Several volumes of autograph letters, among which are some of Luther, Melanchthon, Grotius, Sixtus V., and Bianca Capello. Among the Oriental MSS. is an 8-sided Koran, and another which belonged to Sultan Bajazet. A Mexican MS., with hieroglyphics, curiously painted on aloe-leaves. The Gospels, written in the 12th century, with vignettes in the style of Greek art. A collection of Fables in Arabic, with miniatures. A Mexican MS., containing, it is supposed, the genea logy of the gods and kings of that country. A collection, in 19 volumes, folio, made by Frederick Augustus II., of portraits of the princes and princesses living in the 17th century, most carefully coloured, with maps of various countries, and plans of the principal towns, said to have cost 20,000 dollars. King Réné of Anjou's work on Tournaments, with drawings. The Bible translated into Bohemian, in the 14th century, and written upon parchment in the middle of the 15th. Item Dr. Faustus's conjuring book. A very large apartment is occupied by European History; that of Saxony is particularly complete.

The Gardens attached to the Japanese Palace are very agreeable; they are open to the public, and extend down to the margin of the Elbe, whence the view is pleasing, including the bridge and many of the finest buildings in the town.

Monumental Statues. — Augustus II. on horseback, in the new town, near the end of the bridge, made of hammered copper. The Elector Maurice in the Boulevard in the Altstadt, nearly opposite the Zeughaus (Arsenal). The late king Frederick Augustus, of bronze, in the centre of the Zwinger, by Rietschel. In the promenade in the Anton Stadt is a colossal bust of King Anthony.

A new Théatre has been built near the Catholic church, from the designs of Prof. Semper; it holds 1700 persons, and, both within and without, is one of the handsomest in Germany, and well managed. It is open daily, beginning in winter at 6, in summer

at 6, and ending between 9 and 10. The opera here is good (see § 42.). During the summer the performances take place sometimes in the theatre of the Linksche Bad. There is a new minor theatre in Reisewitz Garten, just before entering the Plauensche Grund.

Since 1830, the meetings of the two Chambers of Estates (Landes Stände), which form the parliament of Saxony, have been open to the public. The Chambers (Landhaus) are situated in the Pirnaische Gasse.

Clubs.-There is an excellent club called the Ressource, to which strangers are admitted freely; there is a good restaurant in the house, where you may dine à la carte. Admittance to read the newspapers at the reading. room (Literärisches Museum) is easily obtained: Alt Markt, No. 6. 1st. floor.

The best shops are in the Schloss Gasse and Alt Markt. Fietta's café, at the corner of the Alt Markt and Schloss Gasse, is much frequented. Baldini in the Alt Markt is a good confectioner.

Cafés. Those on the Brühl Terrace, especially the Café Reale and the Belvedere, are much frequented in summer. The Café Reale has two wings; that nearest the bridge is for ladies, in which smoking is prohibited, on the opposite side it is allowed. Smoking is allowed on the ground floor at the Belvedere, but not in the supper room up-stairs. Very fair instrumental music may often be heard at the Belvedere in summer evenings. Dr. Struve's Spa. This distinguished physician has succeeded in imitating the mineral waters of Carlsbad, Ems, Pyrmont Spa, and others, even of the most complicated nature, so exactly, that they produce all the good effects of the original springs, and are allowed by the medical faculty to be equally efficacious in the cure of various disorders. Dr. Struve's establishment, similar to one on his plan long established at Brighton with great success, consists of baths and a pumproom, situated in an agreeable garden, to which patients may resort, or they may have the water sent to their own

dwellings. Dr. S. receives a certain number of boarders in his house.

Eilposten, &c., daily to Prague, Töplitz, and Carlsbad - to Freiberg and Chemnitz to Zwickau ; -four times a week to Annaberg.

Railroad to Leipzig-to Berlin in 6 hours-to Bautzen and Breslauto Schandau, in the Saxon Switzerland. In August 1850, if the Austrian Government are able to complete what it has undertaken, the railroad is to be open to Prague, 28 Germ. miles: trains in 7 or 8 hours. It is expected that a central station will be built in the Grosse Gehege.

