LITERARY AND BIOGRAPHICAL MEMORANDA OF LIVING AUTHORS. (BROUGHT UP TO OCTOBER 1882.) Aldrich, Thos. Bailey, one of the best of living American poets; born Portsmouth, N.H.,1836; passed his youth in Louisiana; was three years in a New York countinghouse; became "reader" for a large publishing house; afterwards wrote for New York Evening Mirror; assisted in editing Home Journal and Saturday Press; has contributed many poems and prose sketches to Putnam's Monthly, The Knickerbocker, Harper's Monthly, and The Atlantic. Works: "The Bells," 1854; "Daisy's Necklace," 1856; Ballad of Baby Bell, and other Poems;" "The Course of True Love," etc., 1858; "Pampinea, and other Poems," 1861; "Out of His Head," a prose romance, 1862; "Poems," 1863 and 1865. "The Story of a Bad Boy" (1869) was somewhat autobiographical; it was followed by other prose tales, "Margery Daw," 1873; "Prudence Palfrey," 1874; "The Queen of Sheba," 1877. In 1874 he returned to poetry in "The Cloth of Gold." An example of Aldrich's latest work, 'Friar Jerome's Beautiful Book," is given, Reader iii. 143. His recent poetry is of fine artistic quality; it is addressed rather to a scholarly than to a popular audience. Allingham, William, born at Ballyshannon, Ireland, 1828. For many years held a position in the Customs (England); succeeded J. A. Froude as editor of Fraser's Magazine in 1874, retired 1879. His early contributions appeared in the Athenæum and Household Words. Publications: 'Poems," 1850; "Day and Night Songs," 1854 and 1855; Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland: A Modern Poem in Twelve Chapters" (5000 lines of decasyllabic couplets), 1864; "Fifty Modern Poems," 1865. famous "Autumnal Sonnet" will be found in Reader v. 323. 66 His Arnold, Edwin, born County Sussex, England, 1832; son of R. C. Arnold, J.P.; educated at King's School, Rochester, and King's College, London; obtained a scholarship at University College, Oxford; was appointed Principal of Government Sanscrit College at Poona (Bombay), which he held through the mutiny and up to 1861; a frequent contributor to literary and critical journals; his earlier publications were chiefly translations from Greek and Sanscrit authors; in 1880 appeared his principal poem, "The Light of Asia" (Reader v. 393), which ran through nineteen editions in less than a year. Arnold was connected with the Daily Telegraph (London), 1861-1880, and arranged the expedition of George Smith to Nineveh (Reader v. 345) and the two expeditions of H. M. Stanley to Africa (Reader iv. 244; v. 40). Arnold, Matthew, eldest son of Dr. Arnold of Rugby; born 1822, near Staines (England); educated at Winchester, and Rugby, and at Balliol College, Oxford; Inspector of Schools, 1851; Professor of Poetry, Oxford, 1857-67; Assistant-Commissioner on Continental Systems of Education, 1859-60. Publications: "The Strayed Reveller, and other Poems," 1848; 'Empedocles on Ætna," 1853 (recalled, but again published at the instance of Robert Browning); collected edition of Poems, 1869. His prose critical writings include three lectures, "On Translating Homer," 1861; "Essays on Criticism,” 1865; "Culture and Anarchy," 1869. This last volume put into circulation many of his special phrases or quotations, sweetness and light," etc. Bain, Alexander, LL.D., born at Aberdeen, Scotland, 1818; graduated at Marischal College, 1840; Examiner in Logic and Moral Philosophy, University College, Lon don, 1857 62; Professor of Logic, Aberdeen, | nected himself with the press in 1855, first 1860-80; Rector of University, Aberdeen, 1881; contributed to Westminster Review since 1840. Publications: "The Senses and the Intellect," 1855; "The Emotion and the Will," 1859; Manual of English Composition and Rhetoric," 1866; "Mental and Moral Science," 1868; "Logic, Deductive and Inductive," 1870; "Mind and Body: Theories of their Relation," 1873; "Minor Works of George Grote, with Critical Remarks," etc., 1873; "Companion to the Higher English Grammar," 1874. Articles "Logic" and "Mental Philosophy," in Chambers' Encyclopædia." 