Fagot, Le. A picture by Nikolaas | (or Claes Pietersz) Berghem (16241683), the Dutch painter, and regarded as one of his best. In the collection of Lord Ashburton, England.

Fair, The. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). In the Louvre at Paris.

Of

Fair, The. A picture by David Teniers the Younger (1610-1694), the Belgian genre-painter. numerous pictures upon this subject, perhaps the best specimen is at Vienna, Austria.

Fair Oaks. A locality four miles from Richmond, Va., where a severe but indecisive battle took place, May 31, 1862, between the Union and Confederate forces. Fairlop Oak. A famous tree in Hainault Forest, in Essex, England. It is said to have been 36 feet in circumference, and to have had 17 branches, each as large as an ordinary oak. For many years an annual fair, or festival, was held under and around this tree, in July, which was attended by crowds of the country people.

Fairmount Park. A vast and noble pleasure-ground in Philadelphia, Penn. It includes nearly 3,000 acres, and is larger than most, if not any, of the great parks of Europe and America. It is traversed by the river Schuylkill and by the Wissahickon Creek. In natural capabilities and in the improvements made upon them, this park must be ranked among the finest in the world. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 was held here.

Falaise Castle. A grand old ruin in Falaise, France, the ancient seat of the dukes of Normandy, and the birthplace of William the Conqueror.

Falkenstein. 1. An imposing ruin among the Taunus Mountains, in Germany, not far from Frankfort.

2. A mediæval fortress among the Harz Mountains, in Germany. Fall and Expulsion from Paradise. One of the frescos by Michael Angelo (1475-1564) in the Sistine Chapel, Rome.

Fall of Adam and Eve. A picture by Filippino Lippi (1460-1505). In the church of Sta. Maria del Carmine, Florence, Italy.

Fall of Schaffhausen. A picture by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851), the English landscape painter, and regarded as one of his best.

Fall of the Angels. 1. A celebrated picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). In the gallery at Munich, Bavaria.

"Though this famous picture is called the Fall of the Angels, I have some doubts as to whether this was the intention of the painter; whether he did not mean to express the fall of sinners, flung by the angel of judgment into the abyss of wrath and perdition." Mrs. Jameson.

2. A picture by Frans de Vriendt, called Frans Floris (1520-1570), a Flemish painter, and considered his masterpiece. It is in the Antwerp Museuin. Fall of the Damned. A celebrated picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). In the Pinakothek, Munich, Bavaria.

"It is impossible to form an adequate idea of the powers of Rubens without having seen this picture." Sir Joshua Reynolds. "The most surprising of Rubens's labors." Wilkie.

Fallen Angels. See FALL OF THE DAMNED.

Fame, Torre della. See TORRE DELLA FAME.

Family of Darius before Alexander. A picture by Paul Veronese (1530-1588), and his grandest work. Formerly in the Pisani Palace, Venice, but purchased by the British Government in 1857, and now in the National Gallery, London.

Famine. FAMINE. Faneuil Hall. A public edifice in Boston, Mass., famous as the place where the stirring speeches of the Revolutionary orators were made, which incited the people to resist British oppression and secure their independence. The building was erected in 1742 by Peter Faneuil, a Huguenot merchant. It was destroyed by fire in 1761, but rebuilt three years later. During the siege of Boston in 1775-76, it was converted into a theatre. It has a capacious hall, containing portraits of eminent Americans.

See SEVEN YEARS OF

They like to go to the theatre and be made to weep; to Faneuil Hall, and be taught by Otis, Webster, or Kossuth, or Phillips, what great hearts they have, what tears, what possible enlargements to their narrow horizons. Emerson.

Athens and the Acropolis. Rome and the Capitol, are not more associated ideas than are Boston and Faneuil Hall.

G. S. Hillard.

The resistance to the Stamp Act was of the same kind as the resistance to the shipmoney; and in our Revolutionary war there were as eloquent defences of our principles and course heard in the British Parliament as echoed in Fanueil Hall. Mrs. H. B. Stowe.

