clude many curiosities from Oriental countries and other distant nations.

Among the numerous curiosities is a piece of wood-carving in the form of two hemispheres 1 inches in diameter, in the concavities of which are carved representations on the one hemisphere of heaven and on the other of hell. There are 110 fulllength figures in the carving, and the whole is very skilfully executed. It is said to be the work of an Italian monk of the fourteenth century.

East Room. A noted apartment in the White House at Washington, being a richly-decorated hall 80 feet in length by 40 feet in width, adorned with portraits of the Presidents, and used for public receptions.

Eagle's Nest. A celebrated rock about 1,200 feet in height, among the Killarney lakes in the county of Derry, Ireland. It is noted for its wonderful and exciting echoes. It derives its from the fact, that for centuries it has been the favorite abode of eagles.

name

"It is impossible for language to convey even a remote idea of the exceeding delight communicated by this development of a most wonderful prop: erty of nature. .. It is not only by the louder sounds that the echoes of the hills are awakened; the clapping of a hand will call them forth; almost a whisper will be repeated, - far off, ceasing, resuming, ceasing again."

Mr. and Mrs. S. C. Hall.

"It is scarcely in the power of language to convey an idea of the extraordinary effect of the echoes under this cliff, whether they repeat the dulcet notes of music or the loud, discordant report of a cannon." Weld.

Eastcheap. An ancient thoroughfare in London. It was the East Cheap or market, in distinction from Cheapside, which was the West Cheap. Here was the famous Boar's Head Tavern. Stowe says that Eastcheap was always famous for its" convivial doings. The cookes cried hot ribbes of beef roasted, pies well baked, and other victuals: there was clattering of pewter pots, harpe, pipe, and

sawtrie." See BOAR'S HEAD TAV

ERN.

Then I hyed me into Est-Chepe, One cryes ribbes of befe and many a pye: Pewter pottes they clattered on a heape. Lydgate.

Eastcheap, that ancient region of wit and wassail, where the very names of the streets relished of good cheer, as Pudding Lane bears testimony even at the present day. Irving.

Age, care, wisdom, reflection, begone! I give you to the winds. Let's have t'other bottle: here's to the memory of Shakespeare, Falstaff, and all the merry men of Eastcheap. Goldsmith. innumerable

Shakespeare knew things: what men are, and what the world is, and how and what men aim at there, from the Dame Quickly of modern Eastcheap to the Cæsar of ancient Rome, over many countries, over many centuries. Carlyle.

Eastnor Castle. The seat of the Earl of Somers, near Ledbury, Eaton Hall. A noted mansion, England. the seat of the Marquis of Westminster, on the banks of the Dee, near Chester, England. Eaton Square. A well-known public square in London. Ebernburg. A ruined castle in Bavaria, which, in the sixteenth century, afforded shelter to many of the early Reformers. Ecce Homo. [Behold the Man.] A favorite subject of representation by the religious painters of the Middle Ages, in which Christ is exhibited as presented to the people, according to the account in John xix. 5.

"The Ecce Homo is a comparatively late subject. It did not occur in the Greek Church, it does not appear in early ivories, nor in manuscripts. . It was one of the aims in the Roman Church from the fifteenth century, to excite compassion for the Saviour, an aim which has always tended to lower Art by lowering the great idea she is bound to keep in view." Lady Eastlake.

On the freshly - stretched canvas of American landscapes plenty of Ecce Homos breathe and live, who hide their wounds lest they fill the eyes of beholders with a mediæval pity. John Weiss.

Of a great number of compositions upon this subject, a few only of the inore celebrated or familiar may be named.

Ecce Homo. A picture by Fra Bartolommeo (1469-1517). In the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy.

Ecce Homo. A celebrated picture by Antonio Allegri, surnamed Correggio (1494-1534). The Virgin is represented in front fainting-a unique incident. This picture is considered a masterwork of Correggio. Now in the National Gallery, London. There is another picture by Correggio upon the same subject, in the Museum at Berlin.

