assemble at Fort Laramie at the time appointed, and the meeting was postponed to the 1st of November.

The

In October the peace commissioners were engaged in endeavoring to bring about the council appointed with the southern tribes for the 13th at Fort Larned. The Kiowas, Camanches, and Apaches, who had not been engaged in any of the outrages upon the plains during the summer, were easily induced to meet the commissioners, and a treaty of peace was signed with them on the 20th of October. Cheyennes and Arrapahoes had been continually on the war-path, indulging in indiscriminate murder and plunder, and had been hunted down by the soldiers wherever they could be found. They were consequently suspicious of the motives of the commissioners, and shy of meeting them. An interview, however, was at length obtained, and a joint treaty concluded with the southern Cheyennes and Arrapahoes. The commissioners then proceeded to the north to fulfil their engagement with the northern tribes at Fort Laramie in November. A delegation of Crows awaited them at that point, but Red Cloud, the terrible chieftain of the Sioux, who was the leader in the war of the north, refused to hold any conference with the whites. The Crows as a tribe had not been engaged in the hostilities which had spread terror through that region. The utmost efforts of the commissioners failed to induce Red Cloud to meet them, to treat upon the terms of peace; but he assured them that war would cease whenever the military garrisons were withdrawn from the Powder River trail, and their hunting-grounds were left to them free from molestation. The commissioners, having no authority to promise the withdrawal of the forces, tried to obtain a cessation of hostilities, and the promise of Red Cloud to meet them next spring or summer. This proposition was reluctantly acceded to, and a general suspension of hostilities now exists, in anticipation of a final adjustment of all difficulties in the course of the coming spring or summer.

The northern tribes of Indians to the east of the Rocky Mountains number upward of 60,000, and include the powerful bands of the Sioux, Crows, northern Cheyennes and Arrapahoes, besides numerous less important nations. The southern tribes include the large nations of the Cherokees, Creeks, and Choctaws, as well as the Kiowas, Camanches, and southern Cheyennes and Arrapahoes, and various lesser bands, forming a sum total of more than 85,000. Each of these two grand divisions it is proposed to collect on a reservation of their own; the northern district to be bounded on the north by the 46th parallel, east by the Missouri river, South by Nebraska, and west by the 104th ineridian; the southern district to be bounded north by the State of Kansas, east by Arkansas and Missouri, south by Texas, and west by the 100th or 101st meridian.

This whole important subject of the manage

Soon after the opening of the session, Governor Oliver P. Morton sent in his resignation, in consequence of having been elected to the United States Senate, in response to which a joint resolution passed both branches of the Legislature, highly complimentary to the character and abilities of that officer. Since that time the chair of the State Executive has been filled by Lieutenant-Governor Conrad Baker.

One of the earliest measures of the session was a joint resolution ratifying the amendments to the Federal Constitution, proposed by Congress to the Legislatures of the several States, which were intended to constitute all persons born in the country or subject to its jurisdiction, "citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside," without regard to race or color; to reduce the congressional representation in any State in which there should be a restriction of the exercise of the elective franchise, on account of race or color; to disfranchise persons, therein named, who shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States; and to declare that the validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law shall not be questioned. This joint resolution was referred to a committee, the majori ty of which reported in favor of its adoption; a report was also submitted by the minority, taking strong grounds against the ratification of the proposed amendments. The report of the majority was adopted by a decisive vote. An act was passed dividing the State into eleven congressional districts and apportioning the representation thereto. One of the most important measures of the session provides for the registry of voters, the punishment of fraudulent practices at elections, and for the appointment and compensation of certain officers to constitute a board of registration. This board is to consist in each township of two freeholders appointed by the board of commissioners of the county, together with the township trustee of such township; in cities, these freeholders are to be appointed in each ward by the city council. The members are required to file with the auditor of the county, or with the city clerk in cities, an oath to support the Constitution of the United States and of the State of Indiana, and faithfully to perform the duties assigned them by this law. Twenty days' residence in a township, city, or ward, is

required to qualify any person to vote therein. The penalty provided for cases of false registration, or fraudulent personation of registered voters, is imprisonment in the State prison for not less than one year for each and every offence. The provisions relating to the mode of forming and correcting the lists of qualified voters and of inspecting and counting the votes are very stringent. The concluding sections of the law are in the following words:

SEC. 23. All ballots, which may be cast at any election hereafter held in this State, shall be written or printed on plain white paper, without any distinguishing marks or embellishments thereon, except the naine of the candidates and the office for which they are voted for, and inspectors of election shall refuse all ballots offered of any other description, provided nothing herein shall disqualify the voter from writing his own name on the back thereof.

