Champagne in France. The French bottle will stand a pressure of twenty-five to thirty atmospheres; while the American will rarely bear inore than sixteen to eighteen, as shown by the manometer used in testing them. The neck of the French bottle is likewise more uniform. No old nor second-hand bottles are used. The corks are also imported from Epernay.

This second fermentation having now progressed as stated, it is arrested in great measure by lowering the bottles into the vaults built for storage of sparkling wine, where they are stacked by scores of thousands, in long rows resembling cord-wood; each bottle being laid on its side, along which now collects the sediment generated by the fermentation. The developement of gas may not, however, wholly cease, as the occasional bursting of bottles will show. In one hot August, some years ago, the gas evolved by a slight excess of the rock-candy caused the destruction of fifty thousand bottles. The wine thus spilled is, however, conducted by a contrivance of stone gutters to a reservoir, and is distilled into brandy; seven measures of wine making one of brandy.

The bottled wine thus stacked in store may remain undisturbed for years. When wanted for market, the bottles, without disturbance of their sediment, are carefully placed in racks, their necks inclining downward, and are gradually raised, day by day, toward a perpendicular and inverted position, each bottle being every day twirled about one-third round and back again by hand several times; which agitation causes the sediment to collect gradually in the neck, leaving the wine above perfectly clear. This operation requires two or three weeks.

The bottles are now carefully elevated from the cellar; and, as a very skilful workman removes each cork, the puff of gas expels all sediment a process known as "disgorging "—and the bottle passes to the hand of another, who quickly adjusts its mouth to a tube, through which it receives by gauge a small quantity of the wine-solution of pure rock-candy-just enough to make good the loss in disgorging; and the bottle is received by a third workman, and furnished, at a single blow of a mallet, with a new cork, which a fourth workman as quickly secures in its place by the use of an admirable machine. The wine is made.

The bottles are now removed to the packingroom, and there properly labelled, and packed in boxes of twelve quart bottles or twenty-four pint bottles each; and every box is secured against fraudulent opening by means of Bartlett's patent-a red tape tied round the centre of the box, fitting in a groove, and sealed with the seal of the wine-house; which patent has been adopted as the "trade-mark" for pure wines by the American Wine-Growers' Association of Ohio.

In the preparation of still wines, the proprietor avails himself of a valuable precaution which is of practical interest to the makers of wine

The discovery made by L. Pasteur (to which was awarded a gold medal by the Emperor of France at the Paris Exposition), that wine heated to the temperature of sixty degrees centigrade will not turn, become diseased, nor deposit sediment, was immediately put into practice at this wine-house.

A heating chamber was constructed with capacity for two thousand bottles of wine; and the result exceeded anticipation. Wine heated in accordance with Pasteur's method, and afterward exposed to the sun for four weeks, only gained a more perfect clearness; while wine so exposed, without such preparation, showed that trace of sediment which the most careful winemakers have not hitherto been able to prevent. Dry wine in casks can be heated in the same manner. The history of this discovery in France thus far gives assurance that it will be of incalculable use in the preservation and even the restoration of wine.

Of still wines, there are seven kinds made at this house: namely, Catawba, Isabella, Concord, Virginia Seedling, Ives's Seedling, Rentz Seedling, and Taylor's Bullitt. Of Sparkling wines, only Catawba and Isabella have hitherto been manufactured; but the list is increased the present season by adding the Delaware, Ives's Seedling, Virginia Seedling, Concord, and Rentz Seedling. They promise great excellence, and are now for the first time presented to the American public as sparkling wines.

WISCONSIN. The Legislature met on the 1st of January, and continued in session till April 11th. Among the various acts passed, the following are the most prominent, viz.: One submitting to the people, at the next election, an amendment to the State constitution, allowing each member of the Legislature three hundred and fifty dollars per annum for his services, and ten cents for every mile he shall travel in going to and returning from the place of meeting. Another, allowing the regents of normal schools to expend annually $5,000 in holding teachers' institutes in different parts of the State. Another, for the preservation of game, which makes it penal to catch or destroy any woodcock, grouse, deer, etc., during certain months specified; and one with similar provisions for the preservation of brook-trout. Another regulating the hours of manual labor, and fixing the same at eight hours a day. Another regulating insurance companies, not incorporated by the State, and imposing on them stringent conditions." Another consolidating all the Wisconsin railroads running into Milwaukee, except the Chicago and Northwestern; and a resolution to amend the constitution, giving to women the right of suffrage. The finances of the State are in excellent condition. The amount of public indebtedness is $2,279,057. The receipts into the Treasury for the fiscal year ending September 30th were $835,127.95, and the disbursements $826,533 82, leaving an unexpended balance of $8,594.13.