"The Ecce Homo, by Correggio, in our National Gallery, is treated in a very peculiar manner in reference to the Virgin, and is, in fact, another version of Lo Spasimo [q. v.], the fourth of her ineffable sorrows. Here Christ, as exhibited to the people by Pilate, is placed in the distance, and is in all respects the least important part of the picture, of which we have the real subject in the far more prominent figure of the Virgin in the foreground."

Ecce Homo. A picture by Ludovico Cardi da Cigoli (1599-1613), his chef d'œuvre, and a work of the highest order. It is in the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy.

"One of the most beautiful pictures of this subject was reserved for a comparatively late master to execute. Cigoli's large work in the Pitti ... can hardly fail to touch the heart. . . . All is mournful, gentle, and loving; and the very color of the robe adds to the sadness." Lady Eastlake.

Ecce Homo. A painting by Rembrandt van Ryn (1606-1669).

"That inspired Dutchman,' as Mrs. Jameson has called Rembrandt, threw all his grand and uncouth soul

into this subject [the Ecce Homo]. He painted it once in chiaroscuro, and treated it twice in an etching, each time historically." Lady Eastlake.

Ecce Homo. A picture by Jan van Mabuse (1499-1562 ?), a Flemish painter. It is in the Museum at Antwerp, Belgium.

Ecce Homo. A celebrated pic ture by Titian (1477-1576), which includes portraits of the Emperor Charles V. in armor, of the Sultan Solyman, and of the painter himself. The picture formerly belonged to Charles I. of England, and was sold by Oliver Cromwell. Now in the Belvedere Gallery at Vienna, Austria.

Ecce Homo. An admired picture by Francesco Barbieri, called Guercino (1590-1666). In the Palazzo Corsini, Rome.

"A painting which, notwithstanding the painful nature of the subject and all its hackneyed representations, is full of such deep and powerful expression, and so faultless in its execution, that it awakens our highest admiration." Eaton.

Eccentrics, The. A convivial club in London, which first met about 1800 in a tavern in Chandos Street, Covent Garden, and afterwards removed to St. Martin's Lane, where they met till 1840. It was an offshoot of The Brilliants.

"Amongst the members were many celebrities of the literary and political world, they were always treated with indulgence by the authorities. . . . From its commencement the Eccentrics are said to have numbered upwards of 40,000 members, many of them holding high social position: among others, Fox, Sheridan, Lord Melbourne, and Lord Brougham. On the same memorable night that Sheridan and Lord Petersham were admitted, Hook was also enrolled." Timbs.

Echo Cañon. A remarkable and famous ravine forming a gateway through the Wahsatch range of mountains in Utah Territory. It is one of the most astonishing natural spectacles to be found in the West. The trains of the Union Pacific Railroad pass through

this gorge.

Echo Lake. A picturesque little lake a short distance north of the

Profile House in the Franconia Mountains, N.H., so named from the remarkable echoes which can be heard here. "Franconia is more fortunate in its little tarn that is rimmed by the undisturbed wilderness, and watched by the grizzly peak of Lafayette, than in the Old Stone Face from which it has gained so much celebrity."

Echo River. A partly subterranean river in Kentucky. It flows for three-quarters of a mile within the Mammoth Cave, and finally empties into Green River. Ecluse. See FORT DE L'ECLUSE. École Polytechnique. [Polytechnic School.] A celebrated institution in Paris, founded in 1795. The pupils are admitted only on examination. The candidates must be between 16 and 20 years of age. The pupils are examined at the end of the course, which is two years in length, and are assigned to various positions in the public service, according to their proficiency. They have more than once shown themselves ardent politicians.

Ecstasy of St. Francis. A picture by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641). In the gallery at Vienna, Austria.

66

Eddystone Light-house. The Eddystone " is the name of the highest part of a perilous reef about 14 miles south-west of the harbor of Plymouth, England. The first light-house upon this dangerous rock was begun in 1696 by Henry Winstanley. Several years after the completion of this structure, which resembled a "Chinese pagoda, with open galleries and fantastic projections," it was entirely carried away. Another light-house, built of stone and timber, was completed by Mr. Rudyerd in 1709, and burned in 1755. The third and present light-house upon the Eddystone rock was begun by John Smeaton in 1756, and finished in 1759. It is built of stone, and the separate stones are securely fastened together (and the lower

courses to the ledge) by an ingenious system of dovetailing. It is 100 feet in height and 26 feet in diameter. Over the door of the lantern is the inscription: "24th Aug., 1759. Laus Deo."

