FIFTH CLASS.

(Age 12 years.)

French. Three hours a week. As in preceding year. Extracts from La Fontaine, Racine, Fénelon.

Latin.-Ten hours a week to January 1; eight hours thereafter. Grammar, syntax, elements of prosody. Extracts from Phædrus, Ovid, and Nepos. Latin theme, written and oral.

Greck.-Two hours a week from January 1. Grammar, accent, paradigms.

German or English.-Two hours a week. Reading, writing, conversation, translation. English texts. Drill in vocabularies.* Systematic study of grammatical forms and their applications.* De Foc's Robinson Crusoe. Franklin's Autobiography. Primer of the History of Greece.

History.-One and a half hours a week. History of Greece.

Geography.—One hour a week. Physical and political geography of France and her colonies.*

Arithmetic.-One-half hour a week. Rule of three. Interest, discount, measurement of areas and volumes.

Botany and Geology.-One hour a week. Organs of a plant-root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, seed. Divisions of the vegetable kingdom illustrated. Outlines of the flora of the principal regions of the globe. Principal rocks. Continuous changes of the earth's crust. Special study of the geology of France.* Drawing.-See preceding year.

FOURTH CLASS.

(Age 13 years.)

Grammar finished. Extracts from Racine, Boileau,*
Paraphrases of French verse. Differences between

French.-Two hours a week. Bossuet, Fénelon,* Voltaire.* French and Latin construction. Latin.-Five hours a week. Extracts from Vergil and Ovid. Cæsar's Gallic War. Quintius Curtius. Cornelius Nepos.* Latin composition, oral and written.

Greek.-Six hours a week Grammar, elements of syntax, simple compositions. Extracts from Xenophon and Lucian. Babrius.*

German or English.-Two and a half hours a week. Reading, writing, conversation, translation. Drill in vocabularies.* Coins, weights and measures.* Idioms. Grammatical forms.* English texts-De Foe's Robinson Crusoe, Irving's History of Columbus, Miss Corner's History of Rome.

History.-Ono and a half hours a week. History of Rome.

Geography.-One hour a week. The American continent and physical geography. Geometry.—One and a half hours a week. Straight lines, angles, triangles, parallelogram, circle, secant, tangent, measure of angles.

Drawing.-One and a half hours a week. From architectural fragments. The human figure, from prints and bas-reliefs. Some mechanical drawing of architectural designs.

[In the third and higher classes the number of hours of class work per week is 201.]

THIRD CLASS.

(Age 14 years.)

French. Two hours a week. Grammatical and literary study of the French language. Authors-Corneille, Racine, Boileau, Montesquieu. Compositions. Outlines of literary history. Choice selections from authors of the sixteenth to the Dineteenth centuries. Paraphrase of French verso.

Latin.-Five hours a week. Grammar reviewed. Prosody. Considerable portions of Livy, Cicero, Pliny, Sallust, Vergil, Terence.

Greck.-Five hours a week. Grammar continued. Extracts from Homer, Herodotus, Xenophon. Translations into Greek.

German or English.-One and a half hours a week. Drill in vocabularies. Recitations from authors. Reading at sight easy passages. Conversation. Gramatical written exercises. Translations. English texts-Vicar of Wakefield. Tales from Shakespeare, extracts from Macaulay's History of England.

History.-One and a half hours a week. History of Europe, and particularly of France, from 395 to 1270.

Geography.-One hour a week. Geography of Africa, Asia, Oceanica.

Arithmetic, Algebra, and Geometry.—Three hours a week. Arithmetic finished, including square root and proportions. Algebra through simple equations of one unknown quantity. Plane geometry finished through area of the circle.

Drawing.-One and a half hours a week. Decorative figures. Caryatides. Friezes. Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. The human figure, and figures of animals.

French. Three hours a week.

SECOND CLASS.

(Age 15 years.)

Selections from ten authors covering the sixteenth

to the nineteenth centuries inclusive. Gramatical study and composition. Latin.-Five hours a week. Prosody. The metres of Horace. Authors-Vergil, Horace, Cicero, Livy, and Tacitus.

