PAGE of Marion and Sumter-Advance of CornwallisBattle of King's Mountain-Gates Succeeded by General Greene-Knyphausen's Expeditions into New Jersey-Arrival of the French Fleet and Army--Arnold's Treason-The Plot for the Betrayal of West Point-Arrest of Major André— Flight of Arnold-Execution of André-Mutiny of the Pennsylvania and New Jersey Troops-Measures of Congress-Arnold Captures Richmond, Virginia-Battle of the Cowpens-Masterly Retreat of General Greene-Cornwallis Baffled-Battle of Guilford Court House-Cornwallis at Wilmington -Battle of Hobkirk's Hill-Siege of Ninety-SixExecution of Colonel Hayne-Battle of Eutaw Springs-Washington Decides to Attack New York -The French Army on the Hudson-Financial Affairs-Resumption of Specie Payments-Message from the Count De Grasse-Cornwallis at Yorktown-The American Army Moves SouthwardSiege of Yorktown-Surrender of Cornwallis-Ef. fect of the News in England-Indian Troubles— Efforts in England for Peace-Negotiations Opened -Treaty of Paris--End of the War-The Army Disbanded-Washington Resigns His Commission 450 BOOK V. From the Close of the Revolution to the Civil War. CHAPTER XXXI. THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION-WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. Unsettled Condition of the Country-Failure of the Articles of Confederation-Desire for ReformMeeting of the Federal Convention at Philadelphia -The Constitution of the United States-Adoption of a Decimal Currency-The Northwest Territory -Washington Elected President-His Journey to New York-Establishment of the New Government -The First Cabinet-Financial Measures-Removal of the Capital Agreed Upon-The Government at Philadelphia-The First Census-The Indians of the Northwest Conquered-Re-election of Washington-Division of Parties-The French Revolution-The United States Neutral-Citizen Genet-Efforts to Commit the United States to the French Alliance-Genet's Recall Demanded-The "Whiskey Insurrection"-Jay's Treaty with England-Opposition to It-Negotiations with Algiers -Political Disputes-Hostility to Washington-His Farewell Address-Its Effect upon the CountryElection of John Adams to the Presidency-Admission ci Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee--Retirement of Washington-His Administration . . . 481 CHAPTER XXXII. THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF JOHN ADAMS AND THOMAS JEFFERSON. PAGE Inauguration of John Adams-Aggressions of France upon the United States-The American Commissioners Insulted by the French Government-The Alien and Sedition Laws-The United States Prepare for War with France-France Signifies her Willingness to Treat-New Commissioners Appointed-Settlement of the Dispute-Hostilities at Sea-Capture of the "Insurgente" and "Vengeance"-Death of Washington-Removal of the Capital to Washington City-The Second CensusInauguration of Thomas Jefferson-The President's Message-His First Measures-Admission of Ohio -Louisiana Purchased by the United States-War with the Barbary Powers-Burning of the "Philadelphia "-Re-election of Mr. Jefferson-Aaron Burr Kills Alexander Hamilton in a Duel-Burr's Subsequent Career-Fulton's Steamboat-Outrages of England and France upon American CommerceAmerican Vessels Searched and American Seamen Impressed by England-Efforts to Settle these Questions-Affair of the "Chesapeake" and "Leopard"-The Embargo-Results of this Measure— Losses of the Eastern States-Election of James Madison to the Presidency-Repeal of the Embargo. 