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TIMBER MARKS. WILL.

COPYRIGHT. THE ROYAL FAMILY.

271

TIMBER MARKS.

An application for the registration of a timber mark or marks shall be made in duplicate after the following form:

To the Minister of Agriculture, (Trade-Mark and Copyright Branch,) Ottawa:

I (name of person or firm), of (residence), engaged in the business of lumbering (or getting out timber and floating or rafting the same), within the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, hereby request the registration of the accompanying timber mark (or marks) which I (name of person or firm), declare was not in use, to my knowledge, by any other person than myself at the time of my adoption thereof, and of which the following are a description and drawing (or impression) in duplicate.

I herewith forward the fee of $2 required by the "Act Respecting the Marking of Timber."

In testimony thereof I have signed this application in the presence of the two undersigned witnesses, at the place and date hereunder mentioned.

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man, being of sound and disposing mind and memory, do make and publish this my last will and testament, hereby revoking all former wills by me at any time heretofore made.

First. I hereby constitute and appoint my wife, E. B., to be sole executrix of this my last will, directing my said executrix to pay all my just debts and funeral expenses, and the legacies hereinafter given, out of my estate.

Second. After the payment of my said debts and funeral expenses, I give to each of my children the sum of Dollars, to be paid

to each of them as soon after my decease (but within one year), as conveniently may be done.

Third. And for the payment of the legacies aforesaid, I give and devise to my said executrix, all the personal estate owned by me at

my decease (except my household furniture and wearing-apparel), and so much of my real estate as will be sufficient, in addition to the said personal estate herein given, to pay the said legacies.

Fourth. I give to my said executrix all my household furniture and wearing apparel for her sole use.

Fifth. I devise to my said executrix all the rest and residue of my real estate, as long as she shall remain unmarried and my widow, with remainder thereof, on her decease or marriage, to my said children and their heirs respectively, share and share alike.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand to this my last will and testament.

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Who May Copyright.-Copyrights may be secured by any person domiciled in Canada, or any part of the British possessions, or being a citizen of any country having an international copyright treaty with the United Kingdom, who is the author of any book, map, chart, musical composition, or of any original painting, drawing, design, etc., upon the following conditions: The books, maps, etc., must be published in Canada; and in the case of a work of art, it must be produced in Canada, either prior to or simultaneously with its production elsewhere. Two copies of

THE

COPYRIGHT IN CANADA.

books, maps, etc., must be sent to the minister of agriculture; and in the case of paintings, statuary, etc., a written description of the same must be furnished.

Fee for Copyright.-The fee for registering a copyright is one dollar, and it runs for twentyeight years. It may also be renewed for a further term of fourteen years upon the same conditions.

Period of Copyright.-An interim copyright may be obtained, pending the publication of any literary, scientific or artistic work, by depositing in the office of the minister of agricul

ture a copy of the title, or a description of such work. The interim copyright runs for one month, and the fee is fifty cents. The work, however, must be published inside the time specified, or the author incurs a penalty not exceeding one hundred dollars.

Penalty for Infringement.-The penalty for infringing a copyright is the forfeiture of every copy of the work to the owner of the copyright, and the payment of a fine of not less than ten cents, nor more than one dollar, for every copy found in possession.

QUEEN AND THE ROYAL FAMILY, Jan. 1, 1883.

THE QUEEN-VICTORIA, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Queen, Empress of India, Defender of the Faith. Her majesty was born at Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819: succeeded to the throne June 20, 1837, on the death of her uncle, King William IV.; was crowned June 28, 1838; and married February 10, 1840, to his Royal Highness Prince Albert. Her majesty is the only child of his late Royal Highness Edward, Duke of Kent, son of King George III. The children of her majesty are:

Her Royal Highness VICTORIA ADELAIDE MARY LOUISA, PRINCESS ROYAL OF ENGLAND AND PRUSSIA, born November 21, 1840, and married to his Royal Highness William, the Crown Prince of Germany, January 25, 1858, and has had issue four sons and four daughters.

His Royal Highness ALBERT EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, born November 9, 1841; married March 10, 1863, Alexandra of Denmark (Princess of Wales), born December 1, 1844, and has had issue, Prince Albert Victor, born January 8, 1864; George Frederick Ernest Albert, born June 3, 1865; Louisa Victoria Alexandra Dagmar, born February 20, 1867; Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary, born July 6, 1868; and Maude Charlotte Mary Victoria, born November 26, 1869.

Her Royal Highness ALICE MAUD MARY, born April 25, 1843; married to His Royal Highness Prince Frederick Louis of Hesse, July 1, 1862, and has issue five daughters and one son: second son killed by accident May, 1873. Died December 14, 1878.

His Royal Highness ALFRED ERNEST ALBERT, Duke of Edinburgh, born Aug. 6, 1844; married Her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess Marie of Russia, January 23, 1874, and has issue one son.

Her Royal Highness HELENA AUGUSTA VICTORIA, born May 25, 1846; married to His Royal Highness Prince Frederick Christian Charles Augustus of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, July 5, 1866, and has issue two sons and two daughters.

Her Royal Highness LOUISA CAROLINA ALBERTA, born March 18, 1848; married to the Marquis of Lorne, eldest son of the Duke of Argyle, March, 1871.