Let the sounds of traffic die:

Shut the mill-gate, leave the stall,Fling the axe and hammer by,

Throng to Faneuil Hall. Whittier. Forgets she how the Bay State, in answer to the call

Of her old House of Burgesses, spoke out from Faneuil Hall? Whittier.

Farmyard, The. A celebrated picture by Paul Potter (1625-1654), the Dutch painter. It was formerly in the gallery at Cassel, Germany, but is now in that of St. Petersburg, Russia.

Farnese Bull. [Ital. Toro Farnese.]

A celebrated work of ancient sculpture, representing the punishment of Dirce. Now in the

Museo Borbonico at Naples, Italy. It is described by Pliny as one of the most remarkable monuments of antiquity. It was found in the Baths of Caracalla at Rome, in the sixteenth century, and was placed by Michael Angelo in the inner court of the Farnese Palace, whence its name. In 1786 it was removed to Naples. It is supposed to be the work of the brothers Apollonius and Tauriscus, who probably lived in the first century after Christ.

"The celebrated group of the Farnese Bull is a noble work, in which the intellectual conception of the artist is not at all overlaid by the weight and bulk of the material." Hillard.

Farnese Cup. See TAZZA FAR

NESE.

Farnese Flora. See FLORA. Farnese Hercules. A celebrated ancient statue representing Hercules resting upon his club. At the foot of the club is inscribed the name of the Greek sculptor, Glycon. This statue was found at Rome in the Baths of Caracalla, in 1540, and subsequently removed to Naples, Italy, where it is now deposited in the Museum. The right hand is modern. By some this statue is supposed to be a copy of the Hercules of Lysippus. See HERCULES.

"The indication of nerves and muscles, or their absolute suppression, is what distinguishes a Hercules who is destined to fight monsters and brigands, and still be far from the end of his labors, from the Hercules who is purified of the grosser corporeal parts, and admitted to the felicity of the immortal gods. It is thus that we recognize the man in the Farnese Hercules, and the god in the Hercules of the Belvedere. It may even be said that this last approaches nearer to the sublime period in art than the Apollo itself."

Winckelmann, Trans.

The tenor is a spasmodic buffoon, a sort of ugly Farnese Hercules, wearing one of those old chin-clasping casques which is only met with amongst classic rubbish. Taine, Trans.

Farnese Mercury. An ancient statue, now in the British Museum, London. Purchased in 1865.

Farnese Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Farnese.] A magnificent Roman palace of immense size, begun by Paul III., one of the Farnese family. Michael Angelo was one of its architects. The materials were taken from the Coliseum and other ruins of ancient Rome. The great hall or gallery is painted in fresco by Caracci and his scholars. The palace fell by descent to the Bourbon kings of Naples, and within the last few years the exiled court have made it their place of residence. The Farnese gallery of sculpture was formerly celebrated; but the best pieces have been removed, and are now at Naples, Italy.

"The Palazzo Farnese, one of the finest palaces in Rome, is a shameless receiver of stolen goods. . The great hall, or gallery, is painted in fresco by Annibale and Agostino Caracci, and their scholars. .. About half of Lempriere's Classical Dictionary is painted on the walls and ceiling of the hall." Hillard.

"Of all these fossils, the grandcst, noblest, most imposing and rigidly magnificent, is, in my opinion, the Farnese Palace. Alone, in the middle of a dark square, rises the enormous palace, lofty and massive, like a fortress capable of giving and receiving the heaviest ordnance. It belongs to the grand era. It is indeed akin to the torsos of Michael Angelo. You feel in it the inspiration of the great pagan epoch."

Taine, Trans.

Farnesina. A beautiful villa in Rome, built in 1506 for Agostino Chigi, a great banker and patron of art. It contains some of the most beautiful frescos of Raphael. Chigi was famed for his display of princely magnificence and luxury. He gave here- the building is said to have been built expressly for the purpose — extravagant entertainments. On the occasion of a sumptuous banquet to Leo X. and the cardinals, three fish served upon the table are said to have cost 250 crowns, and the gold and silver plate to have been thrown into the Tiber as soon as used.

most

"The Palazzo Farnesina, the splendid monument of the taste and

magnificence of Agostino Chigi, is a pilgrim-shrine in art, because it contains the finest expression of Raphael's genius, when manifesting itself in pure ly secular forms." Hillard.