The aggregate value of taxable property in

the State, as equalized by the Board of Equalization, is $211,479,319, being an increase since 1865 of $57,212,699.

Persistent efforts have been made to secure a final settlement of the claim of the State against the General Government on account of expenses incurred in connection with the war, but up to this time such settlement has not been effected. In addition to the sums heretofore paid, $131,437.24 have been allowed the State during the past year, leaving unadjusted accounts to the amount of about $248,000.

The Legislature of 1865 provided for an equal division of the swamp-lands then unsold, and the proceeds of such lands previously sold, between the normal school fund and the towns in which they were located; the lands set apart to the towns to be sold by the State, and the proceeds to be paid to the towns each year. During the last fiscal year there was paid to county treasurers for towns, on account of sales, the sum of $68,268.38.

There were sold by the State, during the past year, 67,945 acres school land, 3,300 acres university land, 21,901 acres normal school land, and 9,686 acres agricultural college land.

The subject of common-school education has always been deemed an important one in this State, and the most liberal provisions have been made for its furtherance. The following extract from the Governor's message indicates the general feeling of the people:

"The promptness and cheerfulness with which the people respond to every demand made by the educational interests of the State upon both purse and sympathy is a source of gratification to all who have at heart the permanent well-being of our Commonwealth. The almost universal appreciation of the value of enlightened public opinion, and the thorough belief that such can only be obtained by means of popular education, augur well for the ultimate success of both State and nation. The untiring energy of our educational men, with the hearty cooperation of the people, has laid the foundations broad and deep, and Wisconsin will soon be a leader, instead of a follower, in all matters pertaining to schools and colleges." The number of children in the State between 4 and 20 years is.... The number who have attended public school during the past year..

371,803

239,945 5,059

Number of teachers required..
Total value of school-houses and sites 82,522,726
Total amount paid for school purposes.... 1,803,378
The increase in expenditure for school pur-
poses is nearly $500,000 in excess of any past

Four hundred and eighty thousand five hundred and twenty acres of normal school lands remain unsold.

The Wisconsin State University is now in a highly prosperous condition, and affords hopeful promise of becoming one of the leading educational institutions of the country. By the Act of the Legislature it has been reorganized, and embraces the following departments of instruction:

1. A College of Letters, embracing a four years' course in mathematics, ancient and modern languages, literature, and science.

2. A College of Arts, embracing a three years' course in mathematics, modern languages and literature, and the natural sciences in their application to agriculture and the arts.

3. A Preparatory Department, in which young meu may be fitted for entering the uni versity.

4. A Female Department, embracing a three years' course in language, literature, and science. Instruction in this department will be given by the different professors as heretofore, but the recitations will be distinct from the college classes.

5. After the present year a post-graduate course will be provided for, in which graduates, and others who are prepared to do so, may devote one year to engineering, or natural seience, under the direction of the president and professors of the university.

There are now in attendance upon the university classes some one hundred and forty young men. Besides these, there are in the normal department over ninety young ladies, who are taking the regular normal course. Tuition is free to one pupil from each Assembly district in the State, such pupil to be nominated by the member of Assembly for that district. Of the university lands, 14,991 acres, and of the agricultural lands 223,869 acres, remain unsold. The total productive fund telonging to the university is $215.298.83. The receipts of the income fund for the last fiscal year amounted to $11,338.24. The benevolent institutions of the State are all in admirable condition, reflecting great credit upon the gentlemen who have been intrusted with their management, and well calculated to inspire the people with pride and satisfaction. Two wings have been added to the State Hospital for the Insane, rendering that institution adequate to the care of 350 patients. There are now 178 inmates, and no more can be received until the Legislature provides the means for fitting up

3. Liberty of speech and of the press as the best guarantees for the security of republican institu

tions.