66 Björnson, Björnstjerne (approximate pronunciation, Bee-irn'-stee-er'nay Bee-irn'son), Norwegian dramatic poet and novelist; born at Kvikne, Österdalen, 1832; son of a clergyman; studied at University of Christiania, 1852; became early connected with the press; in consequence of political animosities removed to Copenhagen, returning to Christiania in 1862. His novels have become, through translations, exceedingly popular in England and the United States. The best known are 'Arne" (London, 1866), "The Fisher Maiden (New York, 1869), "The Happy Boy" (Boston, 1870), "The Newly-Married Couple" (London, 1870), 'Love and Life in Norway" (London, 1870). Blackie, John Stuart, son of Aberdeen banker; born Glasgow, 1809; studied at Aberdeen and Edinburgh, and two years at Göttingen, Berlin, and Rome, his Continental studies being devoted to German, Italian, and classical philology; Professor of Latin, Marischal College, Aberdeen, from 1841 till 1852, when his metrical translation of Eschylus (see Reader v. 193) obtained for him the Greek Chair at Edinburgh, which he continued to hold till August 1882. Publications: Translation of Faust," 1834; 'Poems," 1857 and 1860; "Homer and the Iliad," 1866; "Lays of the Highlands and Islands," 1872; Hora Hellenicæ (philological papers), 1874; Songs of Religion and Life," 1876; "The Wise Men of Greece," 1877, a series of dramatic dialogues intended to show that the germs of all modern scientific discoveries are to be found in Greek philosophy between the eras of Pythagoras and Plato. 66 Bourinot, John George, born Sydney, N.S., 1834; eldest son of Senator Bourinot; educated at Trinity College, Toronto; con as parliamentary reporter for the Toronto Leader; he afterwards became editor and proprietor of the Halifax Evening Reporter; was for several years First Clerk Assistant of the House of Commons (Ottawa), and in November 1880 was appointed Clerk of the House. Publications: "Debates and Proceedings of N.S. House of Assembly, Third Session Twenty-third Parliament," 1866; "Confederation of the Provinces of British North America," 1866. Contributed to the Canadian Monthly Magazine an important series of articles on the commercial and the intellectual development of Canada, also on our political future. Mr. Bourinot's papers have been discussed at some length by Justin M'Carthy in the "History of Our Own Times," vol. ii. Bright, Right Hon. John, M.P., born at Greenbank, near Rochdale, 1811; son of Jacob Bright, a Quaker cotton-spinner, into whose firm John and his brother were in due time admitted. John Bright's education did not extend to the classical languages, but included an unusually substantial course of English literature. In 1835 he delivered to a literary institute in Rochdale a series of lectures on his then recent travels in the Holy Land; shared in the agitation for the Reform Bill 1831-2; in 1839 helped to organize the Anti-Corn-Law League; was returned as member for Durham 1843, which he represented till 1847, when he was elected for Manchester; spoke for the first time in the Commons August 7, 1843; was re-elected for Manchester 1852; was rejected at the general election following the defeat of Lord Palmerston (1857), but was elected for Birmingham, which he still (1882) represents; accepted office under the two Gladstone Administrations (1868, 1880). Mr. Bright's speeches embrace some exceedingly fine examples of parliamentary eloquence (Reader v. 448). They were revised by Mr. Bright and published under the editorial supervision of Thorold Rogers, 1869. In 1880 Mr. Bright, assisted by Thorold Rogers, edited the speeches of his old friend and fellow-agitator Richard Cobden. Browning, Robert, born at Camberwell, a suburb of London, 1812; educated at London University; in 1832 he went to Italy, where he studied with intense interest the medieval records of Italian lifeand manners, and such traces of the old time as survive in country villages. Publications: "Para celsus," 1835; "Strafford: A Tragedy," 1837; Sordello" (a rhapsodical poem, since suppressed), 1840; dramatic and lyrical poems appeared from 1842 to 1846 under the name of "Bells and Pomegranates;" "The Ring and the Book" and "Balaustion's Adventure," 1871; "Prince HohenstielSchwangen, Savior of Society," 1871; Fifine at the Fair," 1872; "Red Cotton Nightcap Country," 1873; Aristophanes' Apology," 1875; The Agamemnon of Eschylus," transcribed 1877; "La Sasiaz: the Two Poets of Croisic," 1878. A recent number of the Academy ranks Browning as the second of contemporary English poets, Tennyson being the first. 