"Peruzzi's most beautiful build

ing is the Farnesina. Vasari says justly that it seems not formed by masonry, but born out of the ground, so complete does it stand there in its charming solitariness. At the present day it is forsaken, its open halls are walled up, the paintings on the outer walls are faded or fallen away with the mortar. But by degrees, as we become absorbed in the paintings, the feeling of transitoriness vanishes." Grimm, Trans.

Note. The Farnesina has been recently restored to an elegant and habitable condition. See GALATEA.

Farringdon Market. A market in
London, erected in place of Fleet
See
Market, opened in 1829.
FLEET MARKET.

Fast Castle. This ancient fortress in Scotland is the original of "Wolf's Crag," in Scott's novel of the "Bride of Lammermoor." Fasti Consulares. Famous tablets containing a list of all the consuls and public officers of Rome to the time of Augustus. They are still legible, though much mutilated. In the Hall of the Conservators, Rome.

Fata Morgana. A singular atmospheric phenomenon, quite similar to the mirage, which, under certain conditions of the elements, is observed in the Straits of Messina, between the coasts of Calabria and Sicily, and which is sometimes, though rarely, seen upon other coasts. It consists of multiplied images in the air of the hills, groves, buildings, people, and other objects on the surrounding coasts. These images are inverted, and the whole forms a sort of moving spectacle. It is popularly thought to be the work of the fairy of the same name.

"On Calabria's side lay Reggio, which a few weeks previously had suffered terribly from an earthquake. Now every thing lay in a warm, smiling sunlight; yet the smile of the coast here has in it something like witch craft. My thoughts were on the mil

lions whose hearts have beat with the fear of death and longing for life under these coasts, the millions who have sailed here, from the time Ulysses sailed past the cavern of Polyphemus, until now that our arrowy steamer glided over the watery mirror, where Fata Morgana shows her airy palace; but no colonnades of rays, no fantastic cupola and Gothic towers, arose on the blue waters. Yet the coast itself was a Fata Morgana for the eye and thought."

Hans Christian Andersen.

But what must be thought of the female dramatist, who, for eighteen long months, can exhibit the beautifullest Fatamorgana to a flush cardinal, wide awake, with fifty years on his head; and so lap him in her scenic illusion that he never doubts but it is all firm earth, and the pasteboard coulisse-trees are producing Hesperides apples? Carlyle

Fates. See THREE FATES. Faubourg St. Antoine. A quarter of Paris inhabited by the workingclasses, and famous in the Revolution of 1789 as the source and headquarters of the insurrectionary elements in the city. It has

been since the time of the Fronde the seat of disturbances. From 1830 to 1851 many riots and bloody fights gave a disagreeable character to this quarter, but since 1854 a change has taken place in this respect. Here and in the vicinity are some of the chief manufactories of the city.

Faubourg St. Germain. A fashionable quarter of Paris in which the ancient nobility resided. Many of the houses of the old noblesse are still standing.

"St. Germain is full of these princely, aristocratic mansions, mournfully beautiful, desolately grand." C. Beecher.

Everybody knows something of a handsome and very elegant young baron of the Faubourg St. Germain, who, with small fortune, very great taste, and greater credit contrived to get on very swimmingly as an adorable roué and vaurien till he was hard upon twenty-five.

old noblesse, never ceased to court the Faubourg St Germain, doubtless with the feeling that fashion is a homage to men of his stamp Emerson.

Faun, The [of Praxiteles]. A celebrated ancient statue. Now in the Capitol, Rome.

"It is the marble image of a young man, leaning his right arm upon the trunk or stump of a tree. . . . It is impossible to gaze long at this stone image without conceiving a kindly sentiment towards it, as if its substance were warm to the touch, and imbued with actual life." Hawthorne.

The shepherd asleep on a sheltered bank under the rocks, is already a Faun of Praxiteles, and might be a Theseus or a Perseus. Bayard Taylor.

