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Name.

12. Tibialis anti

cus.

13. Extenfor proprius pollicis pedis.

1. Extenfor brevis digitorum pedis.

Origin.

From the upper and fore part of
the tibia.

From the upper and fore part of
the tibia.

(218.) MUSCLES ON From the upper and anterior part of the os calcis.

Infertion.

Into the os cuneifor

me internum. Into the convex fur. face of the bones of the great toe.

THE FOOT.

Uje.
To bend the foot.

To extend the great

toe.

By 4 tendons, one of To extend the toes. which joins the tendon of the externus longus pollicis, and the other three the tendons of the extenfor digitorum longus.

2. Flexor bre- From the lower part of the os calcis. By 4 tendons, which,
vis digitorum
pedis.

after affording a paf fage to thofe of the flexor longus, are inferted into the fecond phalanx of each of the fmall toes.

3.Abductorpol- From the inner and lower part of Into the first joint of

licis pedis. 4. Abductor minimi digiti.

5. Lumbricales pedis.

6. Flexor brevis. pollicis pedis.

7.Adductor pollicis pedis.

8. Tranfverfales pedis.

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To bend the second joint of the tocs.

To move the great toe from the other toes.

To draw the little toe outwards.

From the tendons of the flexor lon- Into the tendinous ex- To draw the toes ingus digitorum pedis.

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9. Flexor brevis From the bafis of the metatarfal Into the firft joint of To bend the little toe. minimi digiti

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(219.) NOTES referred to

(A) These are three fmall flender mufcles. The inferior one is fometimes wanting.

(B) The nofe is affected by the fibres of the occipito frontalis, and by feveral mufcles of the face; but this pair, the compreffores, is the only one that is proper to it.

(c) This mufcle is in a great measure, if not wholly, formed by the buccinator, zygomatici, depreffores, and other mufcles that move the lips. Its fibres furround the mouth like a ring.

(D) Some of its fibres likewise have their origin

the little toe.

in the foregoing TABLE.

from a strong fafcia that covers the muscle, and adheres to the bone round the whole circumference of its origin. When we remove this covering, we find the muscle of a femicircular shape, with its radiated fibres, converging and forming. ftrong middle tendon.

(E) fo called from its use in chewing, its deri vation being paricasual, manduco, to eat.

(F) This happens when the muscle acts fingly. When both act, the jaw is brought horizontally forwards.

(G)

(G) This broad and thin mufcular expanfion, which is fituated immediately under the common integuments, is by Winflow named mufculus cutaneas. Galen gave it the name of harvoμa pow(Platyfma mzoides); the etymology of which is from savepos, dilatatio, μus, mufculus, and us forma.

(H) This, on account of its two origins, is by Albinus defcribed as two diftinct mufcles, which be names ferno-mastoideus and cleido-mafloideus. (1) As this mufcle does not always arife from the caracoid procefs, it feems to have been improperly named coraco-hyoides, by Douglas and Albinus. Winflow calls it omo-hyoideus on account of its general origin from the scapula.

(x) From and yasag (biventer), because it has two fleshy bellies with a middle tendon. This tendon paffles through the stylo-hyoideus.

(1) In fome fubjects we meet with another mufcle, which, from its having nearly the fame origin, infertion, and ufe as this, has been named -boideus alter.

(M) So named from its arifing near the dentes molares (v), and its being inferted into the os tyoides.

(N) From yos, mentum, the chin.

(0) From as, cornu, and yλworu, lingua, the tongue.

(P) This mufcle in its courfe forms a round tendon, which, after paffing over a kind of book formed by the inner plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, expands into a tendinous

membrane.

(2) The few fibres that arise from the Euftachian tube are described as a diftinct muscle by Albinus, under the name of falpingo-pharyngaus.. They ferve to dilate the mouth of the tube.

(a) This mufcle, and the palato-pharyngæus, Ekewife ferve to clofe the paflage into the fauces, and to carry the food into the pharynx.

(s) The three orders of fibres here mentioned, with a few others derived from the tongue, have given occafion to Douglas to defcribe them as four diftinct muscles under the names of cephalopharyngeus, mylo-pharyngaus, ptery-pharyngaus, 2nd gloff-pharyngaus.

T) Douglas makes two mufcles of this, the pharyngaus, and fyndefmo-pharyngaus. (t) The crico-pharyngaus and thyro-pharyngaus of Douglas.