Steamers ply on the Elbe, in summer, daily, except Tuesday, from Dresden to Meissen, at 9 A.M. and 6 P.M.; from Meissen to Dresden, 6 A. M. and 2 P.M. Two companies run steamers above Dresden, the Saxon and the Bohemian. The Saxon Company's boats, Frederick August, Königin Maria, and Prinz Albert go from Dresden to Pillnitz, Pirna, Rathen, Königstein, Schandau, Hirniskretschen, and Tetschen, 6 A.M. ́and 2 P.M.; from Tetschen to Dresden, 2 A.M. and 4 P.M. The Bohemian Company's boats, Germania, Bohemia, and Constitution, go daily from Dresden to Prague, 6 A.M.; from Prague to Dresden, 6 A.M. In fact, they only go as far as Obristwy, 16 m. from Prague; carriages and omnibuses convey the passengers thence to Prague. As the steamers reach Obristwy at about 10 P. M., and there is a very good hotel in the old Schloss at that place, it is advisable to stop there and proceed on to Prague in the morning.

English Church Service every Sunday, in the Johannes Kirche, near the Pirnaische Platz, at 11 a.m., and in summer also at 3 p.m.

Dr. Hedenus is a skilful physician, much employed by the English.

Promenades. There is no lack of pleasant walks in and about the town. Besides the Terrace of Brühl (p. 452.) and the gardens of the Japanese Palace (p. 465.), there are a sort of boulevard, which surrounds the town in the direc

tion of the levelled fortifications, and another pleasant small garden adjoining the Zwinger.

Qutskirts and Environs. At the distance of a mile from the barrier of the town, on the left bank of the Elbe, on the way to Pirna, lies the Grosse Garten, a large park filled with fine trees, containing several coffee-houses, to which people resort in summer, especially when attracted by a very good band, which often plays here.

About a mile S. E. of the town, and half a mile from the Great Garden, are the fields and slopes, which were the "scenes of the combats and bombardment preceding the retreat of the French to Leipzig." The allied force extended all round the old town from the barrier of Pirna on the Elbe, to the marsh of Priesnitz on that river below the town. Immediately behind the small village of Räcknitz, is the Monument of Moreau. He was struck by a shot from a battery at the angle of the wall now occupied by Dr. Struve's garden. Napoleon caused the distance to be measured, and it was found to be not less than 2000 yards. A large square block of granite, surmounted by a helmet, has been erected on the spot where he received his mortal wound. His two legs, which were separated from his body by a cannon-ball, are buried here, but his body was conveyed to St. Petersburg. The inscription says, "Moreau, the hero, fell here, by the side of Alexander, 27th August, 1813." The view of Dresden from this point is very good.

On the rt. bank of the Elbe, nearly a mile distant from the outskirts of the Neustadt, in the Churchyard (Neustädter Kirchhof), is a representation of the Dance of Death (Todtentanz); a procession of 27 figures, in several groups, each headed by the skeleton king, who drags on rather roughly, and with a triumphant air, the unwilling throng, composed of persons of all ranks, ages, and professions. This rude carving, in relief, is of no greater It has now beantiquity than 1534. come the more curious, since the ori

ginal Dance of Death exists no longer at Basle.

Tiedge the poet, and Adelung the celebrated philologist, are buried in this churchyard. Weber the composer, who died in London, and whose body was removed from Moorfields in 1844, and Fred. Schlegel, lie in the Catholic churchyard in the Friederichstadt.

The rt. bank of the Elbe, above Dresden, rises in picturesque hills from the edge of the river. These are topped with rich woods, while their lower slopes, turned to the southern sun, are covered with vineyards, and form a continuation of the Saxon wine district, which begins at Meissen, and extends up to Pillnitz. These sunny slopes are dotted over with neat white villas, in the midst of pleasuregrounds the retreats of opulent industry. Here also have been established several places of public resort, somewhat between a tea-garden, coffeehouse, and tavern, such as are always to be found in the neighbourhood of a German large town. (§ 40.)

Such are the Baths of Link (Linkesche Bad), an establishment comprising an inn, situated about half a mile from the outskirts of the new town, on the borders of the Elbe, in a very rural spot, with a garden abounding in alcoves; a Theatre, where dramatic performances take place in summer; and a mineral spring, with baths, which give the name to the spot. In summer afternoons, especially on Sundays, many hundred persons assemble here to take their ice, beer, or coffee to dance, or listen to the music of an excellent band.

There is a very pleasant foot-road from this, at the foot of the vine-clad hills, and by the Elbe side, nearly all the way to Pillnitz.

