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the spot where the Duke of Brunswick, was mortally wounded.

Sulza Stat. Some way beyond this the Duchy of Saxe Weimar terminates, and Prussia is entered.

About 3 m. from Naumburg, the road crosses the narrow defile of the Saale. In it are situated the salt-works, baths, and mineral springs of Kösen, the approach to which is singular and picturesque; on the right, high above the Saale, is the Castle Saaleck.

The baths are supplied from the brine, or mother liquor, left in the pans when nearly all the salt has been extracted.

A little to the S. of the railroad lies the curious village Schulpforta, whose Church is a noble Gothic building (the choir, 1251-68), and in whose School, 300 years old, Klopstock and Lessing were educated.

23 Naumburg Stat. · Inns: Blaue Hecht, in the town; Preussischer Hof, good, in the suburbs. Naumburg is an industrious town, of 12,650 inhab., beautifully situated in the valley of the Saale, in the midst of an amphitheatre of hills covered with vines and dotted with country-houses. The Cathedral is a remarkable Gothic edifice, with double choir at the E. and W. ends. The nave, transepts, crypt, and part of towers are Romanesque. The W. choir is pointed in the purest style; the statues of the founders against the pillars are very fine works of the 13th century. The W. roodloft is also of the best period of the pointed Gothic. The crucifix is placed underneath, in the doorway; the front is ornamented with bas-reliefs. The E. roodloft is Romanesque, with round arches, a rare example of the style.

In the church of St. Wenzel is a picture of Christ blessing the children, by Cranach.

Naumburg was a place of great importance during the Thirty Years' War, and in the campaigns of 1806 and 1813.

Here were the Prussian magazines. Napoleon having turned the flank of the Prussian army seized the town, and this proved one of the main causes of the disastrous defeat at Jena. This town was again occupied by the

French, previously to the battle of Lützen, 1 May, 1813, and its possession was long and fiercely contested between the French and Russians. After the rout of Leipzig, the Allies having occupied Naumburg, Napoleon was obliged to turn aside towards Freiberg, out of the main road, the defiles near Naumburg being occupied with cannon.

Naumburg and Weissenfels are among the most northern points in Europe where vineyards are planted; but the greater part of the wine produced from them so nearly resembles vinegar, that it is chiefly profitable when sold as such, or when distilled to make brandy.

The castles of Schönberg and Goseck are seen on the left, before reaching

2 Weissenfels Stat. (Inns: Drei Schwäne, good; zum Schutzen, good; once a convent: Wallenstein retired hither after the battle of Lützen), is a town of 6000 inhab., on the Saale. The Castle on the height, to the S.W. of the town, formerly the residence of the Dukes of Weissenfels, is now a barrack.

The dead body of Gustavus Adolphus was brought hither after the battle of Lützen, and embalmed in a room of the Town-house (Amtshaus), in the presence of Bernard of Saxe Weimar. It is recorded that his heart weighed 1 lb. 2 oz. ; that the body bore the marks of 8 wounds, i. e. 5 gunshots, 2 cuts, 1 stab. A part of the wall, which was stained with his blood, is still preserved from external contact. His widowed queen repaired hither to receive the body. The heart was instantly conveyed to Stockholm; but the bowels are interred in the Kloster Kirche, in Weissenfels.

About 5 m. N. W. of Weissenfels is Rossbach, the scene of one of Frederick the Great's most memorable and unexpected victories, which he gained with an army of only 22,000 Prussians over 60,000 French and Austrians under Soubise, Nov. 5. 1757. The King directed his mauœuvres, previously unrivalled in military tactics, from the castle of Rossbach.

From the ridge on which it stands he despatched Sedlitz, at the head of his cavalry, to sweep down the French in successive charges, so as to drive them from the field in less than half an hour. The enemy, previously certain of victory, had directed their chief efforts to prevent the escape of Frederick, and had weakened their line by so doing, which caused their defeat.

24 Merseberg Stat. (Inns: Sonne; Arm; Hof), a town of great architectural interest, with a château and a fine Gothic Cathedral on a rock overlooking the river, the choir built in 1200, the nave 1500; having a rich portal and containing the tomb of the rival Emperor Rudolph of Swabia, 1080, killed in combat with Henry IV. 2 Halle Stat. Railroad thence to Leipzig. (See Rte. 63.)

The direct post road to Leipzig from Weissenfels, avoiding the circuit by Halle, passes through Lützen.

