This co-operation appears, not merely in the interdependence of student monographs, but in every day student life. A word is passed here, a hint is given there; a new fact or reference, casually discovered by one man, is communicated to another, to whom it is of more special interest; a valuable book, found in some Baltimore library or antiquarian book-store, is recommended or purchased for a friend. These things, however, are only indications of that kindly spirit of co-operation which flows steadily on beneath the surface of student life. It is interesting to observe this spirit of friendly reciprocity even among rivals for university honors, that is, for fellowships and scholarships. Individual ambition is undoubtedly a strong motive in student work, but there is such a thing among students everywhere as ambition for others, call it class spirit, esprit de corps, good fellowship, or good will to men. The Baltimore seminary is individually ambitions, but it hails with delight the rise of similar associations elsewhere at Harvard University, at the University of Pennsylvania (Wharton School), Cornell University, University of Michigan, University of Wisconsin, University of Nebraska, and University of California. All these seminaries are individually ambitious, but it is ambition for the common cause of science. They are all pushing forward their lines of research, but all are co-operating for the advancement of American history.

THE SEMINARY LIBRARY.

The library of the seminary of historical and political science began in the collection of colonial records, State laws, and American archives for the encouragement of students in American institutional history. The collection was at first increased from the main library of the University, which transferred all special works relating to this department; then, gradual purchases were made of institutional and economic material from England and Germany, in the special interest of the seminary. In December, 1882, the private library of the late Dr. John Caspar Bluntschli, of Heidelberg, was incorporated into that of the seminary, after presentation to the University by the German citizens of Baltimore. The Bluntschli library, containing nearly three thousand volumes, with about four thousand pamphlets, represents the scientific collections of a broad-minded specialist in historical and political science, whose horizon of interest widened gradually from the pent-up limits of a Swiss canton to modern European states and to the law of nations. Bluntschli's professorial position at Munich as historian of political science and as editor of the German political dictionary, his life as professor and practical politician at Heidelberg, his presidency of the Institut de Droit International, brought him into scientific association with specialists, not only in Germany, but in Holland, Belgium, France, Italy, Austria, Russia, and England; consequently, his library is espe cially rich in books which came to him from distinguished writers in all these countries. Upon the basis of this European collection,

representing the laws and history of the Old World, the Baltimore seminary, conscious of its Heidelberg inheritance, proposes now to build up an American collection which shall represent the history, laws, and institutions of the New World. Already, since the acquisition of the Bluntschli collection, the seminary library has increased to over eight thousand volumes. Besides many private donations, it has received various large gifts of Government documents, from the State Department and from the Department of the Interior; and it will henceforth be one of the Maryland repositories for all public documents issued by the United States. The seminary has sent out a circular letter to secretaries of the individual States, mayors of cities, and to prominent officials in various stations, requesting donations of documents and reports for the increase of its library; and the returns are altogether gratifying. It is hoped that gradually the different strata of American institutional and economic history, from local and munici pal to State and national life, may be represented in the scientific collections of the Johns Hopkins University.

BLUNTSCHLI AND LIEBER MANUSCRIPTS.

The most cherished part of the seminary library is kept in a special case, devoted to the writings of Bluntschli and Lieber. The Bluntschli family understood well that the manuscripts of the deceased scholar and statesman would be most fittingly preserved in connection with his own library. Although the manuscript collection was no part of the original purchase made by the German citizens of Baltimore in the interests of the University, yet with the purchased library came also the manuscripts as a free gift. They comprise not alone the materials used in some of his great works, but also written lectures upon various subjects and even his note-books, kept while listening as a student to great masters like Niebuhr and Savigny. The note-books are all firmly bound and are written in the same neat, fine hand which characterized Bluntschli's manuscripts to the last. These note-books, quarto size, with six large pamphlet-boxes of written lectures, and other manuscript materials, have for two of Bluntschli's pupils, now instructors in the department of history and economics, a certain Affectionswerth; and for all others who visit or use the library these original manuscripts are an object of very great interest. They are kept together with a complete set of Bluntschli's own writings, which are very numerous and include a large collection of special monographs. It is by a peculiar historic fitness that the published works and manuscripts of two men like Bluntschli and Lieber, who were devoted friends in life, are now brought together after their death. Bluntschli and Lieber never met face to face; they were friends, however, by long correspondence and by common sympathies. Lieber used to say that he in New York, Bluntschli in Heidel. berg, and Laboulaye in Paris formed a "scientific clover-leaf," repre

senting the international character of French, German, and AngloAmerican culture.