SEO. 24. That whereas frauds have been practised upon the ballot-box-to prevent the same, and to secure to the people of this State a fair expression of their wishes at all elections, at the carliest practicable time-an emergency is hereby declared to exist, and this act is declared to be in force from and after its passage.

A bill which elicited a good deal of discussion, and was finally passed into a law against, a strong opposition, provides for the protection and indemnity of all officers and soldiers of the United States and soldiers of the Indiana Legion, for acts done "in the military service of the United States, and in the military service of the State, and in enforcing the law and preserving the peace of the country." The leading provisions of this law are as follows:

SEC. 2. That in all suits and actions, civil or criminal, against individuals, arising out of the acts done by officers or soldiers of the United States, or of the militia of the State of Indiana, in the preservation of order and the suppression of the late rebellion, or in making any arrest, taking or entering upon any property, or in holding or detaining any person or property, it shall be a full defence to prove that the acts done or omitted, and for which suit is brought, were done or omitted under orders either written or oral from any military superior.

SEC. 5. In all actions for libel or slander, for imputing the crime of treason to the plaintiff, during the late rebellion, it shall be a full defence to prove that the party complaining was a member of, or affiliated with, any society or organization, other than as a political party, in sympathy with the rebellion; and in any case where, for technical reasons, a full defence cannot be made according to the provisions of this act, the measure of damages, in case of recovery, shall be five dollars, and no more, with

out costs.

It is further provided that in the "suits and actions" alluded to in the first of the sections given above, when a full defence cannot be made, the measure of damages in case of recovery shall be five dollars and no more, without costs; and the Governor is authorized, on written application of the party sued or prosecuted, to employ at the expense of the State competent counsel to conduct the defence.

Besides an act passed at this session of the Legislature making specific appropriations for the support of the benevolent institutions of the State, and several acts looking to the encourage

ment of schools and education, provision was made for the establishment of three new institutions for benevolent and educational objects. First was an act to establish a Soldiers' Home, the corner-stone of which was laid on the 4th of July at Knightstown. Next was an act making the necessary appropriation for the erection of the State Normal School, to be located at Terre Haute. The erection of suitable buildings was commenced early in the summer and the corner-stone was laid in August with appropriate ceremonies. This institution is designed to be one of the foremost of the kind in the West. The estimated cost is $150,000, and it will be completed during the coming year. The Legislature also provided for the establishment of a House of Refuge for the correction and reformation of juvenile offenders. Children under eighteen years of age may be sentenced, upon regular trial, to this house instead of being sent to the penitentiary or county jail. According to the plan adopted by the commissioners to whose management the institution has been intrusted, it will partake more of the character of an industrial reform school than of a juvenile prison. In case of children sentenced thither by judicial decision, the expense for care and keeping is borne, one half by the State, and the other half by the county from which the child is sent. When sent by the parents or guardians, such parent or guardian, if able, must bear the expense. This institution has been located near Plainfield, in Hendricks County, and was ready for the reception of inmates on the 1st of January, 1868.

The Legislature adjourned on the 11th of March, having been in session upward of sixty days; $1,500,000 in money had been appropriated by law for general and specific purposes during this time. The question of locating the Agricultural College and of disposing of the Government land which had been granted for its benefit was brought up and discussed, but not disposed of.

The financial condition of the State on the 31st of October, the close of the fiscal year, is the report of the Auditor of the State: exhibited in the following items taken from

Balance on hand November 1, 1866... Receipts during the year......

Total

Warrants drawn on the treasury during the year.....

Balance on hand October 31st..

$381,521 89 4,210,336 44

$4,591,858 33 4,446,505 54

$155,352 79 The total revenue of the common-school fund amounted to $1,336,762.50. This vast amount of money is distributed exclusively for the benefit of the common schools. The principal of the fund is nearly ten millions, the interest on which can never be reduced or diverted from its proper channel.

The Indiana election occurs on the second Tuesday in October.. In 1867 no State officers or members of Congress were chosen, but an animated canvass was carried on in the various counties for the election of local officers, and the returns show a gain on the part of the Democrats over the vote of the previous year. Soon after the local elections in October, the Democratic State Central Committee issued a call for a State convention to be held on the 8th of January at Indianopolis, for the purpose of nominating a State ticket for the next regular election, of electing delegates to a National Democratic Convention, and for the further purpose of selecting candidates for presidential electors for the State of Indiana. A convention was held in each county on the 14th of December to appoint delegates to this State convention, which met in accordance with the call of the committee on the 8th of January. Corresponding action on the part of the Republican party was subsequently taken in the year 1868.

