candles hung at the side made of the fat of the said beast. After having been shot in the head the animal fell on his knees and rose several times. Fearing the possibility of his breaking loose, he was knocked in the head with a butcher's axe and killed. On the northerly tree the heart was hung up, exhibiting the holes made by the bullets, each one having passed through it. The tongue was prepared and smoked, and packed in a polished hickory box, in hickory shavings made for the occasion, resembling curled ribbons, by Henry J. Bockius, carpenter, and was sent to General Jackson. A bear was also killed, and roasted whole on a windlass such as was also built for the buffalo. Fires were kept up with pine and hickory wood all the night before. A salute by old Captain Chalkley Baker was fired on the playground adjoining Ronaldson's type-foundry. To view this salute the shed of the old tenpin-alley became filled with boys and men. lying on their breasts to prevent detection by police employed to keep the shed clear. The shed was a double shed, and the whole concern moved and fell. The cracking noise gave the signal, and all but one man got out of the way. He was carried over home, and died soon after. Ronaldson's graveyard was then an open lot, with post-and-rail fence around it, being old and dilapidated. Colonel Chalkley Baker and Colonel John K. Murphy withdrew the artillery to this lot and finished the salute.

The Dundas Elm Tree and Vauxhall Gardens.-At one time a number of the lots of ground in the western portion of the city. were owned by Colonel John Dunlap, of Revolutionary reminiscences, and David Claypoole, Esq., of the firm of Dunlap & Claypoole, printers and publishers. Among the squares of ground owned by Mr. Dunlap was the lot bounded by Walnut, George (Sansom), Juniper, and Broad streets, on which he had planted various species of trees. But two of the original now remain-an elm and a pine. The square was for several years a public garden, known as Vauxhall. After the Dunlap family sold it, it was divided. The one half toward Juniper street was owned by the late Edward Burd, Esq., who about the year 1830 had a stone wall about two feet high, with a paling fence on the top, built on the three street sides; and the trees remained on that portion until the ground was sold or rented to build upon. When the late Harvey Beck, Esq., in the year 1836, commenced to build at the north-west corner of Walnut and Juniper streets, the men, in digging the cellar, unearthed a large well that had been used by the Dunlaps for the storage of ice, close by the garden. The western portion of the lot had a rough board fence around it. In the year 1833 the ground was rented to a Mr. Fletcher, who intended to improve it by building a row of dwellings fronting on Broad street; but for some reason, after digging a portion of the cellars midway between Walnut and George streets, the work was abandoned, and the hole remained as a

pond until filled up. The lot remained open for boys or others to play on or to lie about in the shade, and most of the trees were cut down or destroyed. Mr. Dundas commenced to build in 1839, and occupied the house about the last of November, 1840. Henry Pratt-Mrs. Dundas's father-died in January, 1838, and it was not until the following year they concluded to build and to leave the old mansion in Front street. Some of the trees in the garden were transplanted from Lemon Hill; all that now remain of the trees are the elm and the pine. As to the elm being one hundred and fifty years old, it is only conjectural, but it must be far advanced in years-so much so that in a few years it will have to come down.

A number of elms were on the square which Mr. Dunlap sold to Mr. Girard-on Chesnut street, between Eleventh and Twelfth streets-which were cut down in the year 1833 to make the present improvements.

Colonel John Dunlap was a native of Ireland. He came to this country when quite young, and afterward served an apprenticeship to the printing business. In the year 1776 he was in business as a printer and publisher at "the newest printing-office on Market street." After Mr. Dunlap sold the property at the south-east corner of Market and Twelfth streets to Mr. Girard, he resided at the north-east corner of Chestnut and Thirteenth streets until his death in the year 1812.

The old firm of Pratt & Kintzing is remembered by many of the present generation as belonging to the time when our city boasted of her merchants. They had thirty-two square-rigged vessels on the ocean at once. Mr. Kintzing died in 1835, having entirely lost his eyesight by application to business.

