real national as well as personal wealth. If twice as much paper circulates with them, though in full credit, particular persons may be rich by possessing it, but the nation in general is not.

7. The cry of the scarcity of money is generally putting the effect for the cause. No business can be done, say some, because money is scarce. It may be said with more truth, money is scarce because little business is done. Yet their influence, like that of many other causes and effects, is reciprocal.

8. The quantity of current money, of whatever kind, will have an effect in raising the price of industry and bringing goods dearer to market; therefore the increase of the currency in any nation by paper which will not pass among other nations, makes the first cost of every thing they do greater, and, of consequence, the profit less.

9. It is, however, possible that paper obligations may so far facilitate commerce and extend credit, as, by the additional industry that they excite, to overbalance the injury which they do in other respects. Yet even the good itself may be overdone. Too much money may be emitted even upon loan; but to emit money any other way than upon loan is to do all evil and no good. 10. Those who refuse doubtful paper, and thereby disgrace it, or prevent its circulation, are not enemies, but friends to their country.

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 1732-1799.

GEORGE WASHINGTON, the fourth son of Augustine Washington, and the first President of the United States, was born at Bridge's Creek, in the county of Westmoreland, Virginia, on the 22d of February, 1732, and died at Mount Vernon on the 14th of December, 1799. The following are the chief incidents of his public life:

EVENTS.

His birth, in Westmoreland county, Virginia.
Death of his father, at the age of forty-nine years.

His brother Lawrence obtained for him a midshipman's war-
rant in the British Navy.

Surveyor of Lord Fairfax's lands on the Potomac River. Military Inspector, with the rank of Major, to protect the frontiers of Virginia agaiust the French and Indians.

1 I give not an extended biography of General Washington, because to do any justice to the subject it would occupy more room than I could spare; while the lives of him are so numerous as to be accessible to any one. Read lives by Marsball, Ramsey, Weems, Edmunds, Guizot, (translated by Reeve,) Headley, Irving, Bancroft, Sparks; also an admirable book entitled " Maxims of Washington, Political, Moral, Social, and Religious; collected and arranged by J. F. Schroeder, D.D.," 1 vol. 12mo. Consult also North American Review," li. 69, xlvii. 318, xxxix. 467; "American Quarterly," xv. 275, xvii. 74; "Methodist Quarterly," iL 38; also read Eulogies by Hamilton, Jay, Ames, Mason, &c.

...

Aug. 14.

EVENTS.

He sailed for Barbadoes with his brother Lawrence.

Adjutant-General.

Commissioner to the French on the Ohio.

Lieutenant-Colonel for the defence of the colony of Virginia. Aid-de-camp to General Braddock at the battle of Monongahela.

Commander-in-chief of the Virginian forces.

He resigned his commission.

His marriage. Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses.
Commissioner for settling the military accounts of the colony.
His tour to the Ohio and Great Kenawa Rivers.

Member of the Virginia Conventions on the points at issue
between Great Britain and the Colonies.
Member of the first Continental Congress.
Member of the second Continental Congress.
Commander-in-chief.

Commander of the army at Cambridge.
Boston evacuated by the British army.
Declaration of American Independence.
Battle of Long Island.

Battle of Trenton.

Congress invested him with dictatorial powers.
Battle of Princeton.

Battle of the Brandywine.

Sept.

Oct. 31.

July 9.

Dec.

Jan. 6.

1770

38

1774

Stony Point taken.

Battle of Germantown.

Battle of Monmouth.

Arnold's treason.

Mutiny of the Pennsylvania troops.

Surrender of Yorktown and Gloucester.
Peace proclaimed to the army.

New York evacuated by the British army.

He resigned his commission.

His tour to the Western country.

May 14. Delegate to the General Convention at Philadelphia to form a

Constitution. President of the Convention.

President of the United States.

His inauguration at New York.

Death of his mother at the age of eighty-two years.
His tour through the Eastern States.

His tour through the Southern States.

President for a second term.

M. Genet, Minister from France to the United States.
Spt. 15. His Farewell Address to the People of the United States.
He retired to private life. Difficulties with France.
parations for war.

Commander-in-chief of the Armies of the United States.
His death at Mount Vernon.

Pre

VALEDICTORY COUNSELS OF WASHINGTON.