66 Buchanan, Robert, born 1841 at Caverswall, Staffordshire; educated at High School and University of Glasgow. His "Undertones" appeared in 1860, followed by "Idylls and Legends of Inverburn," 1865, and "London Poems," 1866; The Witchfinder: A Tragedy;" "Napoleon Fallen: A Lyrical Drama," 1871; "Drama of Kings," 1871. "The Witchfinder" was represented at Sadler's Wells Theatre, and his comedy, 66 A Madcap Prince," was acted at the Haymarket, August 1874. Prose writings :-In October 1871 Buchanan published in the Contemporary Review, under the name of Thomas Maitland," an article on the "Fleshly School of Poetry" which severely handled Swinburne, D. G. Rossetti, and others. An acrimonious controversy ensued. In fiction Buchanan has written 'The Shadow of the Sword" and "The Martyrdom of Madeline," the latter (1882) abounding in personal portraits or caricatures under fictitious names. awee County, Michigan, 1845; son of pioneer settler from New Hampshire; graduated at Hillsdale College, Michigan, 1863. Harper's Magazine reprinted, with illustrations, his ballad, "Betsy and I are Out," 1872, which made him known to a large circle of readers. This was followed by his "Farm Ballads" and "Farm Legends," both of which have become very popular. Castelar, Emilio. (See Reader v. 58.) Cesnola, General. (See Reader v. 359.) Clemens, Samuel Langhorne (“Mark Twain." See Reader iv. 68), born at Florida, Missouri, 1835; lived as a journalist at Virginia, Nevada, 1862-5, at San Francisco for three years, and at Buffalo for one year. Published Jumping Frog and other Sketches," 1867; "Innocents Abroad," 1869 (of which it is said one hundred thousand copies were sold within two years); humorous contributions in The Galaxy; "Roughing It," a highly tinted autobiography, 1872. In 1874 appeared "The Golden Age," which was dramatized and obtained a great success through Raymond's impersonation of Colonel Mulberry Sellers, the leading character. 66 Colvin, Sidney, M.A., born Norwood, Surrey, 1845; graduated at Cambridge as third in classical tripos, 1867; Fellow of Trinity College, 1869; Slade Professor of Fine Arts, 1873 (re-elected, 1876); Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, 1876; since 1867 a frequent contributor in literary and art criticism to the Cornhill Magazine, Pall Mall Gazette, and Fortnightly Review; author of "Landor," in "English Men of Letters," and editor of Selections from Landor," in "Golden Treasury Series," 1882. 66 Cook, Miss London, 1817. first volume of poetry, to 1874, when her collected works were published, her pen was generally engaged on some gentle picture of home life. "The Old Farm Gate" and "The Old Arm Chair" are the most popular of her poems. Eliza, born Southwark, From 1840, the date of her Butler, Lieutenant-Colonel, William Francis, C.B., born County Tipperary, Ireland, 1838; educated at Dublin; appointed ensign 69th Regiment 1858, lieutenant 1863, captain 1872, major 1874; undertook a special mission to Red River in connection with Colonel Wolseley's expedition (see Reader iv. 53); visited NorthWest again in 1872 (Reader v. 365), the two visits furnishing material respectively for "The Great Lone Land," 1872, and "The Wild North Land," 1873; served on the Ashantee Expedition, 1873, in command of the West Akim forces; his experiences were recorded in "Akimfoo," 1875. He married in 1877 Miss Elizabeth Thompson the painter. Dawson, John William, LL.D.,F.R.S., Carleton, "Will," born Hudson, Len- born Pictou, N.S., October 1820; graduated Craik, Mrs. (Dinah Mulock), born, 1826, at Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire; married George Lillie Craik, 1865; has written short lyrical pieces of great tenderness and beauty, but she is best known for her numerous novels, and especially for "John Halifax, Gentleman," which appeared in 1857. at Edinburgh, 1840. His studies were chiefly directed to natural history, geology, and practical chemistry, and during his residence at the University he contributed on geological topics to the Edinburgh press. In 1842 he accompanied Sir Charles Lyell in his geological exploration of Nova Scotia, and subsequently devoted himself to original research. Contributed to the Proceedings of the Geological Society of London" the earliest accounts of the Nova Scotian