496 CHAPTER XXXIII. THE ADMINISTRATION OF JAMEs Madison-THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. Inauguration of Mr. Madison-Negotiations with Mr. Erskine Their Failure-Seizure of American Vessels in France-Sufferings of American Ship-owners -Great Britain Stations her Ships of War off Amercan Ports-Affair of the "President" and "Little Belt"-Trouble with the Northwestern Indians-Tecumseh-Battle of Tippecanoe—Meeting of the Twelfth Congress-Measures for Defence-Admission of Louisiana into the Union-Death of George Clinton-The British Ultimatum-War Declared Against Great Britain-Opposition to the War-The British Offer of Settlement Rejected-The War for "Free Trade and the Sailors' Rights"- Mr. Madison Re-elected-Campaign of 1812-Preparations for the Invasion of Canada--General Hull Surenders Detroit to the British-Loss of the North western Frontier-Failure of the Attack on Queens. town-Exploits of the Navy-Capture of the "Guer rière" by the "Constitution "-The Privateers— Russia Offers to Mediate between the United States and England-Financial Affairs-Harrison's Cam paign-Massacre at the River Basin-Defence of Forts Meigs and Stephenson-Perry's Victory on Lake PAGE Erie-Battle of the Thames-Death of Tecumseh--Recovery of the Northwest-Capture of YorkBritish Attack on Sackett's Harbor RepulsedRemoval of General Dearborn-Failure of the Campaign on the Lower Lakes-The Creek WarJackson's Victories-Naval Affairs-The British Outrages in Chesapeake Bay-Negotiations for Peace -Capture of Fort Erie-Battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane-Siege of Fort Erie-Successes of the Americans-Advance of Prevost-Battle of Plattsburgh-Macdonough's Victory on Lake Champlain-Battle of Bladensburg-Capture of Washington-Destruction of the Public Buildings by the British-Attack on Baltimore-Death of General Ross "The Star-Spangled Bunner "-The British Attack on the New England Coast-Opposition of New England to the War-The Hartford Convention-The British in Florida-General Jackson Expels Them-Jackson at New Orleans-Arrival of the British Expedition off the Coast-Vigorous Measures of Jackson-Battle of New OrleansDefeat of the British-Naval Affairs-The Treaty of Peace-The Barbary Powers Humbled-The Tariff-The Bank of the United States-Admission of Indiana-James Monroe Elected President. 512 CHAPTER XXXIV. ADMINISTRATIONS OF JAMES MONROE AND JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. Inauguration of Mr. Monroe-His Tour through the Eastern States-Admission of Mississippi into the Unior-Troubles with the Indians-General Jackson's Vigorous Measures against the Spaniards in Florida-Purchase of Florida by the United States -Illinois Becomes a State-The First Steamship -Maine Admitted into the Union-The Slavery Question--The Missouri Compromise-Admission of Missouri as a State-The Fourth Census-Reelection of Mr. Monroe-The Tariff-Protective Policy of the Government-Recognition of the Spanish Republics-The Monroe Doctrine-Visit of Lafayette to the United States-Retirement of Mr Monroe-John Quincy Adams Elected President- His Inauguration-Rapid Improvement of the Country-Increase of Wealth and Prosperity-Inter al Improvements-The Creek Lands in Georgia Cer ed to the United States-Death of Thomas Jefferson and John Adams-The Anti-Masons-The Tariff of 1828- Andrew Jackson Elected President . . . 548 CHAPTER XXXV. ADMINISTRATIONS OF ANDREW JACKSON AND MARTIN Character of Andrew Jackson-Indian Policy of this Renew the Charter of the United States Bank-Debate Between Hayne and Webster--Jackson's Quarrel with Calhourn-Death of ex-President Monroe -The Cholera-Black Hawk's War-Re-election of President Jackson-The Tariff-Action of South Carolina-The Nullification Ordinance-Firmness of the President-The Matter Settled by Compro mise-Patriotism of Henry Clay-The Removal of the Deposits-The Seminole War Begun-Great Fire in New York-Settlement of the French Claims Arkansas Admitted into the Union-The National Debt Paid-Death of ex-President Madison-Martin Van Buren Elected President-Michigan Admitted into the Union-The Panic of 1837Causes of It-Suspension of Specie Payments— Great Distress throughout the Union-The SubTreasury-Repudiation of State Debts-The Canadian Rebellion-The President's Course-The Seminole War Ended-The Anti-Slavery Party— Resolutions of Congress Respecting SlaveryWilliam Henry Harrison Elected President-The Sixth Census PAGE 561 CHAPTER XXXVI. ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON AND JOHN TYLER. An Extra Session of Congress Summoned-Death of President Harrison-John Tyler Becomes President of the United States-Meeting of Congress-The Bankrupt Law-President Tyler Vetoes the Bills to Revive the United States Bank-His Quarrel with his Party-The "Tyler Whigs "The Tariff of 1842-The Treaty of Washington-The United States Will Not Tolerate the Exercise of the Right of Search-Dorr's Rebellion-The Mormons-Invention of the Electric Telegraph-Explosion on the "Princeton "-Efforts to Secure the Annexation of Texas-Early History of Texas--The Texan War of Independence - Battle of San JacintoTexan Independence Established-Texas Applies for Admission into the Union-Opposition to the Measure-Significance of the Vote at the Presidential Election-James K. Polk Elected PresidentTexas Admitted into the Union-Iowa and Florida Become States. CHAPTER XXXVII. ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES K. POLK-THE WAL WITH MEXICO. The Oregon Question-Position of President Polk Respecting It-The Question Settled-Treaty for Settlement of Claims against Mexico-Mexico Re sents the Annexation of Texas-General Taylor Ordered to Texas-He Advances to the Rio Grande 579 -Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la PalmaThe War with Mexico Begun-Invasion of Mexico -Occupation of Matamoras-Action of the United States Government—Taylor Advances into the Interior--The Storming and Capture of Monterey The Armistice-Return of Santa Anna to Mexico ---President Polk Duped-Santa Anna Seizes the Mexican Government--General Wool Joins General Taylor-Troops Taken from Taylor's Army-Ad-vance of the Mexicans--Battle of Buena Vista— Conquest of California by Fremont and Stockton-Occupation of Santa Fé-New Mexico Conquered --Doniphan's March-Occupation of Chihuahua-Sailing of Scott's Expedition-Reduction of Vera Cruz--Santa Anna Collects a New Army-Battle of of Cerro Gordo-Occupation of Puebla by ScottTrouble with Mr. Trist-Vigorous Measures of Santa Anna-Scott Advances upon the City of Mexico-El Peñon Turned-Battles of Contreras and Churubusco-Capture of Molino del ReyStorming of Chapultepec-Capture of the City of Mexico-Siege of Puebla Raised-Flight of Santa Anna-Treaty of Peace Negotiated-Close of the War-Acquisition of California and New Mexico-Discovery of Gold in California—Rapid Emigration to the Pacific-Death of John Quincy Adams-The Wilmot Proviso-Revival of the Slavery Question General Taylor Elected President. . . CHAPTER XXXVIII. PACE 593 ADMINISTRATIONS OF ZACHARY TAYLOR AND MILLARD FILLMORE. Character of General Taylor-Department of the Interior-Death of ex-President Polk-The Slavery Agitation-Views of Clay and Webster-California asks admission into the Union-Message of President Taylor-The Omnibus Bill-Efforts of Henry Clay -A Memorable Debate-Webster's "Great Union Speech"-Death of John C. Calhoun-Death of President Taylor-Millard Fillmore becomes President-Passage of the Compromise Measures of 1850--Death of Henry Clay-Dissatisfaction with the Compromise-The Fugitive Slave Law Nullified, by the Northern States-The Nashville Convention Organization of Utah Territory - The Seventh Census-The Expedition of Lopez against Cuba-The Search for Sir John Franklin-The (rinnell Expedition-Dr. Kane's Voyages-Inauguration of Cheap Postage-Laying the Corner. stone of the new Capitol-Death of Daniel Webster -Arrival of Kossuth-The President Rejects the Tripartite Treaty-Franklin Pierce elected President-Death of William R. King, 626 CHAPTER XXXIX. PAGE THE ADMINISTRATION OF FRANKLIN PIERCE, Dispute with Mexico-The Gadsden Purchase--Surveys for a Pacific Railway-The Japan Expedition -Treaty with Japan-The Koszta Affair-The "Black Warrior" seized by the Cuban OfficialsThe "Ostend Conference"-Dismissal of the British Minister-The Kansas-Nebraska Bill-History of the Bill-Its Passage by Congress-History of the Struggle in Kansas-Conflict between the ProSlavery and Free Soil Settlers-Lawrence Sacked— Civil War-The Presidential Campaign of 1856James Buchanan elected President of the United States-Rapid Increase of the Republican Party. 