4. Free schools and the diffusion of education among all classes of the people.

5. The just subordination of State and local authorities and interests to the authorities and interests of

The

The Institution for the Blind is near the city of Janesville. The entire number of pupils during the year was fifty-four. The original building of the institute being unsafe, has been removed, and in its stead a wing must be erected for the accommodation of pupils. total expenditures for the year were $19,781. 94. The Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb has been considerably enlarged. Eighty-five pupils have attended the institution during the year. The Soldiers' Orphans' Home has been filled to its utmost capacity, containing an average of 280 children. Frequent applications for admission are made, which are denied on account of want of room. The State Reform School, an institution which enlists the hearty sympathy of all good men, is well accomplishing the ends for which it was established. The whole number in the school during the past year was 217. Largest number at any one time, 162. The new buildings have been completed, the grounds and farm have been improved, and evidences of thrift and comfort meet the eye on every hand-sure indications of the fidelity and efficiency of those in whose hands the management has been placed. The total expenses for the year were $24,247.56. The ininates are instructed in the rudiments of education and taught to work.

The State-prison building is one of the finest and most substantial in the country, and the management is very good. The number of convicts received during the year was 125, making the total number confined 294. The convicts are worked on account of the State with the most satisfactory results. The prison is nearly self-sustaining, the expenditures exceeding the receipts by only $409.98. The prison-school established by law has proved a success, and the zeal manifested by the convicts in mental culture is very gratifying.

The Republican State Convention met at Madison September 4th. Lucius Fairchild was renominated for Governor and W. Spooner for Lieutenant-Governor. The following were the most important resolutions adopted:

Resolved, That this convention, representing the Union Republican party in Wisconsin, in the same spirit which has made that party the uncompromising foe of injustice and oppression, and the steadfast supporter and defender of liberty and union, renews the pledges it has heretofore given; and reaffirms as cardinal tenets of its political faith the following:

1. The inalienable right of all men to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

2. No discriminations at the ballot-box founded on property, birthplace, creed, or color.

the nation.

6. Prompt acquiescence in the decisions of the peo7. The maintenance inviolate of the national faith as pledged to its creditors.

by revisions and modifications from time to time of 8. Such an adjustment of the burdens of taxation, the tariff and other revenue laws, as will cause them to fall equitably upon all classes of the people.

9. Retrenchment and economy in the administration of both State and national governments.

Resolved, That we heartily indorse the general system of measures adopted by Congress for the reconstruction of the States lately in rebellion; that our confidence in the ability, integrity, and patriotism of our Republican Senator and Representatives is unabated, and, in behalf of the loyal people of the State, we renew to them the assurance of the same unwavering support which we lately gave to our brothers in the field.

Resolved, That the thanks of the nation are due to Hon. E. M. Stanton for the preeminent ability and Patriotism he has displayed in the discharge of his official duties as Secretary of War, in organizing and supporting our armies through the late struggle for the maintenance of our nationality, as well as for the consistent fidelity he has shown in adhering to the principles which were vindicated by the overthrow of the rebellion; also to General Philip H. Sheridan, who has won a new title to the affections of the people, by the proofs he has given, in his administration as commander in the Fifth Military District, that he is not alone a brave and dashing soldier, but a stanch friend and fearless supporter of justice and equal rights.

The Democratic Convention met September 11th. J. J. Tallmadge received the nomination for Governor, and G. L. Park for LieutenantGovernor. The Committee on Resolutions reported the following, which were adopted:

Resolved, That the Democracy of Wisconsin, by their delegates assembled in State convention, hereby solemnly declare that the objects of their organization

are:

1. To preserve civil and religious liberty to the people.

2. To enforce the Federal Constitution as the supreme law of the Union.

3. To defend the sacred and inalienable right of the States to their own local governments.

protection of the few, at the cost of the many. 4. To repeal existing tariif laws, enacted for the

5. To protect the right of labor to adequate reward. 6. To guard capital from public disorder or purtisan misrule."

7. To resist the attempts of the dominant party to abridge the right of representation and the elective franchise.

8. To promote the equality of the States and the people.

9. To abrogate the present reckless and profligate system of public expenditure and unequal taxation.

10. To oppose the aggressive efforts of the legislative power to govern the conscience and dictate the business pursuits of the individual, through arbitrary and unconstitutional enactments, on the subjects of temperance and religion, and to repeal all laws conflicting with the spirit of this resolution.