The widow of Francis Lieber, rejoicing that the Bluntschli Library is now in America, has determined that the manuscripts of her husband shall henceforth be associated with those of his old friend. She has accordingly sent to the Johns Hopkins University the Lieber papers, with annotated, interleaved copies of his various works. They have all been placed in the same case with the Bluntschli writings, to which have been added the works of Laboulaye, so that the "scientific cloverleaf" will remain undivided. Lieber's bust, presented by his widow, now stands by the side of Bluntschli's portrait. Although Laboulaye became alienated from his two old friends in consequence of the FrancoPrussian war, yet, as Bluntschli well said, "that community of thought, science, and endeavor, which we represented for three peoples and for . three civilizations, is not broken up, but will broaden and deepen and become more fruitful, as surely as the peculiar spirit and individual forms of nationality, existing of their own right, find their true harmony and highest end in the development of humanity."1

THE PAMPHLET COLLECTION.

The most available part of the Bluntschli Library is its pamphlet colection. Scholars were in the habit of sending to him their minor treatises; so that his collection of monographs is of a very superior character and, in all probability, could not be duplicated. The collection has been rapidly increased by frequent pamphlet donations from President Gilman, Hon. George William Brown, and other members of the board of trustees; from lawyers in Baltimore and various friends of the University. The problem of adequately providing for the temporary exhibition and final preservation of these incoming pamphlets was a difficult one to solve. Books are easily managed in alcoves and in department groups, but the proper treatment of unbound, defenceless pamphlets is the hardest thing in library administration. The solution attempted in the seminary is the preliminary exposition of new pamphlets in special groups-law, politics, economics, social and educational questions, history, etc., upon a long table extending the full length of the library at right angles with the book alcoves and following the alcove classification; i. e., all historical pamphlets are in immediate proximity to historical books. Beneath the long table are very many pigeon-holes for the temporary classification of pamphlets and magazines that have passed the exhibition stage. In their final treatment, magazines are bound and placed in a room specially devoted to bound journals; old pamphlets are gathered together in Woodruff files 1 Dr. J. C. Bluntschli, "Lieber's Service to Political Science and International Law," an article written by request as an introduction to the second volume of Lieber's Miscellaneous Writings, edited by D. C. Gilman, President of the Johns Hopkins University.

(now in general use in Government Departments at Washington) and are placed upon book-shelves by the side of that class of books to which the pamphlet category belongs. The Woodruff file holds a vast number of pamphlets upright, with the title-pages facing the person opening the file. This receptacle has a wooden front, bearing the label of the pamphlet class, and opens like a drawer. The rapidity and ease with which pamphlets can thus be handled are very great improvements upon old-fashioned pamphlet-cases or Clacher-boxes. With all pamphlets indexed in a card-catalogue by subject, author, and class, any minor treatise of a few pages may be as quickly found as a bound volume. For students, these minor treatises are often of more consequence than ponderous folios. The Woodruff file can be made to suit pamphlets of any width or any height. The size chiefly used by the seminary is 11 inches high, 73 inches wide, and 10 inches deep. These dimensions fit exactly the shelving alloted to pamphlets. It is very im portant to have the wooden front of sufficient height to fill the space between two shelves, in order to keep out dust. For the latter purpose, the so-called "Clacher-box" is excellent. It has a spring-back and a bottom-slide upon which the pamphlets stand upright when drawn out from the case. Clacher-boxes are used in the seminary upon the tops of revolving book-cases, where they stand firmly by their own weight and where pamphlets can be handled without touching the receptacle save opening its door and pulling out the bottom slide.