In the defile of Rippach, 3 miles from Lützen, Marshal Bessières was killed in a skirmish the day before the battle of 2d May, 1813.

bravely for the possession of the corse of their sovereign, and at last bore it off triumphantly to the church of the neighbouring village of Meuchen.

Lützen is also memorable for a more recent battle, fought on the 2d of May, 1813, between Napoleon and the Allies. The former maintained possession of the field, but gained no other material advantage, after a bloody engagement. The Prussian General Scharnhorst died of a wound received on this occasion; Blücher was also severely wounded. The Prussians have named this battle after the village of Gross Görschen, a little to the S. of Lützen, and near which and Kaia the field of battle lies. This was the first occasion in which they measured their strength successfully with the French, after the fatal battle of Jena.

The campaign of 1813 was fought over a great portion of the same ground as that of 1806; the same posts were contested and defended, but with very different results. Napoleon, who was successful in the first instance, suffered, in the neighbourhood of Leipzig, the most decisive defeat. On the 2d occasion, the operations of that memorable battle of the 17th, 18th, and 19th of October, 1813, extended to a distance of nearly 10 m., on all sides of Leipzig.

2 Lützen. Inns not good. A small village, whose name would never have been heard of, but for the great battles fought in its vicinity. About a mile out of the town, by the side of the high road to Leipzig, a rude unsquared block of granite, one of the most southern of those mysterious boulders which have been transported from the mountains of Scandinavia, is set up, shaded by a few poplars, and further distinguished by a Gothic canopy of cast iron, raised over it 1838. This is called the stone of the Swede (Schwedenstein), and marks the spot where Gustavus Adolphus fell, in the midst of the battle of Lützen, 6 Nov. 1632. This was one of the most fiercely contested engagements recorded in history. In the course of it, Piccolomini had seven horses killed under him, and Pappenheim was mortally wounded, Within the suburbs of Leipzig the and died the next day at Leipzig, road crosses the bridge over the river while their colleague, the Imperial Elster, which was blown up, towards Generalissimo Wallenstein rode un- the end of the battle of October 19. hurt through a shower of balls. The soon after Napoleon had crossed it, Swedish cavalry fought long and and while a large portion of his re

The Prussian territory terminates 3 m. beyond Lützen. Marktrannstadt is the first town in Saxony. In the castle of Alt Rannstadt, Charles XII. fixed his head-quarters after the conquest of Saxony by his army and the dethronement of Augustus. Hence he called on the cabinets of Europe to acknowledge Stanislaus Leczinsky, the monarch whom he had placed on the throne. The Duke of Marlborough here visited the youthful monarch on a secret mission, and complimented him by expressing a wish to serve a campaign under so great a general.

treating army was still on the opposite | Europe, and is visited by merchants side. This mistake caused the capture and foreigners from the most distant of 25,000 French soldiers, and the parts of the globe, sometimes to the death of many hundreds, who, with number of its actual population. The waggons, cannon, and horses, were money transactions at one time amountprecipitated into the Elster by the rush ed to 80 millions of dollars annually, and pressure which ensued. The most though of late they have fallen short of lamented and eminent of those who this sum. The streets and squares are thus perished was Poniatowski. His then occupied by temporary booths, in monument, near the spot where his addition to the ordinary shops, in body was found, stands in Gerhard's which goods of all kinds are exposed garden, on the right, before entering for sale. Every hotel and lodgingthe town. (See p. 445.) house is filled to overflowing, the streets are thronged with strange costumes and faces; Jews from Poland, Tyrolese, Americans, and even Persians from Teflis, Armenians, Turks, and Greeks, are mingled together as in a masquerade, and most of the countries of Europe send representatives hither with their produce. 300 or 400 guests sit down daily to the tables-d'hôte of some of the principal hotels; gardens and coffee-houses are thronged.

23 LEIPZIG.-Inns: H. de Bavière, very good indeed; H. de Russie; Blumenberg, well situated; H. de Prusse, Napoleon's quarters 1813; H. de Saxe; Hotel de Pologne ; Stadt Rom, near the Railway Terminus; Rheinischer Hof; the two last moderate, 2d class inns. During the fair the charge for a room is double the ordinary price, or a dollar, instead of 12 g. grosch. Aeckerlein's Restauration, in the Marketplace, is very good. Fetsche's Coffeehouse is prettily situated. Carriages are sent from the different inns to convey travellers to and from the railways -charge 5 Sgr.