Greek.-Five hours a week. Grammar reviewed. Considerable portions of Homer, Euripides, Plato, and Plutarch. Written translations.

Literary History.-One hour week is devoted to the history of Greek (10 lectures), Latin (10 lectures), and French (15 lectures) literatures. This hour is taken from the hours appropriated to the three languages.

German or English.-One and a half hours a week. Grammatical study. Reading, conversation, translation, composition. English texts-Julius Cæsar, The Deserted Village, a romance of Scott, a Christmas carol, David Copperfield, extracts from English historians.

History. One and a half hours a week. History of Europe, and particularly of France, from 1270 to 1610.

Geography.-One hour a week. Geography of Europe-political, physical, commerMeteorology. Climatology. Productions. Commercial relations. Steam and telegraph lines.

cial.

Algebra and Geometry.-One and a half hours a week. Algebra continued through equations of several unknown quantities. Solid geometry to the cone. Drawing.-Two hours a week. Same as in the preceding year.

French.-Four hours a week.

CLASS OF RHETORIC.

(Age 16 years.)

Eleven authors of seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Fifteen lessons on the history of French literature from the time of Louis XIII.

Latin.-Four hours a week. Portions of Lucretius, Vergil, Horace, Cicero, Livy, and Tacitus.

Greek.-Four hours a week.

thenes.

Portions of Homer, Sophocles, Plato, and Demos

German or English.-Two and a half hours a week. Authors in English-Shakspeare, Byron, Tennyson, Dickens, and George Eliot.

History. One and a half hours a week. History of Europe, and particularly of France, from 1610 to 1789.

Geography.-One hour a week. Physical, political, administrative, and economic geography of France and its colonies.

Mathematics.-One and a half hours per week. Arithmetic: Review through square root. Algebra: Review and continuation through equations of the second degree. Geometry and Cosmography: Solid geometry finished-through the sphere. The celestial sphere. Earth, sun, time, moon, eclipses, planets, stars, universal gravitation, tides.

Drawing.-Two hours a week. The human head from nature. Landscape from prints and nature.

CLASS OF PHILOSOPHY,

(Age 17 years.)

Psychology, Logic, Ethics, and Metaphysics.-Six hours a week the first semester, seven and a half the second. The two French authors are chosen each year from a list containing works of Descartes, Malebranche, Pascal, Leibnitz, Condillac, and Cousin. The course includes an account of sensibility, intelligence, and volition, of formal and applied logic, of conscience and duty, of family and country, of political duties, of labor, capital, and property, of immortality and natural religion.

English or German.*-[Optional one and a half hours a week.] Conversations upon works read. Shakespeare-Hamlet, Macaulay-Essays, George Eliot - Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss.

History.-Three hours a week the first semester one and a half the second. Contemporary history, 1789 to 1889.

Physics and Chemistry.-Four and a half hours a week. Physics: Gravity, properties of liquids and gases, specific gravity, barometer, heat, electricity, magnetism, acoustics, optics, applications of physics, steam engines, magneto-electric machines, electro-plating, telephone. Chemistry: Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, sulphur, phosphorus, carbon, silicon, and their most important combinations. General notions of the metals, oxides, and salts. Principal organic compounds. Nomenclature and notation.

Physiology, Animal and Vegetable.-One and a half hours a week. Nutrition, organs of sense, voice, apparatus for movement, nerves. Vegetable nutrition and reproduction.

Hygiene.—Twelve lessons, one hour each. Water contamination, means of purifying; ventilation; food, nutritive properties; stimulants, narcotics, cause and prevention of contagion, domestic and public sanitation.

Drawing.-Two hours a week. Same as in the preceding year.

By a decree of January 30, 1865, which still remains in force, instruction in music is obligatory in the lycées for all pupils below the fourth class (quatrième) and obtional for all above.

CHAPTER IV.

BRIEF VIEW OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND, AND OPERATIONS FOR 1890-91.1

MATERIAL CONSULTED.-Elementary education laws: England, 1870, 1873, 1876, 1891; Scotland, 1872, 1878, 1883.-Annual reports and regulations (codes).

