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160 Sleep'st by the fable of Bellerus old,

165

Where the great Vision of the guarded mount
Looks toward Namancos and Bayona's hold.
Look homeward, Angel, now, and melt with ruth:
And, O ye dolphins, waft the hapless youth.

Weep no more, woeful shepherds, weep no more,
For Lycidas, your sorrow, is not dead,

Sunk though he be beneath the watery floor.
So sinks the day-star in the ocean bed,

And yet anon repairs his drooping head,
170 And tricks his beams, and with new spangled ore
Flames in the forehead of the morning sky:
So Lycidas sunk low, but mounted high,
Through the dear might of Him that walked the

waves,

Where, other groves and other streams along,
175 With nectar pure his oozy locks he laves,
And hears the unexpressive nuptial song,
In the blest kingdoms meek of joy and love.
There entertain him all the Saints above,
In solemn troops, and sweet societies,
180 That sing, and singing in their glory move,
And wipe the tears for ever from his eyes.
Now, Lycidas, the shepherds weep no more;
Henceforth thou art the Genius of the shore,
In thy large recompense, and shalt be good
185 To all that wander in that perilous flood.

J

Thus sang the uncouth swain to the oaks and rills,

While the still morn went out with sandals grey;
He touched the tender stops of various quills,
With eager thought warbling his Doric lay.
And now the sun had stretched out all the hills,
And now was dropt into the western bay.

At last he rose, and twitched his mantle blue:
To-morrow to fresh woods, and pastures new.

190

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B.-R. C. Browne, Milton's Poetical Works (Clarendon Press).

Cf.-Compare.

Fr.-French.

Lat.-Latin.

M.-Masson, Milton's Poetical Works (Macmillan).

O. F.-Old French.

Skeat-Skeat's Etymological Dictionary.

T.-W. P. Trent, Milton's L'Allegro, Il Penseroso, etc. (Longmans), V.-A. W. Verity, editions of L'Allegro, Il Penseroso, etc. (Cambridge University Press).

L'ALLEGRO

Title-L'Allegro: Italian, the cheerful man.

1.—Melancholy. The mythological figures in these poems are sometimes taken from the classics, sometimes, as in this case, created and given a parentage by Milton. 2.-Cerberus: in Greek mythology, the three-headed dog who guarded the entrance to the lower world.

3.-Stygian. The cave of Cerberus looked out on the Styx, one of the four rivers of Hades.

5.-uncouth: literally, "unknown," hence "wild," "fearful."

6.-brooding: partly literal, in keeping with the figure suggested also by wings; partly metaphorical, in keeping with the idea of watchfulness in jealous.

7.-night-raven. The raven is not a night bird, yet Shakspere also uses this term. The croaking of a raven was regarded as ominous, and perhaps the compound was formed, without reference to natural history, to intensify the idea of gloom.

10.-Cimmerian. The Cimmerians were a mythical people who, according to Homer (Odyssey, xi, 14) dwelt in perpetual mist and darkness.

12-16.-This account of the parentage of the three Graces (Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia) has been traced to Servius, a fourth century commentator on Vergil. 12.-Euphrosyne: Mirth. yclept: called, from the past participle of A. S. cleopian.

17.-sager: more sagely, or, "some wiser poets." 19.-Zephyr: the west wind. Aurora: the dawn. 12-24.-Note the significance of the two parentages suggested for Mirth: first, Love and Wine; second, and to Milton preferable, the spring breeze and the early morning.

22.-Cf. Shakspere's "Morning roses newly wash'd with dew" (Taming of the Shrew, II, i, 174).

24.-buxom: originally, "pliant;" later, as here, "gracious," "lively." What is the modern sense? debonair: O. F. de bon aire, of a good mien (Skeat); courteous, pleasant.

27.-Quips: sharp speeches. cranks: witty turns of expression. wanton wiles: sportive tricks.

28.-becks: nods, signs, bows. (Contracted from beckon.)

29.-Hebe: the goddess of Youth, who carried the cups of nectar to the gods.

36.-mountain-nymph.

Inhabitants of mountainous

countries are proverbially lovers of liberty.

40.-unreproved: unreprovable.

45-48. The sense of this passage has been much disputed. The chief interpretations are these:-(1) That it is the lark that comes. But it has been pointed out that it is not true to nature to make a lark come to a window, and some have instanced this as an example of Milton's inaccuracy in natural description. The

grammar also is unsatisfactory under this interpretation, to being unnecessary: hear the lark begin... to come... and bid. Again, if the lark is meant, why in spite of sorrow? (2) That L'Allegro is already out walking, and comes to the cottage window and bids good-morrow from the outside. To come would then be coördinate with to live (ver. 39) and to hear (ver. 41). This is M.'s view. (3) Thai L'Allegro, hearing the song of the lark, rises and comes to the window to bid good-morrow to whatever may be outside as he looks out through the vines. The grammatical construction according to this view is the same as in (2), and this has the advantage of making the succeeding barnyard scene a natural sequence. The following couplet from Sylvester's translation of Du Bartas (p. 70) a book well-known to Milton, is worth noting in this connection:

The cheerful birds, chirping him sweet good morrow,
With Nature's music do beguile his sorrow.

The passage is noted by C. Dunster in Considerations on
Milton's Early Reading, etc., Lond., 1800, p. 62.
48.-eglantine. Milton is not exact here.

Eglantine is really the same as sweet-briar, and is not twisting. It has been suggested that he means honeysuckle.

50.-The figure seems to be that of the rear of a retreating army scattering before the trumpet blast of the enemy, and to be mock-heroic in its application to the strutting fowl.

57.—not unseen. "Happy men love witnesses of their joy" (Hurd, quoted by M.).

60.-state: stately progress (Keightley).

62.-liveries: used not merely in the sense of "dress," but of the dress delivered by a lord to his retinue, and so suggesting the idea of the clouds as retainers of the sun in his stately progress. dight: arrayed.

67.—tells his tale: counts his number (of sheep).

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