His Royal Highness ARTHUR WILLIAM PATRICK ALBERT, born May 1, 1850. His Royal Highness LEOPOld George DUNCAN ALBERT, born April 7, 1853; married April 27, 1882, to Princess Helen of Waldeck.

Her Royal Highness BEATRICE MARY VICTORIA FEODORE, born April 14, 1857.

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ABSTRACT OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTION FROM FORCED SALE.

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Showing Property Exempt from Attachment, or Levy and Sale on Execution.

ALABAMA.-Home worth $2.000, and Per. sonal Property $1.000.-The exempted home may consist of a house and lot in an incorporated town, village or city, or of 160 acres of land, with buildings, in the country, either not exceeding $2,000 in value. The exempted personal property comprises wages for labor or service, $25 per month, burial places, pews in churches, household furniture, all necessary and proper wearingapparel for the whole family, family portraits, books used in the family, etc., worth not more than $1,000.

ARIZONA.-Home worth $5.000, and Personal Property $600. The homestead may include a quantity of land and a dwelling-house and its appurtenances, with water-right sufficient to irri gate the land; also, stoves in use in dwellings, church pews, burial places of families, all arms and accoutrements kept for use, all wearingapparel of families, all library and school-books to the value of $150, family pictures; ten sheep or goats owned by a householder, with their fleeces, and the yarn or cloth made from them; two cows, five swine, and enough provisions for the household to last six months; all household goods, furniture and utensils not exceeding in value $600; the tools, implements, materials, animals, etc., necessary to carry or any trade profession or business, not exceeding in value 8600; one sewing machine and one musical instrument, with hay, grain and other food for exempted animals sufficient for three months.

ARKANSAS.--Home $2,500, and Personal Property 8500. The homestead in towns and cities may comprise one acre of land; in the country, 160 acres; but if the homestead be no more than eighty acres in the country, or onequarter of an acre in a town or city, its value is unlimited. The personal property of an unmarried man exempted from execution, besides his necessary wearing apparel, must not exceed in value 8200, nor, if married, $500, to be selected by the owners.

CALIFORNIA. Home 85.000, and Personal Property.-An unmarried person's homestead, consisting of an indefinite quantity of land and a dwelling-house thereon, is limited to $1,000; a married person's to $5,000 in value. The other exemptions are chairs, tables, desks and books, to the value of $200; necessary household, table and kitchen furniture, including one sewing-machine. stoves, stove pipe and stove furniture; wearing apparel, beds, bedding and bedsteads, hanging pictures, oil paintings and drawings, drawn or painted by a member of the family; family portraits in their frames; provisions sufficient for three months; farming utensils or implements of husbandry; also two oxen, or two horses, or two mules, and their harness, one cart or wagon, and food for such animals, etc., for one month; all seed, grain or vegetables, actually provided for planting or sowing within the ensuing six months, not exceeding $200 in value; seventy-five bee

hives: one horse and vehicle of a maimed and crippled person when necessary in his business; tools of a mechanic or artisan necessary to his trade; notarial seal, records and office furniture of a notary; instruments and chest of a surgeon, physician, surveyor, dentist, necessary to their profession, with their scientific or professional T libraries and office furniture; the law professional libraries and office furniture of attorneys and judges, and libraries of ministers of the gospel; the cabin or dwelling of a miner not exceeding $500 in value; also his sluices, pipes, hose, windlass, derricks, cars, pumps, tools, implements, and appliances necessary for mining operations, not exceeding $500 in value; a miner's claim worked by him, not exceeding $1,000 in value, and two horses, oxen or mules, and harness, and food of horses, etc., for one month, when necessary to be used in any windlass, derrick, car, pump or hoisting gear, two oxen, horses, or mules, with harness, and hack, carriage, cart, etc., by which a cartman, drayman, peddler, teamster, etc., earns his living, and the horse, vehicle, and harness or a physician or minister of the gospel, with food for one month; three cows with their sucking calves, and four hogs with their sucking pigs; poultry, not exceeding $25 in value; earnings of debtor for services rendered within thirty days before levy, necessary for the use of his family residing in the State, supported by his labor: shares in a homestead corporation not exceeding $1,000 in value, when the holder does not own a homestead: all benefits of life insurance whose annual premiums do not exceed $500; fire-engines, etc., of fire companies; arms and accoutrements required to be kept by law; court houses, jails, and buildings, and lots, cemeteries, and certain other public property.

COLORADO.-Home worth $2,000, and Personal Property.-There is exempted a homestead worth not to exceed $2,000, and to the head of a family owning and occupying the same, there are exempted various articles of personal property, as follows: Household furniture $100; provisions for the family six months; tools, implements or stockin-trade $200; library and implements of any professional $300; working animals worth $200; one cow and calf, ten sheep, cattle-feed for six months; farm wagon, cart or dray, plow, harrow, and $50 worth of other farming implements.

CONNECTICUT.-No Home exempted. Personal Property of the following value: Necessary apparel and bedding, and household furniture necessary for supporting life; militia arms, uniforms, equipments and musical instruments; implements of the debtor's trade; library worth 8500; one cow and ten sheep (the latter not exceeding in value $150); a liberal variety and specified amounts of household provisions, fuel, etc.; the horse, saddle, bridle, buggy and harness, of value not more than $200, belonging to any practicing surgeon or physician; one sewingmachine in use; one church pew in use, and one boat used in fishing, with its necessary tackle. sails and implements, worth not more, in all, than $200, and the family burial place.

