3. In other cases, is lengthened, as follows.

α. It becomes εἰ in the forms εἰμί, εἶς, εἶ, εἶναι. Compare τέθεικα (§ 352, β), and 9εῖναι (§ 360. 2, α).

NOTE. The forms, both here and in § 306, is either shortened from sis, or is a middle form employed in its stead. The form is is not used by the Attics.

8. In the remaining forms of the present, it assumes o (compare § 355); thus, ἐ-σ-μέν, ἐ-σ-τέ, ἐ-σ-τόν, ἔ-σ-τω, ἔ-σ-τωσαν, ἔ-σ-των (§ 342. 3).

NOTE. After, the old termination, for , is retained; thus, i-o-ri. Before σ, in the second person singular of the imperative, becomes by precession (compare §§ 196, 384); thus, %-σ-D.

7. In the imperfect, it becomes, and may likewise assume σ before τ; thus, ἦν, ἦτε or ἦ-σ- τε.

For

NOTE. For the old Attic form of the first person, , see § 340. 1. the form a, see § 337. For the third person, see § 339. The middle form hun is little used by the more classic writers. The imperative τw, which follows the analogy of the imperfect, occurs but once in the classic writers (Plat. Rep. p. 361 c.), and is there, perhaps, an incorrect reading.

REMARK. In the FUTURE, instead of σera, the Attics always use the nude form ἔσται.

Eiui, to go.

(§ 306.)

$366. 1. The PRESENT of siu has commonly in the indicative, and sometimes in the other modes, the sense of the future; thus, siui, (I am going,) I will go. See § 380. 2.

2. For ev, in the pluperfect, the common Attic form was a (sometimes written), which appears to be a remnant of the old formation noticed in § 330.

A perfect ia, corresponding to this pluperfect, nowhere appears, and some regard (omitting the iota subscript) as an imperfect doubly augmented (§ 313). For the use of this tense, see § 367.

3. For os and loíny, see §§ 331, 332; for "rwv, see § 342, 3; for "va, lúv, and lovτwv, see § 335. 2; for ud, see § 337; for in the third person, which occurs only in Attic poetry before a vowel, see § 339; for μev, Ts, &c., see § 370.

4. The middle forms ἴεμαι, ἴμην are regarded by some of the best critics as incorrectly written for ἵεμαι, δέμην, from ἵημι (§ 304).

D. THE COMPLETE TENSES.

§ 367. In some verbs, the sense of the complete tenses, by a natural transition, passes into that of the indefinile tenses (§ 272); and the PERFECT becomes, in signification, a present indefinite; the PLUPERFECT, a past indefinite, or aorist; and the THIRD FUTURE, a future indefinite, or common future.

Thus, fornu (§ 298), to station, Pf. Evτŋna, (I have stationed myself) I stand, Plup. koτýzɛir, I stood, 3 F. έoτýžw, I shall stand; uuvoxw, to remind, Pf. P. μéμvnμai, (I have been reminded) I remember, Plup. ¿μɛurýμny, I remembered, 3 F. μɛμvývoμai, I shall remember; Plup. ev (§ 306), I went.

In a few of these verbs, the present is not used, and the PERFECT is regarded as the theme (§ 155). Such verbs are termed PRETERITIVE.

All the tenses which represent an action as finished, are termed preterite (præteritus, passed by). Preteritive verbs are so named, as having one of the preterite tenses for the theme. For examples of these verbs, see §§ 308–310.

§ 368. 1. The PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE are commonly supplied by the participle with the auxiliary verb siuí (§§ 268, 305).

Thus, Pf. Act. Subj. βεβουλευκώς ὦ, Opt. βεβουλευκώς εἴην ̇ Pf. P. Subj. βεβουλευμένος ὦ, Opt. βεβουλευμένος εἴην.

2. Sometimes, however, the perfect forms these modes according to the general rules (§§ 331, 332, &c.), chiefly when it is employed as a present (§ 367); thus, &στnxo, korw, korainv (§ 298), πεποιθοίην (§ 289), δεδίω (§ 308).

3. In the perfect passive, these modes are formed in only a few pure verbs, and, in these, without a fixed analogy; thus,

xaxiw (§ 359), to call; Pf. P. xixλnuas, I have been called, I am named, Ορ. (κεκλη-ί-μην) κεκλήμην, κέκληο, κέκλητο, &c.

xráoμas, to acquire; Pf. xíxrnuas, I have acquired, I possess, Subj. (xsxráω-μαι) κεκτῶμαι, κεκτῇ, κεκτῆται· Opt. (κεκτησί-μην) κεκτήμην, κέκτης, κέ κτητο, or (κεκτα.οί-μην) κεκτώμην, κεκτῷο, κεκτῷτο.

μέμνημαι (§ 367), Suby. μεμνῶμαι, Ομ. μεμνήμην, οι μεμνώμην, οι μεμνοί μην, μέμνοιο.

For κάθημαι and κείμαι, see §§ 309, 310. The subjunctive of xa has sometimes the same form with the indicative.

$369. The perfect, in its proper sense, may have the IMPERATIVE in the third person passive; but, otherwise, this mode belongs only to those perfects which have the sense of the present; and, even in these, the imperative active is scarcely found except in the nude form of the second perfect (§ 371).

370. In the SECOND PERFECT and PLUPERFECT, the connecting vowel is sometimes omitted in the indicative plural and dual (§ 335. 3).