There is an opinion that parties in free countries are useful checks upon the administration of the government and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This, within certain limits, is probably true; and in governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party; but in those of the popular character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose; and there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands

a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume.

Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the destinies of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and cherish them. A volume could not trace all their connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instruments of investigation in courts of justice? And let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principles.

It is substantially true that virtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular government. The rule, indeed, extends with more or less force to every species of free government. Who, that is a sincere friend to it, can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the foundation of the fabric?

Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the structure of a government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened.

Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace and harmony with all: religion and morality enjoin this conduct; and can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it? It would be worthy of a free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that, in the course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence to it? Can it be that Providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue? The experiment at least is recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. Alas! is it rendered impossible by its vices? ***

In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential than that permanent, inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and passionate attachments for others, should be excluded, and that, in place of them, just and amiable feelings towards all, should be cultivated. The nation which indulges towards another an habitual hatred, or an habitual fondness, is in some degree a slave.

It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against another disposes each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur. ***

Though, in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am unconscious of intentional error, I am, nevertheless, too sensible of my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to avert and mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I shall also carry with me the hope that my country will never cease to view them with indulgence; and that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest.

THE BROTHERHOOD OF MAN.

As the member of an infant empire, as a philanthropist by character, and, if I may be allowed the expression, as a citizen of the Great Republic of Humanity at large, I cannot help turning my attention sometimes to this subject,- -HOW MANKIND MAY BE CONNECTED, LIKE ONE GREAT FAMILY, IN FRATERNAL TIES. I indulge a fond, perhaps an enthusiastic idea, that as the world is evidently much less barbarous than it has been, its melioration must still be progressive; that nations are becoming more humanized in their policy; that the subjects of ambition and causes for hostility are daily diminishing; and, in fine, that the period is not very remote when the benefits of a liberal and free commerce will pretty generally succeed to the devastations and horrors of war.

PROVIDENCE RULING THE AFFAIRS OF NATIONS.

It would be peculiarly improper to omit, in this first' official act, my fervent supplications to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who presides in the councils of nations, and whose providential aids can supply every human defect, that His benediction may consecrate, to the liberties and happiness of the people of the United States, a government instituted by themselves for these essential purposes, and may enable every instrument employed in the administration to execute with success the functions allotted to its charge. In tendering this homage to the Great Author of every public and private good, I assure myself that it

Inaugural Address, April 30, 1789.

expresses your sentiments not less than my own, nor those of my fellow-citizens at large less than either. No people can be bound to acknowledge and adore the invisible hand which conducts the affairs of men more than the people of the United States. Every step by which they have advanced to the character of an independent nation seems to have been distinguished by some token of Providential agency; and in the important revolution just accomplished in the system of their united government, the tranquil deliberations and voluntary consent of so many distinct communities from which the event has resulted, cannot be compared with the means by which most governments have been established, without some return of pious gratitude, along with an humble anticipation of the future blessings which the past seem to presage.

PLEASURES OF PRIVATE LIFE.

Under the shadow of my own vine and my own fig-tree, free from the bustle of a camp, and the busy scenes of public life, I am solacing myself with those tranquil enjoyments, of which the Soldier, who is ever in pursuit of fame, the Statesman, whose watchful days and sleepless nights are spent in devising schemes to promote the welfare of his own, perhaps the ruin of other countries, as if the globe was insufficient for us all, and the Courtier, who is always watching the countenance of his Prince, in hopes of catching a gracious smile, can have very little conception. I have not only retired from all public employments, but I am retiring within myself, and shall be able to view the solitary walk, and tread the paths of private life, with a heartfelt satisfaction. Envious of none, I am determined to be pleased with all; and, this being the order of my march, I will move gently down the stream of life until I sleep with my fathers.

SLAVERY.

The scheme which you' propose, as a precedent to encourage the emancipation of the black people in this country from the state of bondage in which they are held, is a striking evidence of the benevolence of your heart, and I shall be happy to join you in so laudable a work.

Your purchase of an estate in the colony of Cayenne, with a view of emancipating the slaves on it, is a generous and noble proof of your humanity. Would to God a like spirit might diffuse itself generally into the minds of the people of this country! But I despair of seeing it.