DAKOTA.-Home of 160 acres, with buildings, or, in a village or city, a house and one acre of land, with Personal Property.-The householder's homestead, as above described, is without limit in value. Besides the following family possessions, the householder may select $1,500 worth of other personal property, which is also exempt: The family pictures, a church pew, a burial lot, a family Bible, school-books and other books worth $100, all necessary wearing apparel of the family, and a year's supply of provisions and fuel.

DELAWARE.-No Home exempted. Personal Property worth $200.-There is no homestead exemption in this State. Local laws regulate exemptions of personal property in various portions of the State, covering the family Bible, library, school-books, pictures, church pew, burial-ground, clothing, and implements of trade (ranging in value from $50 to $75), and from $150 to $200 worth of other property. Sussex county does not give the additional personal property exemption.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. - No Home exempted. Personal Property of the following value: The following property of a householder is exempt from distraint, attachment, or sale on execution, except for sei vants' or laborers' wages due: Wearing apparel, household furniture to the amount of $300; provisions and fuel for three months; mechanics' tools or implements of any trade, to the value of $200, with stock to the same amount; the library and implements of a professional man or artist, to the value of $300; a farmer's team and other utensils, to the value of $100; family pictures and library, in value $400; earnings not exceeding $100 per month, and one cow, one swine and six sheep.

FLORIDA.-Farm, or House and Lot, and Personal Property.-Homestead of 160 acres of land and improvements, if in the country; a residence and one-half acre of ground, if in a village or city; together with $1,000 worth of personal property. An additional sum of $1,000 worth of property is exempt from all debts incurred prior to May 10, 1865.

GEORGIA.-Real or Personal Property, or both, worth $1.600.-The constitution of 1877 and statutes of 1878 absolutely exempt from levy, except for purchase-money, taxes, or liens for labor or materials, etc., real or personal property, or both, to the value of $1,600, the debtor choos ing whatever he desires shall be exempted.

IDAHO. - Home worth $500, and Personal Property-The head of a family, being a householder, either husband or wife, may select a homestead not exceeding in value $5,000. Exemption extends to chairs, tables, books and desks, worth $200; necessary household, table and kitchen fur niture, a sewing-machine, stoves, stove-pipe and stove furniture, clothing, beds and bedding, family paintings and pictures and their frames, provisions for the family for three months, two

ABSTRACT OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTION FROM FORCED SALE.

273

cows and calves, and two sows and pigs; farming implements, teams, seed-grain and vegetables, etc., worth $200; mechanics' tools, etc., worth $500; instruments of medical practitioners; libraries of professional men, and office furniture of lawyers and judges: miners' cabins to the value of $500, and their mining tools and implements $200; earnings of laborers, etc.

ILLINOIS. - Home worth $1.000, and Personal Property.-Lot of ground and buildings thereon, occupied as a residence by the debtor, being a householder and having a family, to the value of $1,000. Exemption continues after the death of the householder for the benefit of widow and family, some one of them occupying the homestead until the youngest child shall become twenty-one years of age, and until death of widow. Insurance money received or due upon burned buildings of the homestead is also exempt. There is no exemption from sale for taxes, assessments, debt or liability incurred for the purchase or improvement of such homestead. No release or waiver of exemption is valid, unless in writing, and subscribed by such householder and wife, if he have one, and acknowledged as conveyances of real estate are required to be acknowledged. The following articles of personal property owned by the debtor are exempt from execution, writ of attachment, and distress for rent: First-Necessary wearing-apparel, Bibles, school-books, and family pictures of every person. Second-Other property worth $100 to be selected by the debtor. When the debtor is the head of a family, and resides with the same, in addition, other property worth $300 may be selected; though such exemp tion shall not be allowed from any money due such debtor. A debtor taking the benefit of this act shall make a schedule, subscribed and sworn to, of all his or her personal property, including all moneys on hand and due the debtor; and any property owned by the debtor and not included in said schedule, shall not be exempt as aforesaid. And thereupon the officer having an execution against the same, shall summon three householders who, upon oath, will appraise and fix a fair value upon each article in said schedule, and the debtor shall then select from such schedule such articles as he or she may desire to retain, the aggregate value of which shall not exceed the amount exempted, to which he or she may be entitled, and deliver the remainder to the officer having the writ. The officer having the writ is authorized to administer the oath to the debtor and appraisers. To head of family the sum of $50 is exempt from garnishment for wages.

In

INDIANA.-Personal property to the value of 8600.-There is no specific homestead exemption in this State. On contracts made since May 31, 1879, a householder may claim, as exempt, real estate or personal property to the value of $600. Exempt goods may be removed from one part of the state to another without molestation. case of debts founded upon contracts made previous to May 31, 1879, the exemption is only $300. A debtor's property must be scheduled and sworn to by the debtor, appraised under direction of the law officer. Exemptions do not affect liens for labor, purchase-money or taxes.