INDIUM. This metal has been obtained from the blue dust which condenses in the zine-works of Gosler, Germany. The dust contains about one part of oxide of indium in one thonsand. To extract the metal, the deposit is boiled half an hour with hydrochloric acid, and the clear liquid then digested with pieces of zine for six hours at the ordinary temperature. There is then deposited a black metallic powder, which is washed with water, and which contains copper, arsenic, cadmium, thallium, and indium. By boiling this with a concentrated solution of oxalic acid, a solution of cadmium, thallium, and indium is obtained; the latter is precipitated by ammonia, and the precipitate is boiled with ammonia and afterward with water till the washings contain no more thallium. The oxide of indium is then almost pure, containing only traces of iron, from which it is easily freed, and is reduced to the metallic form by the established method.

INGRES, JEAN DOMINIQUE AUGUSTE, a French historical painter, born at Montauban, France, September 15, 1781; died in Paris, January 14, 1867. He first applied himself, while yet a child, to music, in Toulouse, but his taste for painting was so strong, that his father was finally persuaded to allow him to take lessons in drawing and landscape painting. He made

such progress in these branches that he was sent to Paris, where he became the pupil of the great painter David, and at the age of twenty had gained in two successive years the first and second prizes of the Academy of Fine Arts, receiving the first for his picture of "The Embassy at the Tent of Achilles." His subsequent pictures, exhibited in 1802, 1804, and 1805, won him reputation, that of 1805 (a portrait of the Emperor Napoleon I.) being purchased by the Government for the Hôtel des Invalides. In 1806 he went to Rome, and remained in that and other Italian cities for twenty years; and under the influence of the great masters, and the soft, sunny skies of Italy he abandoned the dry, classic style acquired from David, for the more glowing and lifelike characteristics of the old masters. The Italians greatly admired his paintings, but they were long received with comparative coldness at home. There was not much in them, it must be admitted, to awaken enthusiasm; they were correct, ably drawn, and the idea clearly and definitely brought out; but there was nothing appealing to human emotion, suffering, joy, or aspiration; they were cold and unsympathetic in their tone. He preferred classical subjects, though he painted a vast number of portraits. His best-known pictures are Edipus and the Sphinx; ""Jupiter and Thetis; ""A Woman in the Bath; "Ossian's Sleep; " the Sistine Chapel; "The Vow of Louis XIII." (regarded by many as his chef d'œuvre); "The Birth of Venus Anadyomene;" "Jesus disputing with the Doctors; Racine in his Court Dress; " "Joan of Arc at the Coronation of Charles VII;" "Stratonice; " portraits of the Duke of Orleans and of Cherubini, and "La Source, painted when he was eighty years old. He also painted, on the ceiling of one of the apartments of the Louvre, the "Apotheosis of Homer," and on the ceiling of the Hôtel de Ville the "Apotheosis of Napoleon I." In 1829 he became director of the French Academy in Rome, as successor to Horace Vernet. In the French Exhibition of 1855, at the command of the Emperor, he collected all his principal works from France and Italy, and an entire saloon was appropriated to them. One of the two great medals of honor was adjudged to him, the other being bestowed on his rival, Delacroix. Though reckoned a representative, and almost the last, of the pure classical school as distinguished from the romantic, Ingres's place is properly a middle one between the two. His early leaning and sympathies were with the classicists, but his latest pictures incline, some of them at least, strongly toward the school of feeling and nature. His picture "La Source " was in the Great Exhibition at Brompton in 1862, and excited more interest and admiration than any other single picture in that rich and varied collection. Ingres was made Knight of the Legion of Honor in 1841, Commander in 1845, and Grand Officer in 1855. He was raised to the dignity of Senator in 1862, and at the

same time named member of the Imperial Council of Public Instruction.

