ART. 6. Tout navire visé au présent décret est tenu de déférer immédiatement aux injonctions d'un bâtiment de guerre ou d'arraisonnement, d'un sémaphore ou d'un poste de signaux, faites à la voix, par signaux du code international ou par coup de canon de semonce. Tout navire semoncé par une batterie ou par un bâtiment de guerre doit, quelle que soit sa distance de terre, stopper immédiatement en cassant son erre. Après s'être arrêté tout navire semoncé peut renouveler sa demande d'entrée, mais il doit attendre sur place les ordres qui lui seront notifiés. Si malgré l'avertissement d'un coup de semonce à blanc le navire ne s'arrête pas sur le champ, il sera tiré, deux minutes après, un coup de semonce à obus et, si après un nouvel intervalle de deux minutes le navire n'a pas stoppé et cassé son erre, le feu sera ouvert effectivement contre lui. En cas d'urgence le coup de semonce à blanc peut être supprimé. La nuit le coup de semonce à obus peut également être supprimé et tout navire qui pénètre sans autorisation dans la zone interdite s'expose à être détruit sans avertissement préalable.

ART. 7. Les bâtiments autorisés à pénétrer dans les rades et ports français ou des pays de protectorat devront prendre le mouillage qui leur sera indiqué par l'autorité locale et se conformer strictement aux règlements de toute nature édictés par cette autorité. La durée de leur séjour restera subordonnée aux nécessités d'ordre militaire et, lorsque les circonstances l'exigeront, il pourra leur être prescrit de prendre le large ou de se retirer sur un point déterminé; cet ordre devra être exécuté sans délai, un sursis pouvant toutefois être accordé aux navires qui se trouveraient dans l'impossibilité justifiée de s'y conformer immédiatement. Aucun navire ne pourra appareiller, soit pour changer de mouillage, soit pour quitter la rade, sans en avoir reçu la permission de l'autorité locale; la demande peut être faite par signal: pavillon S.

ART. 8. Dans les rades et ports militaires, entre le coucher et le lever du soleil, toute circulation des embarcations autres que celles appartenant aux bâtiments de guerre français est absolument interdite. Du lever au coucher du soleil cette circulation n'est autorisée que pour les embarcations auxquelles les autorités maritimes auront délivré un permis de circulation spécial et le moyen de se faire reconnaître. Les embarcations autorisées devront s'écarter des navires de guerre si l'injonction leur en est faite et ne pourront, en aucun cas, les accoster sans en avoir reçu la permission. La circulation de ces embarcations restera en outre soumise aux consignes locales relatives notamment à l'interdiction de pénétrer dans certaines parties de la rade et d'accoster en tout autre endroit que ceux expressément désignés. Dans les ports de commerce, des mesures analogues seront prises par l'autorité locale pour imposer à la circulation des embarcations les restrictions jugées nécessaires, tout en ménageant les intérêts du commerce.

ART. 9. Les visites des bâtiments de guerre neutres restent soumises, en ce qui concerne la notification ou l'autorisation préalables, aux prescriptions du décret du 21 mai 1913, les conditions d'accès et de séjour étant réglées par le présent décret.

ENTRANCE DURING DAY.

55

ART. 10. Les mesures prévues par le présent décret seront applicables dès la mobilisation ou à la suite d'un avis spécial.

ART. 11. Toute infraction au présent décret, en dehors des risques de destruction auxquels elle expose, entraînera les mesures de répression que comporteront les circonstances.

ART. 12. Sont abrogées les dispositions contraires au présent décret. ART. 13. Le ministre de la marine est chargé de l'exécution du présent décret.

Fait a Paris, le 26 mai 1913.

Par le Président de la République:

Le ministre de la marine, PIERRE BAUDIN.

R. POINCARÉ.

(Revue Générale de Droit International Public, vol. 20, 1913, Doc. p. 57.)

Regulation proposed.-In view of such regulations as the above it would seem that a general regulation may be proposed as follows: In time of war any foreign vessel, public or private, even with permission, enters American waters at its own risk.

15. Conditions of entrance during day. The waters of a belligerent are frequently mined or otherwise protected against the entrance of the ships of an enemy. The use against belligerent vessels of the means of protection may endanger other vessels. If the means of protection is hidden, as in the case of mines, due care should be taken in order that innocent vessels may not suffer injury. As the use of false flags is not yet forbidden in naval war the belligerent may properly assure himself of the identity of any vessel approaching his jurisdiction. Entrance to the waters off an open undefended coast is ordinarily freely open unless there be strategic reasons for closing such waters. Reasonable regulations are necessary for the safety of the belligerent, and such reasonable regulations would certainly include a requirement of due notification by a vessel before it should be permitted to enter belligerent jurisdiction. The form of notification commonly required is the display of the national flag with the signal for a pilot. In order to avoid risk, a vessel should remain outside till permission to enter is granted.

Regulation proposed.-Desire to enter American waters, when the United States is belligerent, between sunrise and sunset shall be made known by flying the national flag with the signal for pilot, but the vessel must remain

outside of American jurisdiction till permission to enter is granted.

16. Entrance during night, fog, or storm.-What has been said in regard to restrictions upon entrance by day is even more applicable in case of desire to enter belligerent jurisdiction during the night or in time of fog or storm. Proper signals should be displayed and the identity of the vessel should be established.

Regulation proposed.-When the United States is a belligerent, entrance to American waters during the night is prohibited. Desire to enter American waters between sunset and sunrise shall be made known by such signals as do not admit of mistake, but the vessel must remain outside American jurisdiction till permission to enter is granted. The same rule applies in fog or in storm.