Eden Hall. The ancient seat of the celebrated Border clan of the Musgraves, near Penrith, in Cumberland, England. An interesting legend is connected with a curious drinking-cup, an heirloom in the family. See LUCK OF EDENHALL.

Eden Park. A pleasure-ground of

160 acres on an eminence east of Cincinnati, O.

Edgecumbe. See MOUNT EDGE

CUMBE.

Edinburgh Castle. A celebrated fortress in the form of an irregular pile of buildings on an eminence in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland. As a royal residence it dates back to the twelfth century. It was taken by Cromwell after the battle of Dunbar.

Edouard, Enfans d'. See ENFANS D' EDOUARD.

Edward the Confessor's Chapel. An ancient chapel in Westminster Abbey, London, in which are the tombs of many of the early kings and queens of England, with their families.

Egeria. See FOUNTAIN OF EGERIA. Eglinton Castle. The seat of the Earl of Eglinton, near Irvine, Scotland.

Egypt. See FLIGHT INTO EGYPT and REPOSE IN EGYPT.

Egyptian Hall. 1. The principal room in the Mansion House, London, so named from being built in accordance with the description of the Egyptian Hall given by Vitruvius.

A playful fancy could have carried the matter further, could have depicted the feast in the Egyptian Hall, the ministers, chief justices, and right reverend prelates taking their seats round about his lordship, the turtle and other delicious viands.

Thackeray.

2. An edifice known as Egyptian Hall, and containing lecture

rooms, a bazaar, and gallery of curiosities, is situated in Piccadilly, London.

Egyptian Museum. The collection of this museum, in the Vatican, Rome, was begun by Pius VII. Ehrenberg. A fine relic of mediæval times, situated on a rocky height near the Moselle. It is thought to surpass in beauty any of the castles on the Rhine. Ehrenbreitstein. [Broad Stone of Honor.] This fortress, called the Gibraltar of the Rhine, is situated on a precipitous rock, 377 feet above the river. During the French Revolutionary War it was besieged four times, and surrendered in 1799. The French subsequently blew it up, and deserted it in 1801. The fortress was restored at great expense by the Prussians, and is much admired. The view from the summit is one of the finest on the Rhine. Ehrenbreitstein, at first a Roman castrum, was a refuge for the electors of Treves in mediæval times.

"Apart from its magnitude and almost impregnable situation on a perpendicular rock, it is filled by the recollections of history, and hallowed by the voice of poetry.' Bayard Taylor.

Here Ehrenbreitstein, with her shattered

wall

Black with the miner's blast upon her height,

Yet shows of what she was, when shell and ball

Rebounding idly on her strength did light: A tower of victory! from whence the flight

Of baffled foes was watched along the plain;

But Peace destroyed what War could never blight,

And laid those proud roofs bare to summer's rain,

On which the iron shower for years had poured in vain. Byron.

Ehrenfels. [Rock of Honor.] A ruined castle of the thirteenth century, near Bingen on the Rhine.

Eichelstein. [The Acorn.]

The

popular name of the old Roman structure at Mayence, otherwise known as the Tower of Drusus. See DRUSUS, TOWER OF.

1807. A picture by Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier (b. 1813). The artist is said to have labored 15 years upon this picture, which was purchased by the late A. T. Stewart of New York for more than 300,000 francs.

1814. A picture by Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier (b. 1813), the eminent French painter.

Eildon Hall. A seat of the Duke of Buccleuch, near Newton St. Boswells, Scotland.

Einsiedeln Abbey. A famous Benedictine abbey in the town of Einsiedeln, Switzerland, after Loreto, in Italy, the most celebrated resort for pilgrims in Europe. It is estimated that more than 150,000 persons visit this shrine of the Virgin annually on the 14th of September.

"I was astonished at the splen. dor of this church situated in a lonely and unproductive Alpine valley. The lofty arches of the ceiling, which are covered with superb fresco-paintings, rest on enormous pillars of granite, and every image and shrine is richly ornamented with gold. Many of the pilgrims came from a long distance." Bayard Taylor. Eiserne Jungfrau. See IRON VIR

GIN.