639 CHAPTER XL. THE ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES BUCHANAN. Inauguration of Mr. Buchanan-The Mormon Rebellion-The Financial Crisis of 1857-Laying of the Atlantic Telegraphic Cable-Minnesota admitted into the Union-The San Juan Affair-Admission of Oregon into the Union-The Kansas Question-The Lecompton Constitution-Its Defeat— The Wyandotte Constitution-Admission of Kansas into the Union-The John Brown Raid-Prompt Action of the Government-Brown and his Companions Surrendered to the State of VirginiaTheir Trial and Execution-Presidential Campaign of 1860-Rupture of the Democratic Party-Abraham Lincoln elected President of the United States -Secession of South Carolina-Reasons for this Act -Secession of the other Cotton States-Major An derson Occupies Fort Sumter-Trying Position of the General Government-Course of Mr. Buchanan -The "Star of the West" fired upon by the South Carolina Batteries-Organization of the Confeder ate States of America-Jefferson Davis elected President of the Southern Republic-The Peace Congress Its Failure BOOK VI. The Civil War. CHAPTER XLI. THE ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. Inauguration of President Lincoln--His History—The Confederate Commissioners at Washington-Attack upon Fort Sumter by the Confederates -The President calls for Troops-Response of the North and West-Secession of the Border States--Opening Events of the War in Virginia--Withdrawal of West Virginia-Admitted into the Union as a Separate State-Meeting of Congress-The West Virginia 649 Campaign--Battle of Bull Run--The War in Missouri-Kentucky Occupied-The Blockade-Capture of Port Royal-The "Trent" Affair-Insurrection in East Tennessee-State of Affairs at the Opening of the Year 1862-Edwin M. Stanton made Secretary of War-Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson-The Confederates fall back from KentuckyBattle of Shiloh-Capture of Island No. 10—Evacuation of Corinth-Capture of Memphis-Bragg's Kentucky Campaign-His Retreat into Tennessee -Battles of Iuka and Corinth-Battle of Murfreesboro', or Stone River-Grant's Campaign against Vicksburg-Its Failure-The War beyond the Mississippi—Battle of Pea Ridge-Capture of Roanoke Island-Capture of New Orleans- Surrender of Fort Pulaski The War in Virginia-Johnston's Retreat from Centreville-Battle between the "Monitor" and "Virginia"-The Move to the PeninsulaJohnston Retreats to the Chickahominy-Battle of Seven Pines-Jackson's Successes in the Valley of Virginia-The Seven Days' Battles before Richmond -Battle of Cedar Mountain-Defeat of General Pope's Army-Lee Invades Maryland-Capture of Harper's Ferry-Battles of South Mountain and Antietam-Retreat of Lee into Virginia-McClellan Removed-Battle of Fredericksburg . CHAPTER XLII. PAGE 666 THE ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN-THE CIVIL WAR-Concluded. The Emancipation Proclamation-Battle of Chancellorsville-Death of Stonewall Jackson-Invasion of the North by Lee's Army-Battle of GettysburgRetreat of Lee into Virginia-Grant's Army crosses the Mississippi-Battle of Champion Hills-Invest. ment of Vicksburg-Surrender of Vicksburg and Port Hudson-Battle of Chickamauga-Rosecrans shut up in Chattanooga-Grant in command of the Western Armies-Battles of Lookout Mountain and Mission Ridge-Defeat of Bragg's Army--The Campaign in East Tennessee-Retreat of LongstreetCapture of Galveston--Attack on Charleston-Capture of Fort Wagner-Charleston Bombarded-State of Affairs in the Spring of 1864-The Red River Expedition Grant made Lieutenant-General Advance of the Army of the Potomac-Battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor-Sheridan's Raid-Death of General J. E. B. Stuart-Battle of New Market-Early sent into the Valley of Virginia Butler's Army at Bermuda HundredsGrant crosses the James River-The Siege of Petersburg begun-Early's Raid upon Washington-Sheridan defeats Early at Winchester and Fisher's Hill— Battle of Cedar Creek-The final Defeat of Early's Army-Sherman's Advance to Atlanta-Johnston