17. Entrance under permission.-Permission to enter belligerent ports should, so far as consistent with military necessity, be granted. As entrance may be dangerous to the vessel entering, such precautions as are possible should be taken in order that the vessel may not be injured. The vessel may, by entrance, acquire knowledge of military conditions which should not be made public. In time of war the circumstances are usually such as would make necessary, both for the safety of the vessel and of the belligerent, that the conditions of entrance under which the permission to enter is granted shall be strictly observed.

Regulation proposed.-If permission is granted to enter American waters when the United States is at war, the foreign vessels must strictly observe its provisions.

18. Entrance without permission. In time of war a belligerent may, under present rules, take measures necessary to insure protection of its coasts by the means sanctioned by the law, as by mines, etc.

Ordinarily, as in peace, so in war, neutral commerce with belligerents is subject only to the risk involved in the carriage of contraband, etc. This principle is, however, conditioned upon military necessity which may make it essential that a belligerent really close all or a part of his ports or waters to the entrance of vessels.

NETHERLANDS DECREE, 1909.

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Regulation proposed. Any vessel entering American waters without permission when the United States is at war does so at its peril, and such force may be used against it as the American authorities deem necessary.

General, Foreign regulations as to time of war.-There are controversies which may easily arise in modern times in consequence of the desire of foreign ships of war to enter or remain in ports in time of war. The greater number of ships of war is a simple reason why there may be more possibilities of misunderstanding. The greater speed may give rise to other complications. The interests which take ships of war into foreign ports sometimes make definite and prior regulations advantageous if not essential. The full statement of the laws of three foreign States may show the course of the development toward regulation.

Netherlands. Decree of the Queen of the Netherlands fixing new rules in respect of the admission of warships of foreign powers to Netherland territorial waters. (The Loo, Oct. 30, 1909.)

[Translation.]

We, Wilhelmina, by the grace of God, Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, etc.;

On the joint proposal of our ministers of marine, of war, for foreign affairs, and of justice, of the 26th April, 1909, the 3d May, 1909, the 18th May, 1909, and the 25th May, 1909;

Having seen the royal decree of the 2d February, 1893, containing provisions respecting the admission of warships of foreign powers into the estuaries, harbors, and inland waters of the State;

Considering that it is desirable to fix new rules of the admission of warships of foreign powers into the Netherlands territorial waters and into the Netherland territorial waters situated within the territorial waters;

Having consulted the council of state (report of the 17th August, 1909);

Having regard to the further report of our ministers of marine, of war, for foreign affairs, and of justice, of the 13th September, 1909, the 6th October, 1909, the 11th October, 1909, and the 15th October, 1909; Have approved and agreed to stipulate as follows:

ARTICLE 1. The aforesaid royal decree of the 2d February, 1893, shall be withdrawn.

2. (1) Without prejudice to the provisions of article 4, relative to previous permission to enter the estuaries therein mentioned, and relative to the navigation of the inland waters of the State, warships of foreign powers shall be permitted to proceed from the sea into the Netherland territorial waters and the Netherland water territory situated within those territorial waters, provided this takes place in

order to reach by the shortest way and with the observance of the provisions of article 3, the roadstead or harbor situated nearest the sea, in order to anchor there; and provided the number of warships, including those under the same flag already present within the Netherland jurisdiction, does not exceed three.

3. The provisions of the first paragraph do not prevent the free passage through the territorial waters, so far as this is recognized in international law.

3. (1) When navigating the estuaries and inland waters of the State, warships of foreign powers shall not be permitted to proceed outside the buoyed channels of which use is made by the State pilots on behalf of shipping.

(2) A warship of a foreign power shall only be permitted to find the ship's position and to make soundings as far as is required for safe navigation.

(3) We reserve to ourselves the right to cause the strict observance of this provision to be controlled by causing the ship to be guided by an officer of the royal navy or an official of the pilot service.

4. (1) It shall be prohibited for warships of foreign powers to enter the estuaries mentioned hereafter without the permission of our minister of marine, or to navigate the inland waters of the State without such permission.

(2) The estuaries referred to are those of Terschelling, Texel, Ymuiden, Hook of Holland, Goeree.

(3) By inland waters of the State shall be meant all navigable waters situated within the estuaries of the State.

5. In special cases permission may be granted by us to deviate from the prescriptions of article 2 respecting the number of warships.

6. (1) Warships of foreign powers may not stay within the territory of the State longer than 14 consecutive days.

(2) The same warship may not, after its departure, again enter one of the estuaries of the State within 30 days without the permission of our minister of marine.

7. (1) The restrictive prohibitive provisions of articles 2, 4, and 6 shall not be applicable—

(2) (a) To the warship on board which, according to the standard or the flag flown, there is reigning sovereign, a member of a reigning royal house, the president of a republic, or the head of a legation of a foreign power in the Netherlands, or the head of a mission of a foreign power destined for the Netherlands, or the accompanying warships. (3) (b) To cruisers for the police supervision by the powers for which the convention of the 6th May, 1892, is in force in the North Sea fisheries.

(4) (c) To warships of foreign powers which are exclusively destined for religious, scientific, or benevolent objects.

(5) (d) To warships of foreign powers in cases of distress, danger from the sea, or casualty. As soon as, in the opinion of the minister of marine, these causes cease to exist, the provisions of articles 2, 4, and 8 shall again enter into operation.