writer;

for Bolton. His works, numbering twentysix in Allibone's list, are on divers subjects, from Celibia Choosing a Husband, a novel published in 1809, to Tracts on Finance and Trade, 1852. The Annual Register says: "He was an indefatigable the productions of his pen, which include a great variety of tracts on subjects of political economy, some able pamphlets on the currency, and some literary efforts of a lighter class, extend over a period of fifty years. For some time Colonel Torrens was a part proprietor and editor of the Globe newspaper. He was a skilful and lucid writer, and succeeded in throwing considerable light upon some of those abstruse questions connected with monetary science which are the stumbling-block of economical students." He died 27th May 1864, aged 84. 7 16

Tottenham, Charles, a member of the Irish House of Commons, was born about 1685. He resided at Tottenham Green, Wexford, and sat for the borough of New Ross. In 1731 a great opposition was set on foot to a proposal that a surplus of £60,000 in the revenue should be made over to the British Government. Tottenham, hearing that the division was coming on sooner than had been expected, rode on horseback from Wexford to Dublin. Getting down at the House of Commons, he was stopped by the serjeantat-arms, who reported to the Speaker that a member was trying to enter the House without being in full dress, as was customary. After some hesitation, the Speaker decided that he had no power to exclude him, and the bold rider, splashed from head to foot, and wearing jack-boots, strode in, gave his vote, which proved to be a deciding one, and defeated the unpopular measure. Thenceforward he was known and toasted as "Tottenham in his boots." He died 20th September 1758, aged about 73. A portrait of him, in huge jack-boots reaching his thighs, was shown at the National Portrait Exhibition in Dublin in 1872. 22 53

Touchet, James, Earl of Castlehaven, was born early in the 17th century. His father, the 2nd Earl, was beheaded on Tower Hill, 14th May 1631. James was restored to the title and estates of his ancestors in 1634. In 1638 he returned from Rome to attend Charles I. in his campaign against the Scots, and afterwards served in the Low Countries. After Strafford's execution, he retired to Ireland. Early in the war of 1641-'52 he was made prisoner and confined in Dublin. Managing to make his escape, he went through Wicklow to Kilkenny, where he was warmly received by the Supreme

Council. In October 1642 he was entrusted with a military command. The history of his life for the next few years is a recital of petty skirmishes, battles, and retreats, the reduction of castles, and misunderstandings with his brother generals and the Council. He was bitterly opposed to the party of the Nuncio, and favoured the peace of 1646. He resided in France and the Low Countries for some two years, and "then I went to Ireland, with the Marquess of Ormond, Lord-Lieutenant, serving the King against the Nuncio, Council, and other his Majesty's enemies." He was appointed Master of the Horse by Ormond. Upon the subjugation of the kingdom by Cromwell, he again withdrew to France, where he engaged in the Prince of Conde's service, and went through many of the Continental campaigns until 1678. After the Restoration, he was, by special Act of Parliament, restored to his dignities. His last days were spent at his mansion in the County of Tipperary, where he died 11th October 1684. He was passionately fond of field sports, and his Memoirs tell how in the midst of the most bloody and harassing campaigns he often turned aside to enjoy the chase. 52 117 337

Trench, Melesina Chenevix, granddaughter of Dr. Chenevix, Bishop of Waterford, was born in Ireland in 1768. This talented and amiable woman, mother of Dr. R. C. Trench, Archbishop of Dublin, is known to the public mainly through a volume of Remains, Selections from Journals, Letters, and other Papers, published by her son in 1862, and by her correspondence with Mary Leadbeater, published in the Leadbeater Papers in 1861. The notes we have of her early years with her grandfather (her parents having died when she was but a child), her brief married life with her first husband, Colonel St. George, subsequent residence in Ireland, visits to the Continent between 1799 and 1806, and later married life in England as Mrs. Richard Trench, portray a character of remarkable strength, discernment, and sweetness. She died at Malvern, 27th May 1827, aged 59. Mrs. Leadbeater, under date of 1802, gives a vivid description of their first interview and the mutual attraction by which they were drawn to each other. She says: "My heart entirely acquits me of having been influenced by what I have heard of her rank and fortune. Far more prepossessing than these were the soft lustre of her beautiful black eyes, and the sweetness of her fascinating smile. Providence had given her talents and dispositions calculated to promote the improve