Resolved, That the Democracy of Wisconsin, by their delegates in convention assembled, do further declare that the present Republican party -by its pal

pable determination to perpetuate the supremacy of military power in the United States; by its attempts to preserve the ascendency of a minority party through the subversion of the Government; by its unceasing aggressions upon the freedom of speech and of the press; by its open and active friendship for despotic forms of government; by its invention of false excuses for tyranny; by its unscrupulous taxation of the people for the aggrandizement of its power in the enrichment of its leaders; by its odious alliances with the traditional enemies of republican institutions; by its shameless assaults upon the elective franchise; by its substitution of partisan decrees for the obligations of the supreme law; by its intended abrogation of the reserved rights of the States and permanent maintenance of a national standing army to enforce compliance with its usurpations-has proven false to all its pretensions of patriotism, false to the Government and the people, and deserves the reprobation of the friends of freedom throughout the Resolved, That the indiscriminate disfranchisement of more than 12,000 citizens of Wisconsin, by otti cially publishing their names as deserters, while many of them were faithful soldiers of the Union army, without previous trial and conviction, or other sufficient proof of crime, is an unconstitutional exercise of legislative power, and in many instances a wanton and cruel libel upon the living and the dead, which demands instant and complete reparation at the hands of the people.

civilized world.

Resolved, That the enormous tax, directly and indirectly imposed by congressional legislation upon the industry of Wisconsin, of between thirty and forty millions per annum, in large part for the exclusive protection of Eastern capitalists, or for the support of dangerous schemes of partisan aggrandizement, is an exhaustive drain upon the resources of the State, which calls for earnest and united effort in behalf of retrenchment and reform.

Resolved, That we are in favor of the full and punctual discharge of the national obligations and debts, precisely on the conditions and times on which they were contracted, and the faith of the Government pledged to its creditors.

At the election in November the total vote for Governor was 142,510. Governor Fairchild was reelected by a majority of 4,764. The vote for the constitutional amendment, giving a salary to members of the Legislature, was 58,363 for, and 24,418 against. The Legislature stands as follows: Senate-Republicans, 18; Democrats, 15. House - Republicans, 59;

Democrats, 41.

WRIGHT, Hon. JOSEPH A., ex-Governor and United States minister to Prussia; born in Pennsylvania, about 1810, died at Berlin, Prussia, on the 11 of May, 1867. At an early period of his life he left Pennsylvania and settled in Indiana. His early advantages were limited, but, like many prominent men, he also, without the aid of family influence or pecuniary means, simply through his own untiring energy, raised himself, by successive and rapid strides, from an humble and obscure position to some of the highest and most responsible offices within the gift of the people and the Government. Devoting himself to the study of the law, he was admitted to the bar in early manhood, and soon took a conspicuous stand in his profession, and became a member of the State

Legislature. In 1843 he was chosen to repre sent his State in Congress. He was elected Governor of Indiana in 1849, and continued to hold that position until 1857. In that year President Buchanan appointed him minister to Prussia, which position he held until the accession of Mr. Lincoln to the Presidency. He returned to this country in 1861, and, acting with the War Democrats, was in 1862 elected United States Senator from Indiana (in place of J. D. Bright), serving one session. In 1863 Presi dent Lincoln appointed him United States commissioner to the Hamburg Exhibition. He was appointed minister to Prussia for the second time by President Johnson, in 1865, and continued That he was able to discharge the duties of to fill that position up to the time of his death. these several offices with credit to himself may be attributed to his active and superior intellect; but his elevation to these high places was owing more to his persevering energy, and to his strict integrity and inflexible honesty. As United States minister he was highly popular, ever ready to place his familiarity with Berlin at the disposal of his countrymen. He assisted them in obtaining introductions to distinguished men, and in gaining admission to places not open to the general public. To young men, especially to those attending the university, he was particularly obliging, introducing them to the general circle of his friends and inviting them to his house on Sabbath evenings, when homesickness steals over one with added power. To the Germans it was incomprehensible how a man without a university education, and without wealth, could be so honored at home, could become the representcourt of Prussia; and still more inexplicable ative of a first-class power at the aristocratic did it seem that, having attained all this, having become the associate of royal ministers and ble. Like most Western public men, he had ambassadors of kings, he should be so accessi devoted himself to the so-called practical questions more than to scientific theories; yet his society and opinions, though the latter were expressed in homely phrase rather than in the language of the schools, were much esteemed by a wide circle of men of letters.

A consistent and devoted member of the Methodist Church, Mr. Wright never hesitated, when opportunity offered, to express his religious convictions with fervid earnestness that added to their novelty.

WURTEMBERG, a kingdom in South Ger. many. King, Karl, born March 6, 1523; succeeded his father, June 25, 1864. Area, 7,840 square miles; population, in 1804, 1,745,328, The aggregate revenue for the financial perio from 1864 to 1867 was 51,226,785 florins; surplus of revenue over expenditures, 34,077 florins. Public debt, in 1867, 98,343,670 florins. The army, in 1867, consisted of 29,392 men. (See GERMANY.)