Faun. See BARBERINI FAUN, DANCING FAUN, DRUNKEN FAUN, RONDININI FAUN, SLEEPING FAUN, etc. Favorite, The. An armor-plated ship of the British navy, launched July 5, 1864.

Fawkes's Cellar. See GUY FAWKES'S CELLAR.

Feast of Roses. A picture by Albert Dürer (1471-1528). In the monastery Strahoff at Prague, Austria.

Feast of the Gods. A large fresco in the Farnesina, Rome, representing the gods as deciding the dispute between Venus and Cupid, designed by Raphael (14831520), but chiefly executed by his pupil Giulio Romano.

Feast of the Gods. A noted picture begun by Giovanni Bellini (1426-1516), but completed by Titian (1477-1576), now in the collection of the Duke of Northumberland at Alnwick Castle, England. There is a copy, thought to be by Poussin, in the Scotch Academy.

Feast of the King of the Beans. A picture by Gabriel Metsu (b. 1630), a Dutch genre-painter. In the Gallery of Munich, Bavaria. Feast of the Levite. A picture of great size by Paul Veronese (1530-1588). It was formerly in the refectory of SS. Giovanni e Paolo, now in the Accademia. delle Belle Arti, Venice, Italy.

Fecundidad, La. [Offering to the Goddess of Fecundity.] An admired picture by Titian (14771576). In the gallery at Madrid, Spain.

Federal Hill. An eminence south of the centre of the city of Baltimore, Md. It was a place of much interest during the civil war, having been seized and occupied by Gen. Butler, and heavily fortified to protect the city, and to overawe internal sedition.

Feldmässer, Die. [The Land Surveyors.] See GEOMETRICIANS,

THE.

Felix, The. An Arctic exploring

ship which sailed to the northern seas under Sir John Ross in 1850.

Fellows Marbles. A collection of sculptures in the British Museumn, London, brought from the ancient city of Xanthius.

Felsenmeer. [Sea of Rocks.] 1. A remarkable accumulation of

syenitic rocks in the Odenwald,

not far from Darmstadt, Germany.

2. A natural curiosity in the form of an immense mass of detached rocks, near Hemar, in Westphalia.

Fenchurch Street. A street in London, which derives its name from a fen, or bog, caused by the overflow of a small stream which ran into the Thames.

Fernay. This château, four and one-half miles north of Geneva, was built by Voltaire, and became his residence. He also erected a church, and founded the little village about it, by promoting manufactures.

This and several subsequent appeals of the same sort are among the best points in the conduct of the Philosopher of Fernay. Spalding.

the residence of the dukes of Ferrara. It is considered one of the finest relics of feudal times.

Ferriter's Castle. An ancient ruined stronghold, situated in a wild spot, almost on the verge of the Atlantic, in the county of Kerry, Ireland.

Ferronière, La Belle. See BELLE FERRONIÈRE.

Festival of Venus in the Isle of Cytherea. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). Now in the Imperial Gallery at Vienna, Austria.

Feuillant Club. A political association in Paris established during the Revolution. It was originally called the Club of 1789. It derived its name from the convent of the Feuillants in which its meetings were held. Feuillants [Église des]. A fine church in Bordeaux, France. It contains the tomb of Montaigne. Field Lane. A street in London which has now mostly disappeared. It was inhabited by a wretched, criminal class.

"In its filthy shops are exposed for sale huge bunches of second-hand silk handkerchiefs of all sizes and patterns; for here reside the traders who purchase them from the pickpockets. Hundreds of these handkerchiefs hang dangling from pegs outside the windows, or flaunting from the door-posts; and the shelves within are piled with them. Confined as the limits of Field Lane are, it has its barber, its coffeeshop, its beer-shop, and its fried-fish warehouse. It is a commercial colony of itself, the emporium of petty lar ceny." Dickens.

Field of Blood. A tract in Italy, now occupied by the village of Canne, and still called." Campo di Sangue," Field of Blood. It is the site of the ancient battlefield of Cannæ, where Hannibal gained a great victory over the Romans, B.C. 216. Field of Blood. See ACELDAMA. Field of Flodden. See FLODDEN FIELD.