IOWA. The population of the State of Iowa has increased very rapidly during the last two years. The State census, taken in 1867, gives the whole number of inhabitants as 902,400, of whom 4,715 are colored. This shows an increase in the total population of 150,000 since the census of 1865. The assessed value of real and personal property in the State is put down at $256,517,184. Though agriculture is the leading interest of the State, manufactures are greatly on the increase, the capital employed in them in 1867 being more than fifteen millions of dollars, while two years before less than one-half of that amount of money was invested in that department of industry. The fiscal term in the financial transactions of this State is a period of two years, the last one ending November 2, 1867. At the beginning of this period there was a residue in the Treasury of $47,236.62. The total receipts of the State Treasury during the two years amounted to $1,365,158.57, the expenditures to $1,315,654.74, leaving an unexpended surplus of $96,740.45. $300,000 of the disbursements were made under extraordinary appropriations for the Orphans' Home, Agricultural College, and Asylums for the Blind and the Insane. $114,000 have been devoted to the liquidation of the bonded debts of 1858 during this fiscal term, and $85,000 of that debt remain unpaid. Besides this, the State has a debt of $300,000 in seven per cent. bonds, issued in 1861, to raise money for war purposes, and due on the 15th of January, 1881. The State has claims upon the Federal Government to the amount of $300,000 for military expenditures, which are in process of adjustment.

Liberal provision is made in Iowa for the support of common schools. The amount of money expended for this purpose during the year is $2,069,597.82, or over eight dollars for each pupil attending the schools. Aside from this indispensable class of educational institutions, there are in the State already sixty-two academies, colleges, and universities. Among the latter is a State University, provided for by the constitution and placed under the control of the Legislature; a new building for the use of this institution has been completed during the year. A building is also in course of construction for the State Agricultural College, which will be one of the finest edifices in the State.

Most of the charitable institutions of Iowa were projected on a liberal scale, and have been uniformly under efficient management, but the provision made for the care of the deaf and dumb was felt to be inadequate, and the last General Assembly passed an act permanently locating an asylum for that unfortunate class of persons, at Council Bluffs, and appointing commissioners to choose the site, prepare a plan of the building, and make a contract for its construction. The work of these commissioners has been done during the past season, and a

contract entered into for erecting a suitable building at a cost of $310,000. The Orphans' Home, for the care of the children of deceased soldiers, was originally founded as a private corporation, and supported by voluntary contributions, but was adopted by the State by an act of the General Assembly passed in July, 1866. Since that time, $106,864.58 has been paid from the State Treasury for its support. It is located at Davenport, but there are branches also at Cedar Falls and Glenwood. The whole number of children maintained at the three establishments at the present time is 834. There are 160 convicts in the State penitentiary, which is nearly double the number confined in that institution at the close of the year 1865; as the State has no reform school, a large proportion of these are youthful offenders, who would be fit inmates for an institution of a reformatory character especially adapted to their needs.

A geological survey of Iowa has been going on for two years past, under the direction of C. A. White, the State geologist; two years more will be required for its completion according to present estimates. One of the most important subjects of investigation, and one to which much attention has been given during this survey, is whether coal exists in sufficient quantity for profitable mining. Beds of considerable thickness and of excellent quality are found along the valley of the Des Moines and in Jefferson County. In both these localities successful mining operations have been carried on for some time, and are constantly increasing in extent. Considerable deposits of building-stone are also found and extensively used for local building purposes; it consists chiefly of a variety of limestone. The agricultural resources of Iowa are unexcelled, the soil being very productive and easily worked. Cattle and hogs are raised in great abundance for exportation. Large quantities of wool are also produced, both for exportation to other parts of the country and for home consumption. The rapidly-growing manufactures of the State are chiefly of woollen fabrics.

The

The trade of all the States on the Northern Mississippi is seriously impeded by the Des Moines and the Rock Island rapids. former extend from the city of Keokuk to Montrose, a distance of eleven miles, with a fall of twenty-one feet. The obstructions to naviga tion consist of a series of ridges of solid rock. A canal on the Iowa side of the river is proposed for the relief of the navigation of the Upper Mississippi at this point. The design is, to cut this canal through the rock in the bed of the river, with sufficient depth and width to float the largest river steamers at any season of the year. The estimated cost of the work is $2,100,000, one-third of which has been al ready appropriated by the Congress of the United States. The Rock Island rapids extend fourteen miles and a half, from Davenport to Le Claire. The obstructions here consist of reefs of

rock, with navigable spaces between. Here, too, operations are in progress for the removal of the obstructions, and $300,000 have been appropriated by Congress toward the accomplishment of this object. This immense work is carried on under the direction of General J. H. Wilson, and, if the necessary appropriations are made, will be completed, it is thought, in the course of the year 1869. The opening of unimpeded navigation on the eastern border of Iowa, if accomplished, will give a yet stronger impulse to the advancement in agricultural importance of that State, and of others along the head-waters of the great artery of Western commerce. The want of cheap transportation for their farming produce to the great markets of the country has long been felt in all the Northwest.