(w) When either this or the preceding mufcle ats with its fellow, the epiglottis is drawn directly downwards upon the glottis.

When both muscles act, the neck is drawn directly forwards.

(Y) The linea alba is that tendinous expanfion which reaches from the cartilago enfiformis to the os pubis. It is formed by the interlacement of the tendinous fibres of the oblique and tranfverfe mufcles, and on this account fome anatofts have confidered these as three digastric

mufcles.

(2) A little above the pubis the tendinous fibres of this muscle feparate from each other, fo to form an opening called the ring of the obas externus, and commonly, though improperly, the ring of the abdominal mufcles, there bing no fuch aperture either in the tranfverfalis

or obliquus internus. This ring in the male fubject affords a paffage to the fpermatic vessels, and in the female to the round ligament of the uterus. (a) From the anterior and upper spinous procefs of the ilium, this mufcle is ftretched tendinous to the os pubis, and thus forms what is called by some Fallopius's, and by others Poupart's ligament. The blood-veflels pafs under it to the thigh.

(b) The tendon formed by the upper part of this mufcle, in its way to the linea alba, is divided into two layers. The pofterior layer runs under, and the anterior one over, the rectus muscle.

(c) From this part it detaches fome fibres, which extend downwards upon the fpermatic chord, and form what is defcribed as the cremafter muscle.

(d) The fibres of the rectus are generally divided by three tendinous interfections. The two upper thirds of this mufcle pathing between the tendinous layers of the obliquus internus, are inclofed as it were in a theath; but at its lower part we find it immediately contiguous to the peritonæum, the inferior portion of the tendon of the tranfverfalis pafling over the rectus, and adhering to the anterior layer of the obliquus in

ternus.

(e) This muscle is fometimes wanting.

(f) The fibres of this muscle pafs towards the axilla in a folding manner, and with those of the latiflimus dorfi form the arm-pit.

(g) This and fome other muscles derive their name of ferratus, from their arifing by a number of tendinous or flefly digitations, refembling the teeth of a faw (ferra).

(h) For a defcription of the diaphragm, fee Part V. Sect. III. &c.

(i) The origin, insertion, and use of the internal intercoftals, are fimilar to thofe of the external. The reader, however, will be pleafed to obferve, that the intercoftales externi, occupy the spaces between the ribs only from the spine to their cartilages; there being from thence to the fternum, only a thin membrane, which is fpread over the intercoftales interni; and that the latter, on the contrary, extend only from the fternum to the angles of each rib.

The fibres of the external mufcles run obliquely forwards; thofe of the internal obliquely backwards. This difference in the direction of their fibres induced Galen to fuppofe that they were intended for different ufes; that the external intercoftals, for inftance, ferve to elevate, and the internal ones to deprefs the ribs. Fallopius feems to have been the firft who ventured to difpute the truth of this doctrine, which has fince been revived by Boyle, and more lately ftill by Hamberger, whofe theoretical arguments on this fubject have been clearly refuted by the experiments of Haller.

(k) Thefe confift of four, and fometimes of five diftinct muscles on each fide. Vefalius, and after him Douglas and Albinus, confider them as forming a fingle mufcle, which, on account of its fhape, they name triangularis. Verheyen, Winflow, and Halter, more properly defcribe them as fo many feparate ruicles, which, on account of their origin and infertion, they name fterno-coftales.

(1) So named by Riolanus, from rearila, on account of its quadrilateral fhape. Columbus and others give it the name of cucullaris, from its refemblance to a monk's hood.

(m) The tendinous fibres of this muscle, united with thofe of its fellow in the nape of the neck, form what is called the ligamentum colli.

(n) This muscle confifts of two diftinct portions, which are described as feparate mufcles by Albinus, under the names of rhomboideus minor and rhomboideus major.

(o) According to fome writers, this muscle has gotten its name from its resemblance to the spleen; others derive it from fplenium fplint.

(p) So named on account of its complicated ftructure.

(q) So named from its origin from the neck (reanos) and its infertion into the mastoid procefs.