IOWA.-Farm of 40 acres, or House and Lot in City, and Personal Property.-The homestead must embrace the house used as a home by the owner thereof, and if he has two or more houses thus used by him, at different times and places, he may select which he will retain as a homestead. If within a town plat, it must not exceed one-half acre in extent, and if not in a town plat it must not embrace in the aggregate more than forty acres; in each case comprising all the buildings and improvements thereon, without limitation of value. All wearing apparel kept for actual use, and suitable to the condition of the party, and trunks to contain the same, one shot-gun, or rifle. the proper tools, instruments or books of any farmer, mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or professor; the horse or team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yoke of cattle and wagon with harness, by use of which any physician, public officer, farmer, teamster, or other laborer, habitually earns his living. All private libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical instruments and paintings not kept for sale. If the debtor is the head of a family there are further exempt, two cows, one calf, one horse, fifty sheep, their wool and goods manufactured therefrom, six stands of bees, five hogs and all pigs under six months; the necessary food for all animals exempt for six months; all flax raised by the defendant on not exceeding one acre; one bedstead and necessary bedding for every two in the family; all cloth manufactured by the defendant, not exceeding 100 yards in quantity; household and kitchen furniture not exceeding $200 in value; all spinning-wheels, one sewing-machine, looms, and other instruments of domestic labor kept for actual use; the necessary provisions and fuel for the use of the family for six months; a pew in church, and a lot in buryingground not exceeding one acre. The printer has

exempted the necessary type, presses, etc., for his office to the value of $1.200. The earnings of a debtor for personal services, or those of his family, at any time within ninety days next preceding the levy are also exempt from attachment and execution. None of the foregoing exemptions are for the benefit of a single man not the head of a family, nor of non-residents, nor of those who have started to leave the State, but their property is liable to execution, with the exception of ordinary wearing-apparel and trunks to contain the same; and, in the latter case, of such wearing ap parel and such property as the defendant may select, not to exceed $75, to be selected by the debtor and appraised. But no exemptions shall extend to property against an execution issued for the purchase-money thereof.

KANSAS.-Home of 160 acres of Farm, or House and One Acre in a Village or City, and Per sonal Property.-A homestead to the extent of 160 acres of farming land, or of one acre within the limits of an incorporated town or city, occupied as a residence by the family of the owner, together with all the improvements on the same, shall be exempt from forced sale under any process of law, and shall not be alienated except by joint consent of husband and wife, when that relation exists. No money value is limited in the homestead. Exemptions do not affect indebtedness for taxes, purchase-money or improvement in homesteads. The law exempts, to heads of families, family books and musical instruments, a church pew, a burial lot, clothing, bedsteads, bedding, stoves and cooking utensils used by the household, one sewingmachine, all working tools, $500 worth of other household furniture, two cows, ten hogs, one yoke of oxen, and one horse or inule, or in lieu of one yoke of oxen and one horse or mule, a span of horses or mules, and twenty sheep and their wool; necessary food for the support of the stock for one year; one wagon, two plows, drag, and other farming utensils not exceeding $300; fuel and provisions for the family one year; the tools and implements of any mechanic, miner, or other person, kept for the purpose of carrying on his business, and in addition thereto stock in trade not exceeding $400 in value; library, implements, and office furniture of any professional man. Single persons may hold, exempt, their clothing, church pew, burial lot, necessary tools and imple ments used in business, and stock in trade to the value of $400; if professional, their libraries, office furniture, etc., are exempt.

KENTUCKY.-Home worth $1.000, and Personal Property.-On all debts or liabilities created after the first day of June, 1866, so much land, including the dwelling-house and appurtenances, as shall not exceed in value $1,000; one workbeast or one yoke of oxen, two cows and calves, five sheep; wearing apparel, and the usual household and kitchen furniture, of about the value of $100; also one sewing-machine, and the instruments and libraries of professional men to the amount of $500.

LOUISIANA.-The Home and $2,000 in Personal Property.-The homestead lands and tenements of a debtor, whether in city or country, and without specified money valuation, are exempt, if properly declared as such and recorded in the book of mortgages of the parish where the land is located. Heads of families also hold, exempt from execution, one work-horse and one wagon, or cart, one yoke of oxen, two cows and calves, twenty-five hogs (or 1,000 s of bacon or pork instead), and on a farm sufficient feed for the year and farming implements worth $2,000, together with clothing and necessary household furniture, bedding, etc.

MAINE. - Home worth $500, and Personal Property.-There is exempted a lot of land, dwelling-house, etc., not exceeding $500 in value; necessary apparel; a bed, bedstead and bedding for every two members of a family; one cookingstove, all stoves used for warming buildings, and other necessary furniture to the value of 850; one sewing-machine for use, not exceeding $100 in value; all tools necessary for the debtor's occupation; all Bibles and school-books for the use of the family, one copy of the statutes of the State, and a library not exceeding $150 in value; one heifer, two swine, ten sheep, and the wool and lambs from them; one yoke of working cattle, or instead thereof, one pair of mules, or two horses, not exceeding $300 in value; all produce of farms until harvested; corn and grain for use of debtor and family, not exceeding thirty bushels; all potatoes raised or purchased for use in family; one barrel of flour; a sufficient quantity of hay to winter all exempted stock; all flax raised for use, on one-half acre of land; lumber to the amount of $10, twelve cords of fire-wood, five tons of anthracite coal, fifty bushels of bituminous coal, and all charcoal for use in the family; one pew in church; domestic fowls to value of 850, one horse-sled or ox-sled, $20 in value; one harness worth $20 for each horse or mule; one eart or truck-wagon, one harrow, one plow, one yoke, two chains, and one

mowing-machine; for fishermen, one boat not exceeding two tons burthen.

