6. CAULIS ramosus, a branched stem, as in most plants.

7. CAULIS ramosissimus, very much branched, as in the apple, and many other trees, &c.

8. CAULIS subramosus a slightly branched stem.

WITH RESPECT TO CLOTHING.

9. CAULIS foliatus, or foliosus, a leafy stem. Many plants might be enumerated which are destitute of leaves, but most of these are clothed, more or less, with spines, &c., and consequently are not strictly naked. The stem of such plants therefore would be designated,

10. CAULIS aphyllus, a stem without leaves; but in those species which have their surface neither clothed with leaves, spines, scales, nor any other covering, it is a

11. CAULIS nudus, or naked stem.

There is a small plant common on most of our muddy sea-shores, and salt marshes, which affords a good example of both these terms. I allude to the Salicornia herbacea, which in English is called jointed glass-wort, because the soda prepared from its ashes was formerly used in manufacturing glass. It is named also sea-grass, saltwort, and marshsamphire. "The English," says Threlkeld, "use the pickled shoots like sampire, to stir up an appetite, and call it marsh-sampire. I eat some of it so prepared in an Englishman's house in this city, (Dublin,) and who would threap me down,

that it was sampire, and so named in his county of Lincolnshire. He had gathered it about the town plentifully, and preserved it."-This plant is scarcely a foot high, of a light green colour, and fleshy consistence, semitransparent, and jointed throughout. Its whole surface is smooth, showing no appearance of down, hair, scales, or other clothing. The stem therefore is a caulis nudus aphyllus, a stem both leafless and naked. * See Fig. 19. (b)

12. CAULIS bulbifer, a bulb-bearing stem, as in some lilies, and other plants, which produce bulbs at the bases of their leaves. Fig. 12.

13. CAULIS perfoliatus, a perfoliate stem, (per" through, and folium, a leaf, Lat.) is when, instead of being clothed by leaves in the ordinary manner, the stem runs through the leaf, as at (a), Fig. 13.

Of this the common thoroughwax (Bupleurum rotundifolium) is a good example. The old English word ware means to grow, and thorough is through; and hence Thoroughwax. "Thorowewaxe, or

*The word nudus has not always strictly the meaning given here, being variously modified, as the term is applied to different parts of plants. - Vide Martyn's Language of Botany, in verbo.

Thorowe leaf, (says Gerard,) hath a round, slender, and brittle stalke, divided into manie small braunches, which passe or grow thorow the leaves, as though they had been drawn or thrust thorowe, and every braunch doth grow thorowe, everie leafe making them like hollowe cups or sawcers."

14. CAULIS alatus, a winged stem, (ala, a wing, Lat.) is when the angles of the stem expand into laminæ or borders of a leafy texture, as at Fig. 13.(b)

15. CAULIS erectus, an upright or erect stem. This term does not imply that such a stem is in no degree bent from a perpendicular line, for a stem may bend to one or other side and still be erect. But some stems are perfectly straight, and therefore an epithet is required to denote this in opposition to erect. The word strictus is adopted, and so, by the term

16. CAULIS strictus, is meant a stem absolutely straight, not pointing towards any point of the

compass.

* Herbal, p. 429.

ASCENDING, AND OTHER STEMS.

57

17. CAULIS ascendens, ascending, or bent upwards. At first lying on the ground, and then gradually bending upwards till it becomes erect. Fig. 14. (a)

18. CAULIS procumbens; (procumbo, to lie down, Lat.) when the whole of the stem lies on the ground. Prostratus and humifusus are used in the same sense. 19. CAULIS decumbens, decumbent. Like the last, except that the base is erect. Fig. 14. (b)

The

20. CAULIS reclinatus, a reclining stem. whole stem bent towards the ground, like an arch. Fig. 14. (c)

21. CAULIS nutans, nodding towards the horizon, at top. Fig. 14. (d)

22. CAULIS cernuus, drooping towards the earth at top. Fig. 14. (e)

23. CAULIS fulcratus (fulcrum, a prop, from fulcio, to support). A supported or propped stem. When trees acquire an unusual size, they generally become

favourites with mankind. A tree especially, which from time immemorial has stood in the centre of a village, and has been the place of evening resort for the young to frolic, and the aged to debate, is held in the light of an old friend; and when at last it is overturned by the storm, or has mouldered to a shell by the hand of time, the event is considered as a public calamity. Even the Turks are alive to this feeling, and enjoy their coffee and tchibouque* with peculiar satisfaction, under the shade of a favourite tree. The great Oriental Plane of the island Stanchio (formerly Cos, the birth-place of Hippocrates), in the Archipelago, is remarkable for its size, and the care with which the natives have attempted to preserve it. It has stood for time immemorial in the chief town (called Stanchio also) of the island, and while it is the boast of the inhabitants, is with justice also the wonder of strangers. Earl Sandwich saw it in the year 1739, he calls it a sycamore. "Among the curiosities," he says, "of this city, is a sycamore tree, which is without doubt the largest in the known world. It extends its branches, which are supported by many ancient pillars of porphyry, verd antique, and other precious marble, in the exact form of a circle; from the outward verge of which to the trunk, I measured forty-five large paces. Beneath the shade of this sycamore is a very beautiful fountain, round which the Turks have erected several

The Turkish tobacco pipe.