Illustrative. References and Topics 463 Benson, Who Goes There?; Friend with the Countersign. - Brady, The Patriots (Lee). Am. War Ballads, I. 167-226, II. - King, Rock of Chickamauga. - Johnston, Long Roll; Cease Firing. Matthews, Poems of Am. Patriotism, Page, Among the Camps; Two Little Confederates; Burial of the Guns. — Trowbridge, Drummer Boy. Webster, Traitor and Loyalist (blockade). 127-277. Moore, Lyrics of Loyalty; Rebel Rhymes. Pictures. Century Co., Battles and Leaders. - Frank Leslie's Weekly. Forbes, Artist's Story of the Great War. Harper's Pictorial History of the Rebellion. - Johnson, Campfire and Battlefield. — Miller, Photog. Hist. of the Civil War. Topics Answerable from the References Above (1) Noted ships of the Union navy. [§ 286] — (2) Life on blockade runners, or blockading ships. [§ 286] — (3) Adventures of one of the following Confederate cruisers: Nashville; Florida; Alabama; Shenandoah. [§ 286] (4) Fight between the Merrimac and Monitor. [§ 289] (5) Grant's Vicksburg campaign. [§ 291] — (6) Accounts of one of the following battles: Chancellorsville; Gettysburg; Chickamauga; Lookout Mountain; Chattanooga; The Wilderness; Cold Harbor; Petersburg; Mobile Bay; Fort Fisher; Savannah; Nashville. [§§ 291–297] - (7) Sherman's March to the Sea. [§ 296] — (8) Surrender of Lee at Appomattox. [§ 298] Topics for Further Search (9) Map of the military line dividing North and South at various dates during the Civil War. [§ 284] (10) Incidents and results of one of the following battles: Balls Bluff; Bull Run; Belmont; Henry and Donelson; Island No. 10; Shiloh; Corinth; Perryville; Stone River; New Orleans; Seven Pines; Malvern Hill; Second Bull Run; Antietam; Fredericksburg. [§§ 287-290] — (11) Military services of one of the following commanders: U. S. Grant; Halleck; Buell; McDowell; A. S. Johnston; Sherman; Bragg; Rosecrans; Farragut; R. E. Lee; J. E. Johnston; Stonewall Jackson; Pope; Burnside. [§§ 288–290] (12) Building the federal navy. [§ 289] — (13) Military services of one of the following generals: Thomas; Garfield; Hooker; Sheridan; Porter; Hancock; Franklin; Longstreet; A. P. Hill; D. H. Hill; Ewell; Early; Stuart; Hood. [§§ 292–294] — (14) Lincoln's conference at Hampton Roads. [§ 298] CHAPTER XXVII CIVIL SIDE OF THE WAR (1861-1865) 300. UNION GOVERNMENT DURING the long and fearful war, both sides kept up their governments, made every effort to influence foreign powers, raised money, and carried on their business and domestic life. The United States Congress and the other parts of the federal government sat regularly in Washington, which was uncomfortably near the scene of hostilities. Though the war was fought to vindicate the Constitution, the country was subjected to many arbitrary methods of government, some of them plainly unconstitutional: (1) In the territory actually occupied by the army, including the city of Washington, martial law—that is, the will of the commander in chief - was declared; civilians could be arrested simply by the order of a military commander, were imprisoned without charge of crime or right of trial, and in some instances were tried by military courts. (2) Under an order of the President (April 27, 1861) the writ of habeas corpus was suspended. Several thousand people first and last were arrested in a haphazard manner, often without knowing the charge against them; and they could get free only through the request of some man of influence. (3) Provost marshals were appointed in the northern cities, hundreds of miles away from hostilities; and they arrested thousands of people under military law. (4) In 1864 a military commission condemned to death Dr. Milligan of Indiana for taking part in a traitorous secret society. Union Government 465 (5) In the border states, and even in the North, military officers sometimes shut up churches, dissolved societies, or stopped the publication of newspapers. It is true that the papers abounded in war gossip, war news, and war stories, and the correspondents often revealed military secrets. These measures, though reluctantly supported by President Lincoln, helped to swell the strong party which was opposed to the war. The "Peace Democrats" at the beginning favored letting the South secede. They accepted the name of "Copperhead," bestowed by their opponents, and wore as badges the heads cut out of copper cents; or butternuts cut in sections, because the butternut was the ordinary dye for the clothing worn by Confederate soldiers. They also formed dangerous secret societies, such as the Knights of the Golden Circle, with thousands of