Mrs. Dundas died in the house at the corner of Broad and Walnut streets, and Mr. Dundas died on the 4th of July, 1865.

A fire and riot took place at the Vauxhall Garden in September, 1819. Our late townsman, Robert M. Lewis, Esq., often said that he was dining that afternoon at the house of a friend, on the west side of Fourth street, below Walnut. Among the guests was a relation of his, the late Robert Wharton, at that time mayor of the city. Toward evening there was a ring at the bell, and the servant answered the call, when John Hart, at that time one of the high constables of the city, rushed into the room and informed Mr. Wharton that a terrible riot and fire were in progress at the Vauxhall, caused by the failure of a balloon ascension. The company at once left for the garden. On approaching Thirteenth street the elm tree was discovered on fire. They all hurried into the enclosure. Several arrests were made of the rioters, and the disturbance was quelled, but not until much damage was done. Mr. Lewis said the tree at that time was a large one. Mr. Dundas always thought it very old, and had it well secured in his lifetime to prevent its falling down.

FIRES AND FIRE-ENGINES.

From the settlement of Philadelphia in 1682 until 1696 no public precautions seem to have been taken against fire. In the latter year the Provincial Legislature passed a law for preventing accidents that might happen by fire in the towns of Philadelphia and New Castle, by which persons were forbidden to fire their chimneys to cleanse them, or suffer them to be so foul as to take fire, under a penalty of 408., and each houseowner was to provide and keep ready a swab twelve or fourteen feet long, and a bucket or pail, under the penalty of 108. No person should presume to smoke tobacco in the streets, either by day or night, under a penalty of 12d. All which fines were to be used to buy leather buckets and other instruments or engines against fires for the public use.

A similar act was passed in 1700, applying to Bristol, Philadelphia, Germantown, Darby, Chester, New Castle, and Lewes, providing for two leather buckets, and forbidding more than six pounds of powder to be kept in any house or shop, unless forty perches distant from any dwelling-house, under the penalty of £10. A similar law was passed in 1701, and the magistrates were also directed to procure "six or eight good hooks for tearing down houses on fire."

By various acts of Assembly the breaming of vessels with blazing fire, the firing of chimneys and the sweeping of the same, the firing of guns, squibs, and rockets, the building of bakehouses and cooper-shops, and the keeping of hay and fagots, were made the subjects of strict and particular legislation; and by two acts of April 18th, 1795, the corporation of the city was authorized to prevent the erection of wooden buildings east of Tenth street, and to see that every occupier of a house had in repair not exceeding six leather buckets, to be used only in extinguishing fires.

Of course our early ancestors got most of their ideas of public prevention of fires from the home country. After the great fire of 1666, London was divided into four divisions, provided with leather buckets, ladders, brazen hand-squirts, pick-axes, sledges, and shod shovels. Each of the twelve companies were to provide an engine, thirty buckets, three ladders, six sledges, and two hand-squirts; and some inferior companies were to have some small engines and buckets. And the aldermen were to provide themselves with twenty-four buckets and one hand-squirt each. Water was supplied to the engines and squirts by pumps in the wells and fire-plugs in the main pipes belonging to the New River and Thames waterworks. The various corporations of

mechanics each provided thirty hands of different grades, to be ready at all times to attend the mayor and sheriffalty for extinguishing fires, and various workmen, laborers, and porters were also to be always ready. By the act of 6 Anne the churchwardens of each parish were to have introduced into the mains stop-blocks of wood, with a two-inch plug and fire-cocks, so that such plugs or fire-cocks might be quickly opened and let out the water without loss of time in digging down to the pipes; they were to have a large engine and a hand-engine, and one leathern pipe and socket of the same size as the plug or firecock, that the socket might be put into the pipe to convey the water clean and without loss or help of bucket into the engine. Party-walls were also to be of brick or stone, and of a certain thickness.