Leipzig is built on the small rivers Elster and Pleisse, and has 50,000 inhab. and 2000 houses; it is a place of considerable historical celebrity, and of greater commercial importance; yet it is likely that it will appear dull to the traveller in search of amusement, unless he happens to visit it during the fair (when it is seen to great advantage), as it has neither very fine buildings nor remarkable collections to arrest the attention. The town, formerly confined within walls, has now removed its gates, and thrown out fine suburbs beyond-proof of increasing prosperity.

Three Fairs are held here annually; -at Easter (Oster Messe, beginning on the 2d Sunday after Easter), which| is the most important. At Michaelmas (beginning 1st Sunday after Michaelmas day), and the Neu Jahr Messe (beginning on New Year's day), the least important. They last three weeks, and while they continue, Leipzig is the mart and exchange of central

The sale of books forms one of the most important branches of commerce here; it alone is said to amount to 10 millions of francs yearly. In fact the whole book-trade of Germany is centred on the spot, and every bookseller in Germany and the adjoining countries has an agent here. 600 booksellers sometimes assemble at the Easter-fair, to settle their annual accounts and purchases, and there are more than 100 residents. They have an Exchange of their own, called Deutsche Buchhändler Börse, where they meet and transact business.

Leipzig is likewise celebrated for its University, the oldest in Germany after that of Prague, having been founded in 1409 by German seceders from the Bohemian University. Several buildings near the Grimma gate are appropriated to its use, the chief of them being the Augusteum, finished 1836, from Schinkel's design, and containing the Library of 100,000 vols., including a beautifully illuminated Hebrew MS., 12th cent., a collection of autographs (Letter of Sir T. More to Erasmus), early woodcuts and black books, the Paulinum, wherein the museums of natural history and

anatomy are deposited, and the Fürsten |
Collegium. It numbers about 60 pro-
fessors, 70 private teachers, and 900 or
1000 students. "This is one of the
few scholastic establishments on the
Continent which has retained its own
landed estates, most of the others having
been stripped within the last 50 years,
and being now supported by annual
grants. In other respects, also, it re-
sembles our English universities; 'com-
mons' being kept for 300 students, who
demand it on the plea of poverty, with
a small additional subscription of 2 gros.
a week for pepper, vinegar, and salt'
from those who participate."— L. M. r.
"The Town Library, in a very long
and striking room, besides European
works, has a remarkable collection of
Oriental MSS.; many Turkish books
obtained by the Germans in their vic-
tories over the Turks in Hungary, such
as pay lists; officers' commissions,
dating from 1683, when Sobieski res-
cued Vienna; a portion of an almost
unequalled Koran which belonged to
a mosque at Sultanieh, and another
brought from a mosque at Buda, when
that city was Mahommedan."—L. M. r.

St. Nicholas is the finest church in the town, but its architecture is of questionable taste, rather overloaded with ornaThe pictures of Eser are not

ment.

very interesting.

The Heilige Dreifaltigkeits Kirche, built from designs of Heideloff, is a very fair specimen of modern Gothic, and is worth entering.

The Great Market-place is picturesque, from the quaint architecture of its buildings, particulariy of the Town House (Rathhaus) built 1556, on one side of it. In this square the allied sovereigns met after the battle of Leipzig. The house called Königshaus, because formerly inhabited by the Electors and Kings of Saxony on their visits to the town, was occupied by Napoleon during the battle; here he had his last interview with the king, who was afterwards detained prisoner in it by the Allies as an adherent of Napoleon, and here Marshal Schwartzenburg, the general of the allied army, died in 1820. Next door to it is

Auerbach's Cellar, a vault under an old house near the market-place, where beer and wine are sold, and where, according to tradition, the famous magician, Dr. Faustus, performed his feats, which are represented in 2 rude daubs on the walls. Göthe has laid in this cellar a scene of his tragedy of Faust, in which the drunken students are supplied by Mephistophiles with various kinds of wine, out of holes bored with a gimlet in the table. It is said that the poet, as well as his hero, not unfrequently caroused here while a student.

The New Post Office in the Dresdener Strasse, Grimmäische Vorstadt, is the finest building here, after the Augusteum. Beyond it is the Ch. Yard of St. John, containing the graves of some remarkable men, Gellert, Spohn, Rosen. müller, Pölitz, &c.