It is within two years that Des Moines, the capital of Iowa, first possessed a railroad, and it is now rapidly becoming the railway centre of the State. Three rival lines to Chicago are already near completion. The Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railway has nearly reached Des Moines, on its way to Council Bluffs to unite with the Pacific road. A railroad traverses the rich valley of the Des Moines from the State capital to Keokuk, and is ultimately to be extended to Minnesota. Other lines are projected to form connections with most of the leading cities of the West. This system of railways in Iowa will be of special importance, in view of the rich supply of coal within her limits, to be furnished to the neighboring States.

The Legislature of the State, which meets biennially on the second Monday in January, held no session in 1867. The political parties began in the spring a vigorous canvass for the State election to be held in October. The State officers to be chosen at that election were Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Judge of the Supreme Court, Attorney-General, and Superintendent of Public Instruction. Calls were made in April, on the part of the State Central Committees of each of the leading political organizations, for conventions to be held in June. The Republican Convention met at Des Moines, on the 19th of that month, and adopted the following platform:

We, the representatives of the Republican party of the State of Iowa, in convention assembled, announce the following as the platform of our principles:

1. That we again proclaim it as a cardinal principle of our political faith, that all men are equal before the law, and we are in favor of such amendments to the constitution of the State of Iowa as will secure the rights of the ballot, the protection of the law, and equal justice to all men, irrespective of color, race, or religion.

2. That we approve of the military reconstruction acts passed by the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses; but as the illiberal construction by unfriendly officials ceprives these acts of their energy and vitality, we demand that Congress assemble in July, to carry out, by additional enactments, the true and original intent of said acts-the reconstruction of the rebel States upon a sure and loyal basis.

3. That the prompt trial and punishment, accord

ing to law, of the head of the late rebellion, for his infamous crimes, is imperatively demanded' for the vindication of the Constitution and the laws, and for the proper punishment of the highest crimes; it is demanded by justice, honor, and a proper regard for the protection of American citizenship, and by a due regard for the welfare and future safety of the Republic; and it is due, not only to the dignity of been so heroic in their devotion to the cause of the the nation, but in justice to the loyal people who have Constitution, the Union, and liberty, and to the soldiers of the Union who survive, and the memory of the heroic dead.

4. That we are in favor of the strictest economy in the expenditure of public money, and that we demand at the hands of all our officials, both State and national, a faithful and rigidly honest administration of public affairs.

5. That the Republican members of the Congress of the United States are entitled to the thanks of the nation for their firmness in resisting the conspiracy

to turn over the control of the Government to the hands of traitors and their allies, and in defeating the purposes of a corrupt Executive, and thus sustaining the interests of liberty, in a great and dangerous crisis in our history.

A motion was made to amend the first resolution so as to guarantee equal rights to all persons without regard to sex; but this motion was laid upon the table. The convention then proceeded to nominate the following persons to fill the offices designated above: Governor, Colonel Samuel Merrill; Lieutenant-Governor, Colonel John Scott; Judge of the Supreme Court, Joseph M. Beck; Attorney-General, Major Henry O'Connor; Superintendent of Public Instruction, D. Franklin Wells.

The Democratic State Convention assembled

at Des Moines on the 26th of June, the principles of which were embodied in the following resolutions:

Resolved, 1. That the maintenance inviolate of the rights of the States, and especially the right of each State to order and control its own domestic institutions according to its own judgment exclusively, is essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our political fabric depends. 2. That we believe each State has the right to regulate the elective franchise for itself, and we, as citizens of the State of Iowa, are opposed to striking the word "white" out of our State constitution.

3. That the existing tariff laws are unjust and heavily burdensome to the agricultural States, without being of a corresponding benefit to the Government, and only of advantage to a few manufacturing States, and should be repealed or greatly modified.

4. That all classes of property should pay a proportionate rate toward defraying the expenses of the Government. We are therefore in favor of taxing Government bonds the same as other property.

5. That we are in favor of repealing the present prohibitory liquor law of this State, and in favor of enacting a well-regulated license law in lieu thereof.

6. That we are in favor of an amendment to the constitution of our State in giving to foreigners the elective franchise, after they have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States, and have resided in this State one year.

7. That we demand of our public officers in the State of Iowa and in the United States the strictest economy, in order to reduce the present system of burdensome taxation, and we denounce in severest terms the profligacy, corruption, and knavery of our State officers and of Congress.

8. That the denial of the right of representation