The

In 1757 the New River Company had forty-eight main pipes of wood, of seven-inch bore, and the water was supplied to 30,000 houses by leaden pipes of half an inch bore. Hand-in-Hand Fire Office, a mutual one, was started in 1696 by about 100 persons, to protect each other's houses. They employed thirty-five men.

Between 1768 and 1774 there were over 300 engines. Now there is, besides many private engines in large buildings and factories, the London Fire Brigade, established by fire insurance companies in 1833 and 1855, who have some 50 engines drawn by horses, 10 smaller drawn by hand, 2 floating-engines on the Thames worked by steam, and a number of handpumps, one on each engine. From the small size of the mains of the different water companies, the hose is not fixed directly on them, and down to 1860 they had not introduced steam fire-engines.

To return to Philadelphia. From 1701 to 1736 the means of extinguishing fires were principally provided by the corporation of the city. In 1718, Abraham Bickley, a public-spirited merchant, owned an engine, which was probably imported from England, and supposed to be still in existence in Bethlehem, which Councils agreed to buy in Dec., 1718, and agreed in Dec., 1719, to pay him £50 for it. This is the first engine we have distinct reference to. This engine being unable to contend with the great fire of 1730, which destroyed the store near Fishbourne's wharf and Jonathan Dickinson's fine house-a loss of £5000-led to the purchase of three more engines by the city and four hundred leather buckets, twenty ladders, and twentyfive hooks, an assessment of twopence per pound and eight shillings per head being laid to pay for the same. Abraham Bickley was a merchant, Common Councilman, member of the Assembly, and alderman. He died in 1726; another Abraham Bickley, most probably a son, died in 1744.

In July, 1729, George Claypoole agreed to keep the fire-engine

in good repair, and play the same every month, for £3 per annum; but he declined it the next month, and Richard Armitt undertook it instead. James Barrett was paid £6 for twelve fire-buckets taken from him at a fire in Chestnut street. In January, 1731, two of the engines arrived, with 250 buckets, from England, and the third engine was built here by Anthony Nicholls in 1733, and the other buckets were manufactured here. This was the first fire-engine built in this city. It was operated in January, 1733, and "played water higher than the highest in this city had from London." This was the first he made, and he expected to make several others, but the Councils thought the bill was too great; that the engine was very heavy and unwieldy, and required much labor to work it; that some parts were made of wood instead of brass, and they feared it would not last long. In December, 1733, there appeared in Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette an article on fires and their origin, and on the mode of putting them out. Some months later, in February, 1735, there appeared another article on hints for preventing fires, suggestions that public pumps should be built, a plan for organizing a club or society for putting out fires, after the manner of one in a neighboring city (Boston ?), and a suggestion that the roofs should be covered with tiles, and the brick walls be carried up above the eaves for greater safety in walking on them. This latter essay was signed "A. A.," probably Anthony Atwood, a well-known citizen, but was supposed to have been written by Franklin himself, for he says in his Autobiography: "About this time I read a paper [in the Junto] on the different accidents and carelessness by which houses were set on fire, with cautions against them and means proposed for avoiding them. This was much spoken of as a useful piece, and gave rise to a project, which soon followed, of forming a company for the more ready extinguishment of fires and mutual assistance in removing and securing of goods when in danger. Associates in this scheme were presently found amounting to thirty. Our articles of agreement obliged every member to keep always in good order and fit for use a certain number of leather buckets, with strong bags and baskets (for packing and transporting of goods), which were to be brought to every fire; and we agreed to meet once a month and spend a social evening together in discoursing and communicating such ideas as occurred to us upon the subject of fires as might be useful in our conduct on such occasions.

"The utility of this institution soon appeared, and many more desiring to be admitted than we thought convenient for one company, they were advised to form another, which was accordingly done; and this went on, one company being formed after another, until they became so numerous as to include most of the inhabitants who were men of property; and now at the time of writing this, though upward of fifty years since its establishment, that