YELLOW FEVER. The prevalence of this epidemic in the Southwestern States, in 1867, demands some notice. The disease, like cholera, has marked and peculiar symptoms from its outset. Commencing with a feeling of chilliness, a quick fever supervenes, accompanied by pains in the head, back, and limbs. The pain in the head is frontal, and often exceedingly severe, attended with confusion of thought and violent delirium. The stomach is early affected, and vomiting ensues almost immediately. The matter vomited consists of the contents of the stomach, of bile, and thin colored fluids. The patient complains of a burning sensation in the stomach, the face is flushed and swollen, the eyes red, suffused, muddy, and sensitive to light. The breathing is sometimes hurried and irregular, sometimes slow and embarrassed. The skin is commonly hot, dry, and harsh. The yellowness, from which the disease derives its name, first tinges the eye, then spreads to the forehead, neck, and breast, and last to the extremities. The color varies from an orange to a bronze, and sometimes, in the last stage, approaches a dark mahogany. The tongue is at first generally moist and white, then red. The pulse leaps to 100, and is full and bounding. The patient is very restless, constantly changing his position, while the expression is gloomy and anxious, or sometimes fierce and threatening.

These are the first stages of the disease, the average duration of which is from 36 to 48 hours. The second stage is succeeded by an abatement of all the unpleasant symptoms. The skin becomes moister and cooler, the pain in the head and limbs is relieved, the stomach is irritable, the pulse calmer, the expression of the countenance more natural. The yellowness of the skin, however, becomes more marked and deeper in tint. The stage of remission generally lasts from 12 to 18 hours, though it may be prolonged to 24 or 36. The third stage is characterized by prostration; the pulse becomes more feeble and the skin darker; the tongue may remain large and moist, or become dry and brown, or smooth, red, fissured and bleeding. The irritability of the stomach returns or is increased. The vomiting is often incessant. At first it may consist of a colorless, acrid liquor; soon, in bad cases, it begins to contain flakes of a dark color, increasing until the matters vomited look like a mixture of soot, or coffee-grounds and water; that is the black vomit. The quantity thrown up is often very great, and it comes up with little effort.

Sometimes diarrhoea now supervenes, the stools resembling the matter ejected from the stomach. With the appearance of these symptoms the patient becomes more and more

prostrated; the skin is cold and clammy, the pulse very feeble, frequent, or intermittent; the breathing irregular and labored; the tongue is black and tremulous; there is low, muttering delirium, and death closes the scene. Pathological anatomy has not hitherto added much to our knowledge of yellow fever. The most constant alteration is found in the conditions of the blood. This is usually dark colored and fluid, seeming sometimes to have entirely lost its coagulability. The surface of the body is usually more or less yellow after death, even in cases which did not present any trace of that color during life. The liver presents a full yellow or fawn color, and is more or less fatty; and the stomach is more or less reddened and its mucous membrane generally softened.

The causes of the disease are much the same as those of cholera. Filth, decayed vegetable and animal matter, marsh miasm, the excessive use of tropical fruits, and excesses in eating and drinking are the principal causes. The disease is epidemic during the hot season, a succession of heavy frosts checking and usually ending it for the season. Opinions in regard to its contagiousness are divided, a small majority of professional men favoring the idea of contagion, or at least of communicability from the fomites of the disease. Some persons are not subject to it, and others who having had it are exempt, but lose their protection by a residence in a cold climate for a single season.

During the summer and autumn of 1867, it raged with great virulence in the West Indies, proving unusually fatal in St. Thomas, Santa Cruz, Cuba, and Hayti; some cases occurred in the Florida ports, more in Mobile, while in New Orleans it was more severe than it had been since 1853, the deaths from it in August being 255, in September, 1,637, and in October (the first week), 431, and for some time it continued at the rate of from 50 to 60 deaths daily. In Galveston it was still more severe, taking all classes and producing a frightful mortality. Throughout the coast portion of Texas it raged with great virulence. It made its way up the Mississippi and visited Natchez, Vicksburg, Helena, and Memphis, all previously desolated by cholera earlier in the season. of the Atlantic coast were exempt from the scourge, except a few cases on board one of the ships of the navy at Philadelphia, which had just come from Florida, and the cases at Quarantine, New York. Of these last there were 390 cases of yellow fever which had occurred in port, on the passage, and in quarantine, and of these 112 were fatal. The epidemic was peculiar in the much greater frequency of profound congestion than is usual.

The cities

The most effectual treatment has proved to