Great Britain, constitutional monarchy; area, England and Wales, 58,186 square miles; population (estimated, 1891), 29,081,047; Scotland, 29,820 square miles; population, 4,033,103.

A sense of public responsibility with respect to the education of the masses and a deep-seated regard for local independence and local initiative mark the educational policy within the British Empire. It is the excess of one or the other of these principles which gives special character to this policy as it operates in Great Britain, in Ireland, in the colonies, and in British India and other dependencies.

The feeble beginning in 1833 (i. e., the appropriation of $100,000 for school buildings) scarcely foreshadowed the part which the General Government was to take in the development of this interest in Great Britain. Without encroaching at all upon local rights or assuming local obligations, it has become the organizing power in elementary education and the chief source of its support, contributing in 1890–91 about 45 per cent of the income of elementary schools, a proportion since increased to 70 per cent or more as regards England, by the grant in lieu of fees.

In England, as yet, only elementary instruction has been brought into the form of a system, which is determined in its main features by the law of 1870. The law, passed two years later (1872), for Scotland has a more extensive range. In this, secondary schools are distinctly recognized; moreover, Scotch universities have a very close relation to the Government, since parliamentary grants provide the larger part of their income. Hence, scholastic institutions of all grades in Scotland have a basis for organic union, which is wanting in England. Nevertheless, taken in its full sense, the word system must be consid ered as relating only to the elementary schools of Scotland, which are organized on substantially the same lines as those of England.

SUPERVISION AND CONTROL.

In both divisions of Great Britain the action of the General Government is limited to securing, through local agencies, sufficient school

1 Prepared by A. Tolman Smith, specialist in British, French, and Belgian school systems.

accommodation, and to maintaining an inspection of individual schools with respect to the conditions which entitle local managers to claim a share in the appropriations from the public treasury. This action is exercised through committees of the privy council (education department for England and the same for Scotland). The vice-president of each committee is the virtual head of the respective system and represents its interests in the House of Commons when the appropriations or general regulations (codes) are under discussion. The local managers with whom the departments deal are (1) elected boards serving for three years; (2) private bodies or individuals whose schools are subject to Government inspection.

The manner in which the government inspection is carried out has among other advantageous results that of securing an unusual degree of precision in the official statistics. Once a year every school must be examined by a government inspector, who tests each class in the work of a prescribed programme, examines the buildings and premises with reference to specified requirements, and passes judgment upon the general organization and conduct of the school. The results of the examination are recorded upon an official form, which is uniform for all inspectors. Upon this same form are entered, also, the number of children present at the examination and particulars taken from the teacher's register, i. e., enrollment, average attendance, number of sessions, etc. These registers are also uniform for all schools; they must be original copies and contain no erasures. From the inspectors' reports the official statistics are compiled, and upon the basis of the same reports the government grant is distributed to the managers of the schools.

For the maintenance of this inspection England is divided into ten districts, each under a chief inspector. Under these is a force of 107 inspectors, 45 subinspectors, and 152 inspectors' assistants. There are also two chief inspectors for training colleges, a special inspector of music, a directress of needlework, and an inspectress of cookery and laundry work.

Scotland is divided into three districts, each having a chief inspector. Under these are 25 inspectors, 4 subinspectors, and 21 assistants. SCHOOL ACCOMMODATION, ENROLLMENT, AND AVERAGE ATTENDANCE.

By the coöperation of public and private agencies school accommodation has been provided in England for 5,641,360 children and in Scotland for 735,889. In 1890-91 the schools on the Government list in England had an enrollment of 4,833,329 pupils and the same in Scotland an enrollment of 680,580.

The enrollment in England was equivalent to 18.6 per cent and in Scotland to 16.87 per cent of the total population (census 1891). The

'Sir W. Hart Dyke, vice-president for England, at the date of the last report issued, was succeeded August 18, 1892, by Right Hon. A. H. Dyke Acland. The vicepresident for Scotland is the Marquis of Lothian.