formations; lectured on botany and geology in the Academy of Pictou and in Dalhousie College; from 1850 to 1853 was Superintendent of Public Instruction for Nova Scotia; in 1855 became Principal of M'Gill University, Montreal. Publications: "Acadian Geology," 1855 (second edition, 1868; third edition, 1878); 66 Archaia," 1860; Air-Breathers of the Coal Period," 1859 and 1863; "Fossil Men and their Modern Representatives," 1880. Principal Dawson's contributions to the "Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh" and to "The Canadian Naturalist" are extremely numerous and valuable. He was the first to identify (1864) the true character of certain organic remains occurring in the Laurentian limestones of Canada, and is thus entitled to the honor of tracing animal life back to its earliest "dawn;" for the Eozoon Canadense, as Dr. Dawson named the fossil, is the oldest known form of animal life. Doyle, Sir Francis Hastings Charles, Bart., poet and critic; born 1810, near Tadcaster, Yorkshire; Professor of Poetry at Oxford, 1867-1877. Works: "The Return of the Guards, and other Poems," 1866; "Lectures on Poetry," 1869 and 1877. (See Reader iv. 205.) Du Chaillu, Paul Belloni, born in Paris, 1835; son of trader to the west coast of Africa, which Paul early visited for the purpose of studying its flora and fauna and the languages and manners of the native tribes. Spent the four years 1855-9 in the equatorial belt of Africa, extending his researches to about 2° on each side of the line. He discovered a large number of species of birds and mammals hitherto undescribed, notably the gorilla ("Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa," 1861; revised edition, 1871). A second expedition (1863-5), undertaken to vindicate the truthfulness of his narrative, was described in "A Journey to Ashango Land," 1867. During a residence in the United States he wrote a series of books for the young, based on his own adventures: "Stories of the Gorilla Country," 1868; "Wild Life under the Equator," 1869; "Lost in the Jungle," 1869; "My Apingi Kingdom," 1870; "The Country of the Dwarfs," 1871. From 1871 to 1878 Du Chaillu made a series of journeys to Scandinavia; lived among the people for nearly five years; learned their languages and their ways; and he has given us the fruits in what is from literary and scientific aspects the most valuable of all his works, "The Land of the Midnight Sun," two volumes, 1882. (See Reader iv. 218; v. 161.) Dufferin (Marquis of), The Right Hon. Frederick Temple Blackwood, K.C.B., K.P., born June 21, 1826; son of fourth Baron Dufferin and Helen Selina, grand-daughter of Richard Brinsley Sheridan. The Earl of Dufferin's mother not only came of literary stock, but was herself the authoress of that most pathetic ballad, "I'm Sittin' on the Stile, Mary," written about 1838. (See Reader iii. 86.) Lord Dufferin was educated at Eton and Christchurch, Oxford; he went from Oxford to Ireland during the famine (1846-7), and published his experiences. yacht voyage to Iceland in 1859 afforded him material for the clever "Letters from High Latitudes." In 1860 he went to Syria as Lord Palmerston's Commissioner to inquire into the massacre of Christians, and by his prudent management earned his K.C.B. He was Under-Secretary of State for India (1864-6) and Under-Secretary of War (1866-7). Under Mr. Gladstone he accepted the office of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster; and from April 1872 to October 1878 he was the Governor-General of Canada. He has since acted successively as ambassador to St. Petersburg and to the Porte. In addition to the publications above noticed he has contributed to practical politics, "Irish Emigration and the Tenure of Land in Ireland;" "Mr. Mill's Plan for the Pacification of Ireland Examined;" "An Inquiry into the State of Ireland." Among Lord Dufferin's contributions to light literature may be mentioned "The Honourable Impulsia Gushington," a society satire. Α Edwards, Miss Amelia Betham. (See Reader v. 45.) Freeman, Edward Augustus, D.C.L. (Oxford), LL.D. (Cambridge), born at Harborne, Staffordshire, 1823; educated at Oxford; became Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, 1845; Examiner in the School of Law and Modern History, 1857-8 and 1863-4; in School of Modern History, 1873. His works range over architecture, history, and politics. Of the historical works the chief are, "History of Federal Government," vol. i., 1863; "History of the Norman Conquest," 1867-76, continued in 1882 by "The History of the Reign of William Rufus;" Old English History," 1869; "Growth of the English Constitution," 1872; General Sketch of European History," 1872; "Historical Essays," (two series), 1872-3; "The Ottoman Power in Europe-its Nature, its Growth, and its Decline," 1877. (For Freeman's account of his own style see Reader v. 173 and 400.) 