Not far from the Linkesche Bad is a large brewery, established in 1838. It is a very large establishment, carried on by a company, and the beer brewed here is what is known in Germany by the name of Bavarian. It is called the Waldschloss brewery, from a small Lustschloss which stood in its neighbourhood. The "Waldschlösses Bier"

enjoys a deserved reputation far and near.. The building contains rooms for visitors, and there is a terrace much frequented owing to the fine view from it. The brewery forms a striking ob. ject, looking up the reach of the river from the end of the Brühl terrace.

Opposite the Waldschloss, but on the same side of the river, is another good beer house, or caffé garten, called the Elysium.

A short distance above the Baths of Link, on the top of the hill beneath which the Elbe flows, is Findlater's, a house so called from a Scotch nobleman who resided here. After his death it became a public garden, but has been recently purchased, with the four adjoining vineyards, by Prince Albert of Prussia, in the name of Baron von Stockhausen. He is about to build a fine mansion here.

Following the carriage road, about 3 m. from the Baths of Link, and 1m. from the point where the post-road to Bautzen turns off on the 1. above Loschwitz, a small red-tiled, dilapidated country-house is seen, in the midst of a vineyard, close to the road. This was for some time the retreat of Schiller, who wrote the greater part of his "Don Carlos" in it. The building was lent to him by his friend, the elder Körner (father of the poet, who resided in the house below). The view from it is very pleasing.

The village immediately opposite Loschwitz, called Blasewitz, has been rendered famous by Schiller, who has named the female suttler in the camp of Wallenstein, Gustel of Blasewitz the said Gustel being a real person who, in the poet's time, used to sell cakes at the inn close to the ferry. This is indeed a classical neighbourhood; for before reaching near the village of Hosterwitz, is the house in which C. M. von Weber composed his operas of " Der Freischutz" and Oberon." It is the first house on the right, close to the road, after you pass an avenue of poplars running at right angles to the road. It is surrounded by walled vineyards.

Pillnitz,

The excursion to the romantic

The most interesting of all the excursions round Dresden is that to the Saxon Switzerland. (Routes 88, 89.) A traveller pressed for time, and unable to make the whole tour, should at least devote a day to visit the Bastei, Ottowalder Grund, and Königstein, which might easily be accomplished by starting by the railroad in the morning, so as to breakfast in the inn at the Bastei, proceeding thence along the rt. bank of the Elbe to Schandau, crossing the Elbe by ferry at Sehandau, dining at Königstein, and returning by the evening train to Dresden. Another mode of exploring it, which would occupy rather longer, is to go by the railroad to Schandau, walk thence to the Winterberg, and descend the Elbe in a boat from Hirniskretschen (or Hernnskretschen) to Dresden, stopping by the way to visit the most interesting spots on the banks of the Elbe.

The

General Information. The district called the "Saxon Switzerland" begins about 8 m. above Dresden, and extends beyond the Bohemian frontier. name of "Switzerland" is not alto. gether appropriate, as the scenery of the two countries is very different, and it may perhaps lead to exaggerated expectations, and comparisons disadvantageous to the Switzerland of Saxony. It has none of the glaciers, or snows, serrated ridges, and granite peaks of the real Switzerland, and its mountains are of very inferior height; but it has scenery so peculiar, and so unlike what is found elsewhere, that though it falls short, in sublimity, to that country, the Saxon Switzerland may be visited with surprise and gratification even by those who are acquainted with the other. The

it, and its banks are more interesting in this part of its course than in any other between its source and the sea.

"About 4 m. beyond Pillnitz the valley of the Elbe closes; the mountains become more lofty and bare; the majestic river, quitting at length the rugged and mountainous course which has hemmed him in from his birth in the Mountains of the Giant, and destined to visit, throughout the rest of his career, only scenes of industry and fertility, comes forth rejoicing from the gorges which you are about to enter. From this point up to the frontiers of Bohemia, the rocks in the neighbourhood of the river, principally on the right bank, consisting of a coarsegrained sandstone, are cut in all directions into gorges, as if the chisel had been used to hew passages through them. They should rather be called lanes, so narrow are they, so deeply sunk, and so smoothly perpendicular do the gigantic walls of rock rise on both sides. The walls themselves are cut vertically into separate masses, by narrow openings reaching from the summit to the very bottom, as if a cement, which once united them, had