PAMPHLET GROUPS.

The following classification of seminary pamphlets has been prepared as a simple report of progress, without any pretensions to completeness, even with reference to the seminary collections, wherein remains much material yet to be assorted. The list will serve to characterize the convenient method of grouping masses of pamphlets in Woodruff files. The rubrics will, of course, be differentiated and continually increased as new materials are added and as the old are gradually better arranged. Pamphlets cease to be rubbish as soon as they are classified upon scientific principles. "It is impossible to say," declares Justin Winsor, "what ephemeral publication may not become of cardinal interest."

Historical.

Ancient History;-Church History;-European History;-United States; New England ;-New York;-Pennsylvania;-New Jersey and Delaware;-Maryland ;— Baltimore;-Virginia;-the South in general;-the Civil War;-Western States;— Territories, etc.

Political.

Political Philosophy ;-Political Science;-Administration ;-Civil Service Reform;-Elections;-Representation (Minorities);-Political Questions ;-(a) United States, (b) England, (c) France, (d) Germany, (e) Austria, (ƒ) Switzerland, (g) Italy, (h) Greece, (i) Russia, etc.

International Law.

General International Law ;-Institut de Droit International ;-International Conferences; — Arbitration;- Intervention; - Extradition; - Neutrality ;- Treaties ;— War;-Consular Reports;-Private International Law.

International Politics.

Foreign Relations of the United States;-England;-France;-Germany;-Switzer. land;— Italy;- Russia ;-Schleswig-Holstein;- Franco-Prussian War;— Eastern Question ;-International politics in general.

Institutional.

Institutions in general;—The Family;—Marriage;― Contracts;-Slavery ;—Serfdom;-Nobility;-Land Tenure;- Local Institutions;- City Government;-State Government;-National Institutions ;-Public Lands, etc.

Constitutional.

United States; -England ;- Switzerland;- Law of Cantons, (a) Appenzell-Lu. cerne, (b) Neuchâtel-Zürich;-German Empire;-Laws of German States, AnhaltWürtemberg;-France;-Austria;-Italy;-Greece, etc.

Legal.

Law in general;-History of Law;-the Civil Law in general ;-Civil Procedure, (a) Roman, (b) in General ;—Judicial Organization;-Criminal Law ;-Penal Codes ;— Sachsenspiegel;- Schwabenspiegel; other early Codes ;-Law of Personal Relations;-Succession ;-Inheritance;-Swiss Private Law;-Law Tracts ;-Law Briefs (American);-Sales ;-Literary Property, etc.

Economic.

Economic History :-Baltimore Economics;-Maryland Economics;-Economics of Cities;-State Economics;-U. S. Finance;- Money ;-Banking;-Checks ;-Mortgages;-Debts;-Tariff;-Labor and Capital ;-Laboring Classes;-Manufactures ;— Commerce; -Shipping;-Railroads ;-Canals ;-Internal Improvements ;-Agriculture;-Statistics, etc.

Social.

Social Science, (a) American Association, (b) Philadelphia Association;-American Colonization Society;-Social Problems;-The Poor ;--Prisons and Prison Reform;— Charities, (a) of Baltimore, (b) other Cities, (c) in general;-Organization of Charities;-Temperance Reform;-Sanitary Science ;-Parks, Village and City Improvement, etc.

Religious and Ecclesiastical.

History of Religions;-Religion in general;- Church and State ;-Ecclesiastical Law;-Ecclesiastical Questions (Europe), (a) before the Vatican Council, (b) since the Vatican Council;-Religious Questions in America;-Religion and Science, etc.

Educational.

Education in general;-Education in Baltimore;-Peabody Institute;-Johns Hopkins University;-Universities and Colleges;-Common Schools;-Education in New England;-Southern Education (Slater and Peabody Funds);— Indian and Negro Education;-Industrial Education;-Bureau of Education;-Libraries ;-Library Administration;-Bibliographies ;-Catalogues and Book Notices.