Independent.....

Total in 1866: ordained missionaries, 97; lay missionaries, 14; missionary ladies, 93; whole number of missionaries, 204; number of native helpers, 206; number of members received in 1865, 282; whole number of native members, 3,142. One of the most remarkable awakenings that is known in the whole history of Protestantism of China took place in 1866, in connection with the out-stations of the Tientsin mission of the English New-Connection Methodists, especially at Lou-Leing, where in September forty-five persons were admitted to baptism. The converts added to the mission churches of the London Society, in Shanghai, and the province of which it forms the capital, numbered, during the year 1866, 189.

CHOLERA, ASIATIC. This formidable disease gave evidence that it was not extinguished,

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Lay Missionaries.

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143

214

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either in Europe or America, during the year 1867. There were few or no marked cases in the cities of the Atlantic coast, though several ships arrived at the New York quarantine which had suffered severely from it since their departure from European ports. In Philadelphia the United States receiving-ship Potomac arrived at the Navy-Yard from Pensacola, early in October, with a clean bill of health, and in a supposed good sanitary condition. On its arrival, new recruits were received on board from the city, soon after which cholera appeared on the ship, the first three who were attacked being new recruits, who had just come on board. The disease raged violently on board the ship, and forty deaths occurred from it. It did not extend to the city. The arrival of the Sassacus at the Navy-Yard of the same city a little later gave some cause of alarm, but the disease did not spread. In New York, after several months of immunity, the immigrant-ship Lord Brougham came into quarantine about the 1st of December, forty-eight days from Hamburg, having lost 75 of its passengers from cholera, and with about 20 more sick of it. On the 11th of January, 1868, the ship Leibnitz arrived from Hamburg, after a passage of sixty days, during which 105 of the passengers had died with cholera and 35 were still sick with it. In all there have been, on the four ships detained at the New York quarantine, 440 cases and 238 deaths. An English troopship, the Himalaya, brought the disease from Malta to Quebec, losing a large number of passengers during the voyage. In none of these cases did the disease extend to the ports them

selves. In Havana it raged with considerable severity during the autumn and early winter, several hundred deaths occurring from it. But the most marked ravages of the disease on this continent were in the Mississippi Valley and the plains of Kansas and Nebraska. The principal towns near the Gulf of Mexico were visited by it, Pensacola, Mobile, and New Orleans, in particular reporting a very considerable aggregate of deaths from it, though it was less violent there than on former occasions. In Mobile and New Orleans it was, a part of the time, coexistent with yellow fever, beginning before that disease, and continuing after it had subsided. The entire number of deaths in either city is not reported, but in New Orleans, from the 1st of August to the 24th of November, there were 251 deaths from Asiatic cholera. On the river ports of the Mississippi, Natchez, Helena, and Memphis, it raged with much greater comparative intensity, in the latter city producing a very severe mortality for several weeks. It also ascended the Arkansas River to Little Rock, and thence to Fort Gibson and Fort Arbuckle. At Fort Gibson it commenced in June, and there was a mortality for several days of 25 per day in that small population. It extended also among the Cherokee and Creek Indians. In St. Louis no deaths from Asiatic cholera were reported, but during the months of August, September, and October, 851 from cholera morbus. That most of these were genuine cholera, hardly admits of a doubt. On the plains its ravages were for a time frightful. It appeared about the 1st of June in Fort Leavenworth, which has always been a favorite seat of the malady, having had eight epidemics of it since 1833. From thence it extended to Forts Riley and Harker, and to the new town of Ellsworth, on the Pacific Railroad; and in all these places, soldiers, army officers, railroad superintendents, and laborers, died in great numbers from it. There is much reason to apprehend that in the spring and summer of 1868 it may appear with great virulence on the Atlantic coast.