66 Froude, James Anthony, born Dartington, Devonshire, 1818; son of Archdeacon Froude; educated at Westminster, and at Oriel College, Oxford; Fellow of Exeter College, 1842; was ordained in the Church of England (1844), but a change of opinions was marked by the publication of his "Nemesis of Faith" (1848) and by the resignation of his fellowship; became an active contributor to Fraser's Magazine and the Westminster Review; published 66 History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada" (twelve volumes), 1856-70; 6: Short Studies on Great Subjects" (three series), being reprints of essays contributed to various periodicals; "The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century," 1871-4; "Cæsar: A Sketch," 1878. After Carlyle's death in 1881, Froude, as his literary executor, edited the "Reminiscences," and in 1882 appeared the first two volumes (forty years) of Froude's Biography of Carlyle. (For an estimate of Froude as an historian see Reader v. 341). Goodale, Dora Read, born October 29, 1866; has written, in conjunction with her sister Elaine, two volumes of verse, 66 Apple Blossoms," 1878; All Round the Year: Verses from Sky Farm," 1881. The latter is a remarkable volume when we consider the youth of the writers; it has won the favorable notice of the Athenæum and of other critical journals. Sky Farm," the home of these sisters, is in South Egremont, Massachusetts, on the very summit of the Berkshire Hills. 66 Gosse, Edmund William, born in Lon don, September 21, 1849; son of Philip Henry Gosse, F.R.S., who resided some three years near the Coaticook River, Quebec, and recorded his experiences in that pleasant volume, The Canadian Naturalist," 1840. E. W. Gosse was educated in Devonshire; became, through Charles Kingsley's influence, assistant - librarian at the British Museum, 1867; was appointed translator to the Board of Trade, 1875. Publications: 'Madrigals, Songs, and Sonnets" (in conjunction with J. A. Blaikie), 1870; On Viol and Flute" (lyrical), 1873; 'King Erik: A Tragedy," 1876; "Unknown Lover" (dramatic), 1878. He has contributed critical studies in English, Scandinavian, and Dutch literature to Athenæum, Academy, Cornhill Magazine, Fortnightly Review, and to ninth edition of "Encyclopædia Britannica." He contributed "Gray," to "English Men of Letters," 1882. 66 66 66 Gough, John B., born at Sandgate, Kent, England, 1817; at twelve years came to United States, spending two years on a farm; in 1831 got employment in New York as bookbinder, and in 1839 became bookbinder on his own account, but by dissipation was reduced to the greatest misery. Since 1843 he has lectured on temperance with powerful effect. His autobiography and a volume of his orations appeared in 1845. In 1853, 1857, and 1878 he visited England. Grant, Rev. George Monro, D.D., Principal of Queen's University and College, Kingston, Ontario; born December 22, 1835, at Albion Mines, County Pictou, N.S.; received his early instruction at Pictou Academy and West River Seminary, and his university training at Glasgow. He has warmly identified himself with philanthropic and educational movements. His literary publications include, "Study of Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Carlyle," 1867; Ocean to Ocean," a delightful narrative of his exploratory tour with Mr. Sandford Fleming over the line of the future Pacific Railway (editions in 1873 and 1877); articles on the Great North-West,' in Good Words; papers on "Joseph Howe" and Religion and Culture," in the Canadian Monthly; articles on "Canada,” in Scribner's Magazine. "Picturesque Canada" appeared under Principal Grant's supervision, and it includes important contributions of his own. (See Reader v. 374.) Harte, Francis Bret, born at Albany, |