(r) Several thin fafciculi of fleshy fibres arife from the lower ribs, and terminate in the inner fide of this muscle. Steno names them mufculi ad facro-lumbalem accefforii. The facro lumbalis likewife fends off a flefly flip from its upper part, which by Douglas and Albinus is defcribed as a diftinct muscle, under the name of cervicalis defcendens. Morgagni has very properly confidered it as a part of the facro-lumbalis.

(s) At the upper part of this muscle a broad thin layer of fleshy fibres is found croffing, and intimately adhering to it. This portion, which is defcribed by Albinus, under the name of transverfalis cervicis, may very properly be confidered as an appendage to the longiffimus dorfi. It arifes from the tranfverfe proceffes of the five or fix dorsal vertebræ, and is inferted into the tranfverfe proceffes of the fix inferior cervical vertebræ. By means of this appendage the longiffimus dorfi may serve to move the neck to one fide, or obliquely backwards.

(t) Anatomifts in general have unneceffarily multiplied the mufcles of the fpine. Albinus has the merit of having introduced greater fimplicity into this part of myology. Under the name of multifides fpina, he has very properly included thofe portions of mufcular flesh intermixed with tendinous fibres, fituated clofe to the back part of the fpine, and which are defcribed by Douglas under the names of tranfverfus colli, dorfi, & lumborum.

(u) The ancients gave it this name from its refemblance to an irregular triangle (navos). It confifts of three fleshy portions. The anterior one affords a paffage to the axillary artery, and between this and the middle portion we find the nerves going to the upper extremities. The middle is in part covered by the pofterior portion, which is the longest and thinneft of the three.

(x) In the generality of anatomical books we find thefe mufcles divided into inter-fpinales cervicis, dorfi, and lumborum, but we do not find any fuch muscles either in the loins or back.

(y) These muscles are to be found only in the neck and loins; what have been described as the inter-tranfverfales dorf being rather fmall tendons than mufcles.

(z) This and the following pair of mufcles derive their name of us from yea, lumbus, ou ac

count of their fituation at the anterior part of the loins.

(a) So called from its shape which is that of an irregular square.

(b) Some of the fibres of this muscle are united with thofe of the levator ani, fo that it affifts in clofing the lower part of the pelvis.

(c) So named from its fuppofed refemblance to the Greek A reversed.

(d) This and the following pair are called teres, from their being of a long and round fhape. (e) This muscle affords a paffage to the mufcu lo-cutaneous nerve.

(f) So called from afxwv, cubitus.

(g) Between the two origins of this muscle we find the ulnar nerve going to the fore-arm.

(b) The aponeurofis palmaris is a tendinous membrane that extends over the palm of the hand. Some anatomifts have fuppofed it to be a production of the tendon of this muscle, but without fufficient grounds; for in fome fubjects we find the palmaris longus inferted wholly into the annular ligament, fo as to be perfectly diftinct from this aponeurofis; and it now and then happens that no palmaris longus is to be found, whereas this expanfion is never deficient.

(i) This muscle is named perforatus, on account of the four tendons in which it terminates, being perforated by thofe of another mufcle, the perforans.

(k) So named from their being fhaped fomewhat like the lumbricus or earth-worm.

(1) Fallopius was the firft who remarked the two oppofite ufes of this mufcle. Their extending power is owing to their connection with the extenfor communis.

(m) The third interoffeus internus (for there are four of the externi and three of the interni) differs from the real in drawing the middle finger from the thumb.

(n) From yλres, nates.

(o) So named from its pear-like fhape.

(p) The two portions of this muscle having been described as two distinct muscles by some anatomists, have occafioned it to be named gemini. The tendon of the obturator internus runs between these two portions.

(q) That this muscle is not of the fquare shape, its name feems to indicate.

(r) The mufcles of the leg and thigh are covered by a broad tendinous membrane called fafcia lata, that furrounds them in the manner of a theath. It is fent off from the tendons of the glutæi and other mufcles, and dipping down between the muscles it covers, adheres to the linea afpera, and spreading over the joint of the knee, gradually difappears on the leg. It is thickeft on the infide of the thigh.

(s) The tendon of this mufcle forms the outer ham-fring.

(t) So named on account of its origin, which is by a broad flat tendon three inches long.

(u) Spigelius was the first who gave this the name of fartorius, or the taylor's mufcle, from its ufe in crofting the legs.

(x) The valtus externus, vaftus internus, and cruraus, are fo intimately connected with each other, that fome anatomilts have been induced to confider

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