Eleanor Crosses. A popular name of memorials, in the form of a cross, erected to Queen Eleanor of England by order of her husband, King Edward, "in every place and town where the corpse rested (on its way from Hardby to Westminster)." Fifteen crosses are believed to have been originally erected, of which only three now remain, the principal and best known being those at Northampton and at Waltham. CHARING CROSS.

Time must destroy those crosses
Raised by the Poet-King,
But as long as the blue sea tosses,
As long as the skylarks sing,
As long as London's river

See

Glides stately down to the Nore,
Men shall remember ever
How he loved Queen Eleänore.
Mortimer Collins.

Electors of Treves, Castle of the.
A vast medieval palace (built

ufactory.

are

Elephant, The. An old London tavern in Fenchurch Street, of earlier date than the Great Fire of 1666, taken down in the first part of this century and rebuilt. Elephanta, Cave-temples of. These celebrated remains situated upon the island of Elephanta, about seven miles from Bombay, in India. In one of the caves is a colossal figure of the Hindoo Trinity, called the Trimurti. The largest temple-cave is 130 feet long by 123 feet in breadth.

"The Portuguese, in their zeal for destroying heathen idols, planted cannon before the entrance of the cave, and destroyed many of the columns and sculptured panels, but the faces of the colossal Trinity have escaped mutilation. This, the Trimurti, is a grand and imposing piece of sculpture, not unworthy of the best period of Egyptian art. It is a triple bust, and with the richly adorned mitres that crown the heads, rises to the height of twelve feet." Bayard Taylor.

Elevation of the Cross. A colossal picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). In the Cathedral of Antwerp, Belgium.

"Rubens stands forth in all his Titanic greatness as the painter of violent and agitated scenes. The effect of this picture [the Elevation of the Cross] is something overpowering, but in all other respects it bears no comparison with the Descent from the Cross [q. v.]." Handbook of Painting.

This subject has been treated by painters of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by Vandyck, Lebrun, Largillière, and others.

Elgin Cathedral. This ancient cathedral, on the banks of the Lossie, was founded in 1224. It has been repeatedly injured by fire, and plundered, and rebuilt. Though not harmonious, different portions being of different styles of architecture, its remains are on the whole the most magnificent ecclesiastical ruins in Scotland.

In

sculptures brought from the Parthenon at Athens by the Earl of Elgin, and now deposited in the British Museum, London. 1801 Lord Elgin, who had gone to Athens for the purpose, received permission from the Turkish Government to take away any stones that might be interesting to him; and the result of his labors was the collection which has since borne his name. The marbles were purchased by the British Government in 1816.

"Were the Elgin Marbles lost, there would be as great a gap in art as there would be in philosophy if Newton had never existed." Haydon.

"We possess in England the most precious examples of Grecian power in the sculpture of animals. The horses of the frieze in the Elgin collection appear to live and move, to roll their eyes, to gallop, prance, and curvet; the veins of their faces and legs seem distended with circulation; in them are distinguished the hardness and decision of bony forms, from the elasticity of tendon and the softness of flesh." Flaxman.

"Lord Elgin, at Athens, saw the imminent ruin of the Greek remains, set up his scaffoldings, in spite of epigrams, and, after five years' labor to collect them, got his marbles on ship. board. The ship struck a rock, and went to the bottom. He had them all fished up, by divers, at a vast expense, and brought to London; not knowing that Haydon, Fuseli, and Canova, and all good heads in all the world, were to Emerson. be his applauders."

It is 'Change time, and I am strangely among the Elgin Marbles.

Charles Lamb. A

Elijah in the Wilderness. picture by Washington Allston (1779-1843), the American painter. Now in England. Eliodoro, Stanza d'. See STANZE OF RAPHAEL.

Elisius, St. See ST. ELISIUS. Elizabeth. See ST. ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY.

Ellen's Isle. An island in Loch Katrine, Scotland, celebrated in the legendary history of Scotland, and in Sir Walter Scott's poem