Removed-Defeat of Hood before Atlanta-Evacuation of Atlanta-Hood's Invasion of Tennessee —Battle of Franklin-Siege of Nashville-Hood Defeated at Nashville-His Retreat-Sherman's "March to the Sea"-Capture of Savannah Battle of Mobile Bay-Attack on Fort FisherThe Confederate Cruisers-Sinking of the "Alabama” by the “Kearsarge”—Re-election of Pres ident Lincoln-Admission of Nevada into the Union -The Hampton Roads Peace Conference-Capture of Fort Fisher-Occupation of Wilmington-Sherman advances through South Carolina-Evacuation of Charleston-Battles of Averasboro' and Bentonville-Sherman at Goldsboro'--Critical Situation of Lee's Army-Attack on Fort Steadman-Sheridan joins Grant-Advance of Grant's Army-Battle of Five Forks-Attack on Petersburg-Evacuation of Richmond and Petersburg-Retreat of Lee's Army THE ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JOHNSON. The New President-Return of the Army to Civil Life-The Public Debt-The Reconstruction Question-Action of the President-He declares the Southern States Readmitted into the Union-The Fifteenth Amendment-Meeting of Congress-The President's Acts Annulled-Reconstruction Policy of Congress-The Fourteenth Amendment-The Freedman's Bureau and Civil Rights Bill-The Tenure of Office Act-Admission of Nebraska into the Union-The Southern States Organized as Military Districts-Admission of Southern States into the Union-The Fourteenth Amendment Ratified-President Johnson's Quarrel with Secretary Stanton -Impeachment of the President-His AcquittalRelease of Jefferson Davis-Indian War-The French in Mexico-Fall of the Mexican EmpireLaying of the Atlantic Telegraph-Purchase of Alaska Naturlization Treaty with GermanyTreaty with China-Death of General Scott-Death of ex-President Buchanan-General Grant Elected President-The Fifteenth Amendment CHAPTER XLIV. THE ADMINISTRATION OF ULYSSES S. GRANT. Early Life of President Grant-Completion of the Pacific Railway-Death of ex-President Pierce PAGE 744 79% The Fifteenth Amendment Ratified-The Enforcement Act-The Test Oath AbolishedThe Constitutionality of the Legal-Tender Act Affirmed-The Income Tax RepealedThe Alabama Claims-Treaty of Washington -The Geneva Conference-Award in Favor of the United States-Burning of Chicago-The Civil Disabilities Removed from the Southern People-Re-election of General GrantGreat Fire at Boston-The Modoc WarMurder of General Canby and the Peace Commissioners Execution of the Modoc Chiefs The Panic of 1873-Bill for the Resumption of Specie Payments-The Centennial Exhibition-The Sioux War-Death of General Custer-Presidential Election-The Electoral Commission-Count of the VoteHayes Declared Elected CHAPTER XLV. PAGE THE ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES A. Garfield. General Garfield Declared President—Inaugural Ceremonies-Sketch of the New PresidentThe Star Route Cases-Assassination of President Garfield-His Illness-Removal to Long Branch-Death of President Garfield-Inauguration of President Arthur-Indictment of Guiteau for Murder-Trial and Execution of Garfield's Assassin-The Greeley Arctic Expedition Reaching a Point beyond the Eighty-first Parallel-Lieutenant Lockwood's Heroic Exploit-Celebration of the Landing of William Penn-Great Suspension Bridge between New York and Brooklyn-Dimensions of the Bridge and Cost . THE ADMINISTRATION OF BENJAMIN HARRISON. Inauguration of President Harrison--President Harrison's Inaugural Address-Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of Washington's Inauguration The New Cabinet - Terrible Calamity at Johnstown—Admission of New States-President's Message to the Fifty-first Congress-Legislation of the First Session of the Fifty-first Congress-The New Tariff Law -Indian War in the Northwest-Death of Sitting Bull-Restriction of ImmigrationMob Law in New Orleans-Trouble in Chile -Political Conventions of 1892-Labor Contest at Homestead-Defeat of the Silver Bill . 878 CHAPTER XLIX. SECOND ADMINISTRATION of Grover Cleveland. APPENDIX. 849 THE World's ColumBIAN EXPOSITION 898 |