66

ment and happiness of all around her, while her meekness and humility prevented the restraint of her superiority being felt, without taking from the dignity of her character. I was surprised and affected when I beheld her, on one occasion, seated on one of the kitchen chairs in the scullery, for coolness, hearing a company of little children of her tenants sing out their lessons to her." 211 3261 Trench, Power le Poer, Archbishop of Tuam, son of the Earl of Clancarty, was born in Sackville-street, Dublin, 10th June 1770. He entered Trinity College as a pensioner, 2nd July 1787; was ordained a deacon in 1791, consecrated Bishop of Lismore and Waterford in 1802, translated to Elphin in 1810, and promoted Archbishop of Tuam in 1819. He may be said to have headed the evangelical party of the Irish Church, and consistently opposed nearly all the political changes in Ireland during his episcopate. He took a vigorous part against the National System of Education, 'as at variance with the reverence due to the Word of God, and the temporal and spiritual welfare of the country," and was one of the seventeen Irish prelates that signed the protest against it in February 1832. He was very benevolent. W. Torrens McCullagh describes a visit in his company to the poor of Tuam in November 1834"I never saw less ostentatious and more universal respect shown to any man of his station. It seemed habitual to the people to see the venerable bishop come amongst them, and listen to their tales of suffering." The Archbishop died 26th March 1839, aged 68, and was buried with his ancestors at Creagh, near Ballinasloe. Upon his death the see of Tuam ceased to be metropolitan. Sirr's bulky memoir of the Archbishop, published in 1845, contains much that is valuable relating to the ecclesiastical history of his diocese and of Ireland generally; but in nothing is it more instructive than as showing the great change for the better-both in the bearing of religious bodies towards each other, and in the material condition of the people-that has come over Ireland since his time. 118 326 Tresham, Henry, R.A., an eminent painter, was born in High-street, Dublin, about the middle of the 18th century. He studied in his native city under the elder West, and spent fourteen years in Italy. On his return he finished several paintings (including a large one of "Adam and Eve," which became the property of Lord Powerscourt), and executed designs for Boydell's Shakespere Gallery. He was admitted to the academies of Rome, Bologna, and London. His acquaintance with the history of the fine arts was extensive; but

the high authority claimed for him in his day as an art critic has been since discredited. He was the author of Rome at the Close of the Eighteenth Century, published in 1799, and some slight poetical effusions. He is said to have had much facility of composition, but his oil paintings are deficient in richness of colouring and spirit of execution. Mr. Tresham was a better designer than painter. He died 17th June 1814. 16 37 219

Troy, John Thomas, Archbishop of Dublin, was born near Porterstown, County of Dublin, 10th May 1739. At fifteen he left Ireland to prosecute his studies at Rome, where he assumed the Dominican habit in 1756, and gradually passed from grade to grade, until he became rector of St. Clement's in that city. In 1776 he was consecrated Bishop of Ossory; and in December 1786 was elevated to the archbishopric of Dublin. He exerted himself to discourage hurried marriages, and other irregular proceedings within his jurisdiction; and fulminated anathemas against Catholics who engaged in any kind of rebellion against the constituted authorities. Dr. Troy was of all Irish Catholics most instrumental in helping to carry the Union, throwing all his influence into the government scale, and suggesting plans for the endowment of the Catholic clergy. Many of his communications with members of the Government are published in the Castlereagh Papers and Cornwallis Correspondence, where he is repeatedly referred to as an honoured and efficient ally of the ruling party in Ireland. Lord Cornwallis thus wrote in December 1798, to a friend in England in regard to the proposed Union: "The Catholics are for it, and the principal persons among them, such as Lords Fingall and Kenmare, and Dr. Troy, titular Archbishop of Dublin, etc., etc., say that they do not wish the question of the Catholics being admitted into the representation to be agitated at this time, as it would render the whole measure difficult; that they do not think the Irish Parliament capable of entering into a cool and dispassionate consideration of their case, and that they trust that the United Parliament will, at a proper time, allow them every privilege that may be consistent with the Protestant establishment. You will easily conceive that this sensible and moderate conduct on their part has greatly relieved my mind." In 1809 Dr. Murray was appointed his coadjutor. In April 1815, Archbishop Troy laid the foundation of the Cathedral in Marlborough-street, Dublin, but did not live to see it completed. His remains were the first