On the EASTERN CONTINENT there have been severe outbursts of the disease at various points of Asia and Europe. Hurdwar, on the southeastern boundary of the Punjab, in Northern India, is one of the sacred places to which in April of each year pilgrims resort in large numbers, usually three or four hundred thousand people; and every twelfth year, from one and a half to two millions. This twelfth year came in 1865, and the frightful epidemic which spread westward from thence, at that time, is well known. But at each annual gathering, of late years, cholera makes its appearance, and is carried thence in all directions. In April and May, 1867, it extended from Hurdwar to Umballa, Lodiana, and Lahore, Altock, and Peshawur, thence crossing the western Himalaya to Cabul, Balk, and Bokhara, and thence to Astrachan and Orenburg. In the latter cities, the disease, having exhausted

itself in its progress, found but few victims; but in the first part of its course every mile was marked by hundreds and in some places thousands of dead bodies. Other portions of India were scourged with the pestilence, and particularly the holy cities Gaya, Patna, Benares, and Allahabad.

In EUROPE, the cholera prevailed at Warsaw, Poland, between June and August, and there were about 4,000 cases and 2,000 deaths. In Rotterdam, Holland, there was an outbreak of it in September, and for two or three weeks there were 18 or 20 deaths daily. Zurich, Switzerland, suffered severely from it, having 591 cases during the summer. It was brought hither directly from Rome. Italy has again been ravaged by it, there having been about 63,000 cases and 32,000 deaths from it on the peninsula, and in Sicily (which escaped by a rigid quarantine in 1866) 12,000 cases and 7,000 deaths in two weeks. The people, in their ignorance, believed that the soldiers through whom it had been introduced, and the priests, were endeavoring to poison them, and in several places they mobbed their supposed

enemies.

Malta was also visited with the epidemic, as was Tunis on the African coast. In Malta, the first week in October, there were 140 cases and 90 deaths. In England and France there has been no general epidemic. In England, the little town of Pill, five miles from Bristol, being densely crowded with sailors and railroad laborers, and in a very bad sanitary condition, was visited by cholera, with great severity. The most active measures for disinfection were immediately resorted to, and in twelve days the disease was at an end. This has been the result of prompt, thorough, and energetic disinfection in every case in which it has been tried.

A very ingenious and simple contrivance for disinfecting night-pails, or vessels containing any of the excreta of cholera or any other offensive matters, has been invented by a Mr. Rankin, of Brooklyn, and is called the "Ready Disinfector." It is said to be simply a hollow cover, capable of containing a considerable quantity of liquid or powdered disinfectants, which closes effectually the vessel, and by a turn of the handle, without opening the vessel, lets a sufficient quantity of the disinfectant drop into it to completely destroy the offensive and poisonous effluvia, and thus permits no waste of disinfectants.

In regard to the treatment of the disease there is not, perhaps, any greater uniformity of views than in the past. Dr. Delfeau, an eminent French physician of Collioure, France, who has had large experience in cholera, gives the following statement of his method, which has at least the merit of being reasonable in its theory. The indications, he says, are:

1. Neutralize the morbid action of the cause upon the blood. 2. Excite the normal vita.ity of the vascular walls,

tion. Instead of this, however, it was sent back to Congress with certain observations on the objectionable features yet remaining to the bill. It was accordingly submitted to a second vote, and both houses declared by large majorities that the objections of the President should not hold good, and thereby the bill became a law in spite of the veto. The law of Colombia directs that the President shall sign vetoed bills after they have passed Congress twice; but, when sent to him a second time for his signature, Mosquera replied that it was impossible for him to sanction the bill. This message was laid on the table by the House of Representatives. Another incident widened the breach still further. This was the affair of the steamer R. R. Cuyler, or as it was called after its purchase by Mosquera, Rayo, which it was reported the President could use for carrying out his unconstitutional projects. Members who had been informed of the character of this vessel and the irregularity of her purchase, change of colors, etc., had asked the Executive for a statement of the real merits of the case, but without getting a reply other than that Mosquera was personally the owner of the steamer. Not satisfied, however, with such an answer, another and more pointed demand for information was made by the House, but no other reply whatever was elicited. When the session of Congress was drawing to a close, a third attempt to set matters right was made by the House, by a proposition to request the Executive to disarm the vessel, as she did not belong to the government, and private individuals could not by usage possess ships-of-war; also to instruct the Attorney-General to hold Mr. Salgar, minister to the United States, and other public functionaries, responsible for their criminal participation in the affair of the Rayo. The debate on this proposition was postponed until the 29th of April. Another affair precipitated the crisis. About the middle of April, the news of the attack of Mosquera's troops upon the authorities of the State of Magdalena, was received at Bogota. Congress instituted an investigation of this affair, through their standing committee on the Constitution and Laws. The majority of this committee proposed to impeach the President, Secretary of War, and other public officers implicated in the matter. The Senate declared its discontent with the action of the Executive. On the 29th of April, after a very stormy session, the majority of the House passed the resolutions of the standing committee against the Executive; the secretaries and the adherents of the President (Mosqueristas) had left the session, although it had been declared permanent. Still, on the same day, the 29th of April, General Mosquera passed a decree dissolving Congress and declaring the country in a state of war, conformably to the 91st article of the constitution. On the same day Bogota was erected into a federal district, the law which prohibited a national navy declared null and void, and

the steamer Rayo at the same time incorporated therewith. On the 30th the dictator issued a proclamation to Colombians and sent a message to the Presidents of States informing them of these occurrences.

President Aldana, of the State of Cundinamarca (of which heretofore Bogota had been the capital), was thrown into prison, and the first designado, Dr. Jesus Zimenez, put in his place. The news of these events at once kindled the civil war in nearly every State of the Confederation, the Presidents of most of the States declaring against Mosquera and in favor of Congress.

On the 25th of May, General Santos Acosta, general-in-chief of the army of the Colombian Union, and second designado for exercising the national executive power, presented himself in the government palace and notified the Grand-General, President Mosquera, that he was a prisoner in the name of the republic. This was done with the approval of the National army, and in consequence General Acosta took charge of the Executive, nominating General José Hilario Lopez general-in-chief of the army. The adherents of Mosquera continued the war only for a short time, and soon peace was restored throughout the country. A trial was instituted against Mosquera, which was concluded on the 30th of October, and its result was promulgated on November 1st. According to the Gaceta Oficial of Bogota, the charges and specifications were as follows:

The Senate of Plenipotentiaries (Senators are claim to be sovereign) declares the Grand-General called Senators Plenipotentiary because the States T. C. Mosquera guilty on the following charges:

1. Of having promulgated the decree of Oct. 6, 1866, in which he prohibited the establishment of salt depots for private use.

master-General to exclude from the mails for a cer2. Of having issued a private order to the Posttain length of time certain newspapers.

3. Of having issued a decree on the 12th of August, 1866, exempting the Postmaster-General from the obligation of taking securities from his subordi

nates.

4. Of having concluded a secret treaty with the Minister of the Republic of Peru, on the 28th of August, 1866.

These offences being of the third degree, the Genoffice (the Presidency), to pay a fine of $12, to lose eral is sentenced to four months' suspension from all political and civil rights, and undergo two years' imprisonment.

And he is absolved from the charges:

First-Relative to the decree of November 17, 1860,

which deprives the Church of the temples annexed

to the suppressed convents.

Second-Relative to the revolution of the 8th of December, 1866, in which the accused person refused to recognize the authority of the Judge of the Second Circuit Court of Bogota.

Third-Relative to the arrest of Dr. Manuel Murillo, the order not having emanated from the Executive.

Fourth-Relative to the order of the 17th of Nov., 1866, upon the award of maritime prizes, because the order did not take effect; and

Senate by the House of Representatives.
Fifth-From all the other charges made before the

The Senate absolves José Maria Rojas Garido,