members in Ohio and Indiana. One of the leaders of the Peace Democrats was Clement L. Vallandigham, member of Congress from Ohio, who boasted that he never voted a dollar or a man for the war. In May, 1863, he was convicted by a military court-martial and sentenced to imprisonment for a cutting speech against martial law; but Lincoln sent him across the lines into the Confederacy — a practical joke which to many people seemed bad policy. An act of Congress for drawing recruits by lot from among the able-bodied men led to terrible "draft riots" in the city of New York (July, 1863). The opposition turned into a savage mob which hunted down and stoned to death many harmless negroes and white people, and burned colored orphan asylums. The next step was to attack buildings which represented any kind of government, especially police stations and armories. The police fought desperately, but were too few to resist such a rising. Federal troops were hastily summoned, and after three days of riot the mob was put down by musket and bayonet. About a thousand people lost their lives as victims of the mob, or by the shots of the defenders of order, and the money damage was many millions. HART'S NEW AMER. HIST.- 29 301. CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT The Confederate government moved from Montgomery to Richmond after Virginia seceded. The "permanent constitution," which went into effect February 18, 1862, was a (Copyright, 1867, by Anderson.) JEFFERSON DAVIS. revision of the old federal Constitution, with the significant change that the word "slave" was freely used. In practice, many parts of this constitution never went into effect; for instance, the Supreme Court was never formed. The President overshadowed the rest of the government, and state rights were often disregarded. President Jefferson Davis, the head and type of the Confederacy, was born in Kentucky (1808) He was not far from the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln. educated at West Point and served seven years as lieutenant in the army. From 1845 to 1851 he was in Congress, and as a soldier in the Mexican War he served with distinction. From 1853 to 1857 he was Pierce's Secretary of War, and then as senator from Mississippi came forward as the leader of the ultra proslavery men in Congress. After the election of Lincoln, Davis used his place and influence, before resigning from the Senate of the United States, to bring about the breakup of the Union. During the war he was almost a civil dictator, acting through his influence on the Confederate Congress; his veto was overridden but once in four years. Foreign Relations 467 In his speeches and public papers, Davis simply assumed as a matter of course, not subject to argument, that negroes were no part of the political community; he also tacitly assumed that the ruling class, of which he was a member, were entitled to govern their fellow white men. In both respects he satisfied the public sentiment of the South, which, on the whole, loyally supported him to the end. He was an example of the resolute, masterful, slaveholder statesman. 302. FOREIGN RELATIONS The government of the United States continued to hold to the former treaties and diplomatic relations with foreign powers. Charles Francis Adams, son of President John Quincy Adams, was sent as minister to Great Britain, but on the day before he reached London, the British government issued (May 13, 1861) a proclamation of neutrality in the contest between "The United States of America, and certain states styling themselves the 'Confederate States of America."" Other European governments took similar action. This was a formal and justified recognition that a belligerent power was in existence in the southern states, with a government that directed armies in the field, and with warships on the sea which were entitled to the same treatment in foreign ports as the public ships of the Union. Although President Lincoln's proclamation of blockade (§ 283) practically recognized this "belligerency," the North long cherished wrath against Great Britain for thus treating the Civil War as a war, instead of as a domestic rebellion. To the Confederacy the action of Great Britain seemed far too weak; and in 1861 commissioners were sent to Europe to ask for full recognition as an independent nation. The commissioners, Mason and Slidell, while on their way through the West Indies in the British merchant steamer Trent, were forcibly taken off by Captain Wilkes in the United States ship of war San Jacinto (November 8). The country and Congress were |