MARYLAND.-No Homestead exemption, but Personal Property.-No home is secure from execution; but the law exempts to householders wearing apparel, books, and mechanics' tools (except books and tools kept for sale, or unless execution issues upon judgment for seduction or breach of promise of marriage), together with $100 worth of other property, to be selected by the debtor; or, in case no such division of the property can be agreed upon, then the debtor receives the equivalent of his exemption in money, after his goods have been sold. Equitable interests in personal property cannot be levied upon.

MASSACHUSETTS.-Home worth $800, and Personal Property.-Every householder, having a family, is entitled to a homestead, valued at $800, in farm, or lot of land, and buildings thereon, if he records his design to hold it as such. Necessary clothing, one bedstead, bed, and necessary bedding for every two of the family; one stove used for the dwelling, and fuel not exceeding the value of $20, for the use of the family; one sewing-machine, of a value not exceeding $100, in actual use by such debtor, or family; other household furniture necessary for him and his family, not exceeding $300 in value; Bibles, school books, and library used by him or his family, not exceeding 850 in value; one cow, six sheep, one swine, and two tons of hay; the tools, implements and fixtures necessary for carrying on his trade or business, not exceeding $100 in value; materials and stock necessary for carrying on his trade or business, and intended to be used therein, not exceeding $100 in value; provisions necessary for the family not exceeding 850 in value; the boat, fishing tackle, and nets of fishermen, actually used by them in the prosecution of their business, to the value of $100; the uniform of an officer or soldier in the militia, and the arms and accoutre ments required by law to be kept by him; one pew in church, unless required to be sold because of some tax legally laid thereon, and shares in cooperative associations, not exceeding $20 in the aggregate; also rights of burial, and tombs while in use as repositories for the dead.

MICHIGAN.-Home worth $1,500, and Personal Property.-Any quantity of land, not exceeding forty acres, and the dwelling-house thereon, with its appurtenances, and not included in any recorded town plat, city or village, or, instead thereof, at the option of the owner, a quantity of land not exceeding in amount one lot, being within a recorded town plat, or city, or village, and the dwelling-house thereon, and its appurtenances, owned and occupied by any resident of the State, not exceeding in value $1,500. Household furniture to amount of $250; stock-in-trade, a team or other things which may be necessary to carry on the pursuit of particular business, up to $250; library and school-books not exceeding $150; to a householder, ten sheep, two cows, five swine, and their food for six months.

MINNESOTA.-Home of Eighty Acres in Farm Lands, or House and Lot in Village or City. and Personal Property-Eighty acres of land selected as a homestead, or a lot and dwellinghouse thereon in any incorporated town plat, city, or village, being a homestead; the family Bible, family pictures, school-books, or library, and musical instruments; all wearing apparel of the debtor and his family, all beds, bedsteads, and bedding kept and used by the debtor and his family; all stoves and appendages put up or kept for the use of the debtor and his family; all cooking utensils, and all other household furniture not herein enumerated, not exceeding $500 in value; three cows, ten swine, one yoke of oxen and a horse, or in lieu of one yoke of oxen and a horse, a span of horses or mules, twenty sheep and the wool from the same, either in the raw material or manufactured into cloth or yarn; the necessary food for all the stock mentioned in this section, for one year's support, either provided or growing, or both, as the debtor may choose; also, one wagon, eart, or dray, one sleigh, two plows, one drag, and other farming utensils, including tackle for teams, not exceeding $300 in value; seed-grain and vegetables; the provisions for the debtor and his family necessary for one year's support, either provided or growing, or both, and fuel necessary for one year; the tools and instruments of any mechanic, miner or other person, used and kept for the purpose of carrying on his trade, and, in addition thereto, stock-in-trade not exceeding $400 in value; also the library and implements of any professional man; one sewing-machine; the earnings of minor children and laboring men and women, not exceeding $20. None of these articles of personal property are exempt from execution or attachment for the purchase-money thereof.

MISSISSIPPI.-Home worth $2,000, and Personal Property.-A homestead is allowed to every householder, with a family, not exceeding

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ABSTRACT OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTION FROM FORCED SALE.

160 acres of land, nor worth more than $2,000, Of personal property: The tools of a mechanic, agricultural implements of a farmer, implements of a laborer; wearing apparel; books of a student, libraries, books and maps owned by teachers; life insurance policy, not exceeding $10,000; two cows and calves, five hogs, five sheep, 150 bushels of corn, 300 bundles of eattle-feed, ten bushels of wheat or rice, 200 pounds of meat, one cart or wagon, one sewing-machine, household furniture worth $100, and growing crops. In towns, villiges and cities, instead of the foregoing, personal property is allowed to householders of the value of $250.