Thus, ἕσταμεν (§ 298; base έστα-), ἕστα-τε, (ἕστα-νσι, § 83) ἑστᾶσι, ἕστα-τον, ἕστα-σαν· δέδιμεν (§ 303; base δεδι-), δέδιτε, (δέδι-νσι) δεδίασι• from the base ίδ (§ 308; ἴδμεν, § 78) ἴσμεν, (ϊδ-τε, § 77) ἴστε, ἴδωνσι, ιδᾶσι, and, δ becoming & in imitation of the other persons,) too from the base 8308; δ μεν) σμεν, (δ-τε) ᾖστε, (δ-σαν, § 80, ἦσαν μεν (§ 306; base -), tε, or, in čina, to be like, preteritive, Pl. 1, poetic, (οικωμεν, § 78) ἔοιγμεν.

So, in the singular, (oid-oda, § 337) da. The form das is not used by the Attics.

§ 371. When this omission takes place in the perfect or pluperfect,

1. The indicative singular is more frequently supplied by forms from a longer base; thus, Sing. 1 Pf. Evryna (§ 298; base ἑστηκ-) ἕστηκας, ἕστηκε, Pl. 2 Pf. ἕσταμεν, &c. ; Sing. 1 Plup. ἑστήκειν or εἱστήκειν, ἑστήκεις or εἱστήκεις, ἑστήκει οι sioτńxe, Pl. 2 Plup. Eσtauer, &c.; Sing. oida (§ 308; base οἶδ-), οἶσθα, οἶδε, ΡΙ. ἴσμεν, &c.

The forms from the longer base likewise occur in the plural and dual, but less frequently. Compare §§ 327. 2, and 360. 2, «.

2. The subjunctive, optative, imperative, and infinitive are formed after the analogy of the present in u; thus, (Eurá-w) ἑστῶ, (ἑσταίην, § 331) ἑσταίην, ἕσταθι (§ 337), ἑστάναι· δεδίω, δέδιθι, δεδιέναι (compare είμι, § 306).

3. The participle is contracted, if the characteristic is a or ο; thus, (έστα-ώς ἑστώς, έστα-ό-τσα, § 238) εστῶσα, (ἑστα-ός) Euros (or sometimes, by syncope, soτós).

$372. Additional Examples of Nude and Double

Formation.

First and Second Perfects combined.

Baira (r. Ba-), to go; Pf. Ind. S. ßißnna, Pl. ßißauer and βεβήκαμεν, Subj. βεβῶ and βεβήκω, Inf. βεβάναι and βεβηκέναι, Part. βεβώς and βεβηκώς.

The subjunctive ßɩßã, like έorã (§ 298), is used only in those forms which

have in the termination.

Drýoxa (r. Dva-), to die; Pf. Ind. S. 189vnxa, I am dead, Pl. τέθναμεν, Οpt. τεθναίην, Imp. τέθναθι, Inf. τεθνάναι, τεθνη κέναι and, poetic, (τεθνα-έ-ναι) τεθνᾶναι, Part. τεθνηκώς and (τεθναώς, ε inserted after contraction, § 215) τεθνεώς.

B. Poetic Imperatives.

avaya, to command, preteritive, Plup. váyɛı· Imp. (άroyθι) άνωχθι and ἄνωγε, pl. (ἄνωγ-τε, γι passing into go in imitation of the singular,) άνωχθε and ανώγετε.

κράζω, commonly 2 Pf. κεκραγα, to cry, 2 Plup. ἐκεκράγειν, 3 Γ. κεκράξομαι, 2 Α. ἔκραγον· 2 Pf. Imp. κέκραχθι, pl. κέκραχθε and κεκράγετε.

See, also, (πέπειθ-θι, § 77) πέπεισθι (§ 289).

2. Poetic Participles.

βιβρώσκω (r. βρο), to eat, 1 Pf. βέβρωκα, 2 Pf. Part. (βεβροώς) βεβρώς, G. ῶτος.

πίπτω, to fall, 1 Ρ. πέπτωκα, 2 Pf. Part. (πεπτο-ώς) πεπτώς, G. ῶτος.

§ 373. The THIRD FUTURE unites the base of the perfect with the terminations of the future active and middle.

Thus, (ἑστήκ-σω, § 293) ἑστήξω, (γεγράφ-σομαι, § 286) γεγράψομαι.

The third future is scarcely found in liquid verbs, or in verbs beginning with a vowel, and is frequent in those verbs only, in which it has the sense of the common future (§ 367).

Of the third future active, the only examples in Attic prose are torn and rev, both formed from perfects having the sense of the present, orna (§ 367) and ridvnxx (§ 372), and both giving rise to middle forms of the same signification (§ 270. 3), έστήξομαι and τεθνήξομαι.

CHAPTER XII.

THE ROOT OF THE VERB.

§ 374. The root of the Greek verb, although not properly varied by inflection (§ 152), yet received many changes in the progress of the language. These changes affected the different tenses unequally, so that there are but few primitive verbs (§ 151), in which the root appears in only a single

form.

The earlier, intermediate, and later forms of the root may be termed, for the sake of brevity, old, middle, and new roots.

§ 375. The tenses may be arranged, with respect to the degree in which they exhibit the departure of the root from its original form, in the following order.

I. THE SECOND AORIST AND FUTURE.

The second aorist active and middle is simply the imperfect of an old root. See § 344.

Thus ἔλιπον and ἐλιπόμην (§ 287) are formed from the old root λιπ-, in precisely the same way as ἔλειπον and ἐλειπόμην from the new root λειπ

The second aorist and future passive are chiefly found in impure verbs which want the second aorist active and middle. They affix and ην nooμai (278) to the simplest form of the

root.

$ 376. REMARKS. 1. If the root is pure, the second aorist of verbs in w (§ 335. 2) follows the analogy of verbs in μι; thus, ἔβην (r. βα-), ἔγνων (r. γνο-), ἐδῦν (r. δυ-). See $$ 307, 360.

Exceptov ($398; r. -). For the insertion of the connective after, compare § 335. 2.