The Castle of Pleissenburg, the ancient citadel, at the S. E. angle of the city walls, withstood the attacks of Tilly during the Thirty Years' War, several weeks after the town had surrendered. The lower part of it is now turned into a wool warehouse, and the tower into an Observatory, from the top of which a good view may be obtained of the town. The surrounding country is flat, but it is interesting as the scene of the memorable battle of Leipzig, distin guished by the Germans as the Volkerschlacht," Battle of the Nations." It was one of the longest, sternest, and bloodiest actions of the war, and one of the largest battles recorded in history, from the number of troops engaged, amounting to 136,000 on the side of Buonaparte, and 230,000 on that of the Allies, with 1600 cannon, and the space of ground over which the operations extended; and it decided the fate of Europe. After the conflict had raged for 3 days in the vicinity of Leipzig, on the 19th October, 1813, it reached up to the very walls, and cannon-balls fell in showers in the streets. morning of that day, Napoleon and part of his army passed through the town, quitting it on one side almost at the moment when the Allies entered it on the other. Indeed it is doubtful

On the

It

whether the emperor himself would have escaped, but for the bravery of Macdonald and Poniatowski in covering his retreat, and for the premature blowing up of the bridge beyond the Ranstadt gate, at the moment when many of the French troops were in the act of passing, and thousands remained behind. This event, whether designed or accidental, caused the death of Poniatowski, and many hundreds of less note; the spot where he was drowned may be discerned from the tower. is situated in M. Gerhard's (formerly Reichenbach's) Garden, just beyond the walls, and is marked by a small and humble stone monument close to the margin of the Elster, a mere ditch in size, but at the time of the battle so choked up with bodies of men and horses, dead, dying, or struggling to cross, that the sorry steed on which he was mounted, his own having been killed under him, was unable to swim among them. The brave Pole, already twice wounded, and borne down in the throng, sunk in attempting the passage. Macdonald, better mounted, passed it in safety nearly at the same spot. In another part of the garden is a stone tomb, with inscriptions in Polish and Latin, erected by the soldiers of his regiment to their commander, on the spot where his body was found 4 days after. The road to Grimma (towards the S. E.) leads over the most interesting portion of the field of battle.

The keeper of the Observatory will give every information respecting the battle, and point out all the interesting spots. An excellent account, with plans of the battle, has been published by Col. the Hon. George Cathcart, 1850.

There is nothing more agreeable here than the Gardens round the city walls, and between them and the suburbs. The entire circuit of these walks may be made in of an hour, and it will be found they are not surpassed in any town of Germany, especially in the part near the Grimma Gate.

Rosenthal, a park a little beyond the walls, is much frequented in summer. Leibnitz the philosopher, who was a

native of Leipzig, used to study and meditate in it. Baron Speek von Sternberg's cabinet of paintings at Lützschena, 5 m. from Leipzig, includes some firstrate works.

Leipzig is famed for 2 delicacies of the table, larks and apples; the last are named from the neighbouring village of Borsdorf. A British Consul General resides here.

Railroads from Leipzig-to Magdeburg; to Berlin; to Dresden; and to Hof, with a branch to Zwickau.

Schnellposts daily to Chemnitz; to Merseburg; to Annaberg, Chemnitz, and Lützen.

ROUTE 87.

LEIPZIG TO DRESDEN. RAILROAD.

15 Germ. m. =72 Eng. m.

Trains in 3 hours. Terminus in Leipzig, between the Halle and Grimma gates.

From Leipzig the railway runs parallel with the high road, and at a short distance from it as far as Oschatz, crossing it twice.

Both roads, on quitting Leipzig, traverse a portion of the battle-field of 1813 (p. 448.). During an engagement between Ney and the Crown Prince of Sweden, near the village of Paunsdorf on the post-road, the Saxons went over to the side of the Allies.

The river Mulda is crossed by a bridge of 19 arches, shortly before reaching 3 Wurzen Stat., a town of 3000 inhab.

2 Luppa Dahlen Stat.

The vale of Döllnitz is traversed on a lofty viaduct on approaching

14 Oschatz Stat. (Inn, Löwe), a town of 5000 inhab., surrounded by ancient fortifications. Its church has two tall towers with open spires. In the neighbouring château of Hubertsburg the treaty of peace, which terminated the Seven Years' War, was concluded, 1763, between Frederick the Great and the Empress Maria Theresa. The building is now converted into a pottery.

2 Riesa Stat. Here is the junction

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