MISSOURI.-Home worth $1,500 to $3,000, and Personal Property.-Married men are allowed a homestead of 160 acres of land to the value of $1,500. In cities of 40,000 inhabitants or over, homesteads shall not include more than eighteen square rods of ground, nor exceed in value $3,000. In cities of less size, homestead shall not include over thirty square rods, nor exceed $1,500 in value. Personal property to the value of not less than $300 to the hea is of families, besides spinning-wheels, cards, a loom, yarn, thread, and cloth woven for family use, 25 pounds each of hemp, wool and flax; all wearing apparel of the family, four beds and bedding, and other household furniture, worth not more than $100.

MONTANA -Home worth $2,500, and Personal Property.-A homestead not exceeding in value $2,500; in a city or village not to exceed onequarter of an acre, or farm land not exceeding 160 acres, the debtor taking his choice and selecting either, with all improvements thereon included in the valuation. The lien of a mechanic, laborer, or mortgage lawfully obtained upon the same, is not affected by such exemption. In addition to the homestead, personal property to the value of about $1,400, according to value of articles enumerated by statute, is allowed to the householder occupying the same.

NEBRASKA. - Home worth $2,000, and Personal Property $500.-A homestead not exceeding in value $2,000, consisting of the dwellinghouse in which the claimant resides and its appurtenances, and the land on which the same is situated, not exceeding 160 acres, to be selected by the owner thereof, not in any city or incorporated village; or, instead thereof, at the option of the claimant, contiguous land, not exceeding two lots in any such city or village, owned and occupied by the head of a family. All heads of families who have no lands, town lots or houses, have exempt from forced sale the sum of $500 in personal property. Other personal property is exempted, which is enumerated by statute.

NEVADA.-Home worth $5,000, and Personal Property. The husband, wife, or other head of the family, is entitled to a homestead not exceed ing in value $5,000, and a debtor has exempted from attachment personal property not exceeding in value $1,500, enumerated in the statute.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.-Home worth $500, and Personal Property.-Homestead to the value of 8500: necessary apparel and bedding and household furniture to the value of $100; Bibles and school-books in use in the family; library to the value of $200; one cow, one hog and one pig, and pork of same when slaughtered; tools of o eupation to the value of 8100; six sheep and their fleeces; one cooking stove and its furniture; provisions and fuel to the value of $50, and one sewing-machine; beasts of the plow, not exceeding one yoke of oxen, or a horse; military arms and equipments.

NEW JERSEY.-Home worth $1,000, and Personal Property 3200.-A householder with a family may own, exempt, a house and lot worth $1,000, with all wearing apparel, and other personal property of the value of $200.

NEW MEXICO.-Home worth $1.000; Provisions, $25; Furniture, 810; Tools, $20. - Real estate to the value of $1,000 is exempt in farms if the heads of families reside on the same; also the clothing, beds and bed-clothing necessary for the use of the family, and fire wood sufficient for thirty days, when actually provided and intended therefor, all Bibles, hymn-books, Testaments. and school-books, used by the family, and family and religious pictures; provisions actually provited to the amount of $25. and kitchen furniture to the amount of $10, both to be selected by the debtor: also tools and instru ments belonging to the debtor that may be neces sary to enable him to carry on his trade or business, whether agricultural or mechanical, to be selected by him, and not to exceed $20 in value. Real estate, when sold, must be first appraised by two freeholders of the vicinity, and must bring two-thirds of the appraised value.

NEW YORK. - Home worth $1.000, and Personal Property.-The homestead, consisting of

a house and lot, is exempt to the value of $1,000, if properly recorded as such. This exemption extends to married women, widows and minor children of deceased householders. The necessary furniture of the household, working tools and teams, professional instruments, furniture and library worth not more than $250, ninety days' food for team, and debtor's earnings for sixty days, if necessary to support the family. NORTH

CAROLINA. – Home worth $1.000, Personal Property $500.-Every homestead, and dwellings and building used therewith, not exceeding in value $1,000, to be selected by the owner thereof; or, in lieu thereof, at the option of the owner, any lot in a city, town or village, with the dwellings used thereon, owned and occupied by any resident of the State, and not exceeding the value of $1,000. Personal property to the value of 8500, selected by the debtor.

OHIO. — Home worth $1,000, and Personal Property.-There is exempted by law the family homestead, not exceeding in value $1,000; the wearing apparel of such family; beds, bedsteads, bedding necessary for the use of the family; two stoves and fuel necessary for sixty days; domestic animals and their food for sixty days, to the value of $65, or, instead, household furniture of equal value; other necessary household furniture worth $50; family provisons to the value of $50; mechanical or agricultural tools worth $100, if in use in business. In case the debtor is not the owner of a homestead, he is entitled to hold, exempt from levy and sale, personal property not exceeding $500, in addition to the chattel property as aforesaid.

ONTARIO, CANADA.-Grants that are Free, and Homesteads that are in the possession of actual settlers, in the Algoma and Nippissing Districts, and certain lands between the river Ottawa and Georgian Bay, are exempt from seizure, while in personal property, beds, bedding, and wearing apparel of the debtor and his family. household furniture, provisions, farm stock, tools and implements, to the value of $60, are exempt from seizure.