been washed away. These perpendicular masses, again, are divided and grooved horizontally into layers, or apparent layers, like blocks regularly laid upon each other to form the wall. The extremities are seldom sharp or angular, but almost always rounded, betraying the continued action of water. They generally terminate in some singular form. Some have a huge rounded mass reclining on their summit, which appears scarcely broad enough to poise it; others have a more regular mass laid upon them, like the astragal of a Doric pillar; others assume the form of inverted pyramids, increasing in breadth as they shoot higher into the air. Occasionally they present a still more singular appearance; for, after tapering in a conical form to a certain elevation, they begin to dilate again as they rise higher, as if an inverted truncated cone were placed on a right truncated cone, resembling exactly, but

on an infinitely greater scale, what often occurs in caverns, where the descending stalactite rests on an ascending stalagmite."- Russell's Germany.

The rock of this district, which exhibits these phenomena, is the Quadersandstein of German geologists, agreeing with the green-sand formation of England. "It crumbles down into a soil soft to the feet, and of sufficient consistency not to be deep or heavy, affording the easiest and least fatiguing walking to the pedestrian. It is difficult to tire in such a country, where there is also abundance of shades and delicious water in every valley."-F. S. Many of the gorges, or narrow valleys, above described, are inaccessible in carriages, so that the entire tour of the Saxon Switzerland can only be made on foot. Nevertheless, most of the finest scenes lie within the distance of a short walk from some carriageroad; and notice is taken in the following route of those spots where travellers may leave their carriage, and of others to which it may be sent round to meet them. Guides may be found at the principal inns of the district, who will conduct strangers to the most interesting spots, by the shortest ways. A thaler a day is the usual trinkgeld.

All that is best worth noticing is described in the following routes, and may be seen in three days by a person who does not object to rise early, and who is moderately strong a-foot. On the first day, he may breakfast or dine at the Bastei. The baths of Schandau afford good sleeping accommodation, and may be chosen for the restingplace for the first and second nights, and Dresden may be reached early on the third evening. Pedestrians, who make the whole journey on foot, will require 4 days, or at least 3 and a half, and will find the best lodgings to be, for the 1st night, the Bastei; 2nd, Great Winterberg; 3d, Schandau or Königstein: but as the country from Dresden to Pillnitz, or Pirna, is dull and flat, it is best to take the railway to Pirna, or to take the steamer on the Elbe. Donkeys, ponies, and chaisesà-porteurs may be hired at all the prin

cipal stations for ladies and those who cannot walk. The mode of travelling may be agreeably varied on returning, by descending the Elbe in the steamer, or in boats called Gondeln, which may be hired in the towns and villages along the banks.

A visit to the Saxon Switzerland is now facilitated by the Steamers on the Elbe, see p. 469., and by the railway.

"An abbreviated Tour might satisfy many already acquainted with mountain scenery, who wish to see as much of the Saxon Switzerland as can be contained in an enlarged circuit from Dresden to Toeplitz. By leaving Dresden in the morning by the train to Pirna, which is reached in half an hour, crossing the Elbe, and walking through Ottowald, the Bastei may be gained before noon. The traveller may dine, and either cross the Elbe, ascend the highly interesting fortress of Königstein, and then recross it to Schandau, or may walk to Hochstein and Hohnstein, and thence by the Brand reach Schandau early, and spend the evening in its agreeable neighbourhood."

"Next day he may visit the Kuhstall and Prebisch-thor with the Great Winterberg; then return to the Elbe at Hernnskretschen, and follow the banks to Tetschen, whence by taking a carriage he may easily reach Tœplitz in the evening." - Pr. F.

There are 2 roads from Dresden to Pillnitz. 1st. A carriage-road, ana the shortest of the two, on the 1. side of the Elbe, by the village of Striesen, Tolckwitz, past Laubegast, to the flying-bridge, by which a communication is established with Pillnitz during the residence of the royal family, from May to the end of September. At other times, carriages are ferried over in boats. 2d. The other road along the rt. bank of the Elbe, passing the baths of Link, Findlater's vineyard, and Loschwitz (described at p. 470.), is not so good for carriages, and is also longer than the first, but it is more picturesque and interesting.

Pillnitz (Inn and restaurant near the palace, in summer) is the residence of the Court of Saxony from May to Sep