OREGON.-Personal Property.-Books, pictures, and musical instruments to the value of $75; wearing apparel to the value of $100, and, if a householder, to the value of $50 for each member of the family; tools, implements, apparatus, team, vehicle, harness, or library, when necessary in the occupation or profession of a judgmentdebtor, to the amount of 8400; if the judgmentdebtor be a householder, ten sheep with one year's fleece, two cows, five swine, household goods, furniture, and utensils, to the value of $300. No article of property is exempt from execution issued upon a judgment for the purchase-price.

PENNSYLVANIA. - Real or Personal, $300.-Property, either real or personal, to the value of $300, besides wearing apparel, Bibles and school books. Homesteads are not exempt.

QUEBEC, CANADA.-Personal Property enumerated as follows is exempt from forced sale, being used and owned by the debtor: Bed, bedding, and bedsteal; necessary apparel for himself and family; set of table and stove furniture; all spinning wheels and weavers' looms in use in the family; one ax, one gun, one saw, six traps, fish-nets in common use, and ten volumes of books; fuel and food for thirty days, worth $20; one cow, four sheep, two hogs, with necessary food for thirty days; tools and instruments used in his trade to the value of $30; fifteen hives of bees, and wages and salaries not yet due; besides certain other properties granted by the courts.

RHODE ISLAND.-No Home exempted, but Personal Property.-The law exempts from sale on execution the household furniture, and family stores of a housekeeper, provided the same do not exceed in value $300; all the necessary wearing apparel of a debtor and his family; one cow, one hog, and the tools or implements of a debtor's profession to the value of $200. There is no homestead exemption.

SOUTH CAROLINA. - Home worth $1.000. Personal Property $500.-There is exempt from sale and execution in the State a homestead not exceeding in value $1,000, and personal property, in the household of a family, worth $500, The products of the homestead are, however, not exempt. The homestead cannot be sold, except for the purchase of another, nor can the homestead right be alienated or waived.

TENNESSEE.-Home worth $1,000, and Personal Property.-The homestead, consisting of the dwelling-house, outbuildings, and land appurtenant, to the value of $1,000; also a generous allowance of household goods and utensils, with working tools and agricultural implements, amounting to several hundred dollars.

TEXAS.-Home worth $5,000, and Personal

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Property. To every citizen, householder, or head of a family, two hundred acres of real estate, including homestead, in the country, or any lot or lots in a town or city, used as a homestead, not to exceed $5,000 in value at the time of their desig nation as a homestead (subsequent increase in value by improvements or otherwise does not subject it to forced sale); household and kitchen furniture, $500. To every citizen not the head of a family, one horse, saddle and bride. all wearing apparel, and tools, books, and apparatus of his trade or profession. To the family, all household and kitchen furniture, cemetery lots, books, family portraits and pictures, five milch-cows, twenty hogs, working animals, twenty sheep and family provisions.

UTAH. Home worth $1.000, and Personal Property. To each member of the family $250.-To the head of a family is allowed a homestead not exceeding in value $1,000, to be selected by the debtor, and personal property to the value of $700 or more, according to the value of articles exempt by statute: aside from the homestead, each member of the family is allowed $250. No property shall be exempt from sale on a judgment received for its price, on a mechanic's lien, or a mortgage thereon.

VERMONT.-Home worth $500, and Personal Property.-Homestead to the value of $500, and products; suitable apparel, bedding, tools, and articles of furniture as may be necessary for upholding life, one sewing-machine kept for use; one cow, the best swine, or the meat of one swine; ten sheep, one year's product of said sheep in wool, yarn or cloth; forage sufficient for keeping ten sheep and one cow through one winter; ten cords of firewood, or five tons of coal; twenty bushels of potatoes; such military arms and accoutrements as the debtor is by law required to furnish: all growing crops, ten bushels of grain. one barrel of flour, three swarms of bees and hives, together with their produce in honey; 200 pounds of sugar, and all lettered gravestones; the Bibles and all other books used in a family; one pew in church; live poultry not exceeding in value $10; the professional books and instruments of physicians; professional books of clergymen and attorneys, to the value of $200; one yoke of oxen or steers, or two horses, used for work, as the debtor may select, in lieu of oxen or steers, but not exceeding in value the sum of $200, with suffi cient forage for the keeping of the same through the winter; also one two-horse wagon with whiffletrees and neckyoke, or one ox-cart, as the debtor may choose; one sled, or one set of traverse sleds, either for oxen or horses, as the debtor may select; two harnesses, two halters, two chains, one plow and one ox-yoke, which, with the oxen, or steers, or horses which the debtor may select for team-work shall not exceed in value $250,

VIRGINIA.-Home and Personal Property $2.000.-Every householder or head of a family shall be entitled to hold exempt from levy his real and personal property, or either, including money or debts due him, to a value not exceeding $2,000, to be selected by him. The personal property exempted is defined by the statute of the State.

WASHINGTON TERRITORY. Home worth $1.000, and Personal Property.-To each householder, being the head of a family, a homestead worth $1,000, while occupied by such family. All wearing apparel, private libraries, family pictures and keepsakes; to each householder, one bed and bedding, and one additional bed and bedding for every two additional members of the family, and other household goods of the coin value of $150; two cows and their calves, five swine, two stands of bees, twenty-five domestie fowls, and provisions and fuel for six months. To a farmer, one span of horses and harness, or two yoke of oxen, and one wagon, with farming utensils not exceeding $200, coin value. To attorneys, physicians and clergymen, their libraries valued at not to exceed $500, with office furniture and fuel. Small boats and firearms kept for use. not exceeding $50 in coin value; parties engaged in lightering, two lighters and a small boat, valued at $250; the team of a drayman. To a mechanic, the tools and implements of his trade and materials not exceeding in value $500. To a person engaged in logging, three yoke of cattle and yokes, chains, and tools to the value of $300.

WEST VIRGINIA.-Home worth $1.000, and Personal Property.-The head of a family, or the infant children of deceased parents, may pos sess, exempt from execution, a homestead valued at $1,000, if it is properly recorded in the public land records, before debt is contracted, and may also select personal property, which shall be exempt, worth $200. Working tools to the value of $50, belonging to mechanics, artisans or laborers, are also exempt.

WISCONSIN. - Farm of Forty Acres, or House and Lot in Village or City, and Personal Property.-A homestead, of land not exceeding

ABSTRACT OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM FORCED SALE.

275

forty acres, used for agricultural purposes, and the dwelling-house thereon and its appurtenances, and not included in any town, city or village, or instead thereof, land not exceeding in amount one-fourth of an acre within an organized town, city or village, and the dwelling-house thereon, and its appurtenances, owned and occupied by any resident of the State, is not subject to forced sale on execution or any other final process from a court. Persons married, or supporting families, who do not own a homestead, except for debts contracted before June 1, 1882, may retain money or property, secure from attachment or execution, worth $500 instead of a home. Family pictures, Bibles, school-books, library books, and other household furniture valued at $200; two cows, ten swine one voke of oxen and one horse, or a span

of horses or mules; ten sheep and the wool from
same, either raw or manufactured; the necessary
food for above stock for a year's support: one
wagon, cart or dray, one sleigh, one plow, one
drag and other farming utensils, including tackle
for teams, not exceeding $50 in value; provisions
and fuel for one year: tools and implements or
stock in trade of a mechanic or miner, or other
person, not exceeding $200 in value; library or
implements of any professional man, not exceed
ing $200 in value; all moneys from insurance of
exempt property; earnings of all persons for
sixty days next preceding the issue of any process;
all sewing-machines kept for use; any swords,
plate, books, or other articles, presented by Con-
gress or the members thereof.

WYOMING.-Home worth $1,500, and Per

sonal Property.-A homestead consisting of a house and lot in a village or city, or land not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres, the value not in either case exceeding $1,500, is allowed to a householder occupying the same. Also the following property of a householder, being the head of a family, is exempt: Wearing-apparel, family Bibles, pictures, school-books, cemetery lots, bedding, furniture, provisions, and such other articles as the debtor may select, not exceeding in value $500. Tools, team of stock in trade of a mechanic. minor, or o her person, kept and used for the purpose of carrying on his business or trade, not exceeding $300, are exempt. Library, instruments and implements of any professional man, worth not more than $300. The person claiming exempt tion must be a resident of the territory.

Suggestions Relating to Collection of Debt.

Facts Concerning Judgments and Circumstances Under Which Debtors May be Imprisoned. Imprisonment for debt has been abolished in every State and Territory. It was considered of so much importance that in some States it is prohibited in their constitutions. At the same time there are some fraudulent acts committed when incurring the debt, or in refusing to pay it, for which there is imprisonment to a certain

extent.

The first limitation is, that the creditor must advance the boardbill to the jailor. Another is, the writ of arrest cannot be issued unless indorsed (by some judicial officer) with the amount for which the debtor is required to enter into bonds not to leave the jail limits, which usually embraces the county. On giving bond in such sum the debtor may live anywhere within the limits. Another is, that the writ cannot issue until proof by affidavits of the requisite facts is furnished to the judicial officer who is authorized to allow the writ. Finally, the debtor may make, under the insolvent law, a genuine assignment of all his property exempt from execution, and then he is discharged. He may have a trial of the truth of the charges, and if they are found untrue he will be discharged.

Imprisonment after judgment is usually a satisfaction of it. An action of trespass lies against the plaintiff if the writ issues without authority, and an action on the case when the charges are false and the arrest malicious. For the above reasons creditors rarely imprison fraudulent debtors.

The cases in which there can be an arrest may be classified. Thus: The debtor may be arrested at the commencement of the suit or after the judgment. There are few States in which he may be arrested before judgment, in cases resting on contract. On the other hand, the defendant may be arrested at the commencement of the suit in all States for wrong-doing. In addition to the affidavit stating the grounds for the arrest, and the allowance of the writ by the officer, the plaintiff is generally required to give a bond to the defendant, conditioned to pay all damages.

There are few cases connected with a debt where it is safe to arrest; many where it is dangerous, and very many where it is useless.

METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The following system of Measures and Weights, owing to its complete decimal character, and the consequent freedom from labor it affords in calculation, by converting one denomination into another, has been adopted by most European nations.

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Its use has also been legalized in the United States, and its ultimate adoption, as a uniform system of measurement and weight, by all the civilized countries, it is believed, will be only a matter of time.

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MEASURES OF LENGTH.

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