more

a

a

laid within its precincts, and prayers for the repose of his soul were the first offered before its altar. He died 11th May 1823, aged 84. Mr. D'Alton, speaks of him as truly learned and zealous pastor, lover and promoter of the most pure Christian morality, vigilant in the discharge of his duty, and devotedly solicitous not only for the spiritual good of those consigned to his charge, but also for the public quiet of the state." 12 72 87 1281

Tuckey, James Kingston, Captain, R.N., was born at Greenhill, near Mallow, August 1776. He went to sea at an early age, and in 1793 was received into the navy. From the first he saw a good deal of active service, and he was more than once wounded. He was engaged in expeditions to the Red Sea, and in 1802 went out to Australia as first-lieutenant of the Calcutta. Amongst other services, he made a survey of Port Phillip. On his return to England he published an Account of the Voyage to establish a Colony at Port Phillip. The Calcutta was captured by the French on a voyage from St. Helena in 1805, and Lieutenant Tuckey suffered an imprisonment of nearly nine years in France, during which time he married Miss Margaret Stuart, a fellow prisoner, and prepared a work on Maritime Geography and Statistics, published after his release. In 1814 he was promoted to the rank of commander, and in February 1816 sailed in command of the Congo and the Dorothy, to explore the River Congo. The particulars of the expedition are fully given in his Narrative and Professor Smith's Journal, a quarto volume, with plates and maps, published in London in 1818. On the 12th July they left their vessels and proceeded up the Congo in boats 120 miles, and travelled 150 miles farther inland. Numbers died of the hardships they underwent, and Captain Tuckey himself succumbed after the party regained their vessels, on the 14th October 1816, aged 50. He was tall, and had been handsome, but long and arduous service broke down his constitution, and even at thirty he was grey-haired and nearly bald. His countenance was pleasing and pensive; he was gentle and kind in his manners, cheerful in conversation, and indulgent to those under his command. 327

Urwick, William, D.D., a well-known Dublin Independent Minister and philanthropist, was born at Shrewsbury, 8th December 1791. He was educated at Hoxton. On the 19th June 1816 he was ordained to the ministry at Sligo, and accepted the cure of a congregation there.

In

In a public discussion which took place at Easky in 1824, on subjects of Roman Catholic controversy, he was the ablest of the four Protestant speakers. 1826 he received a call to York-street Chapel, Dublin (which had been erected in 1808 by the followers of the Countess of Huntingdon), and there laboured for forty years. Foremost in every good work, he soon became known and widely respected in Dublin. At the same time that he held clearly and definitely to his own religious convictions, his charity and sympathies were not limited by sect or party. Onetenth of his narrow income was regularly devoted to charitable purposes. His biographer says that "he would rather be taken in by ten undeserving cases than close his heart and hand, through mistaken suspicion, to one deserving object." Anti-slavery, temperance, and every good work outside the pale of the ordinary calls of an evangelical clergyman, received his warm support, and his pulpit was ever open to advocates of causes he approved. Failing health obliged him to abandon the cares of his church in 1866. He died 16th July 1868, aged 76, and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery. He was considerably below the average height: his face and head were strikingly noble. He was the author of nearly thirty books and pamphlets, the most important of which are a History of Dublin, written for the Religious Tract Society, and Biographical Sketches of J. D. La Touche, 1868.

333

Ussher, James, Archbishop of Armagh, was born in the parish of St Nicholas, Dublin, 4th January 1580-'81. His father, a clerk in the Court of Chancery, was said to have been descended from one Neville, who came over with King John in the capacity of usher, and changed his name to that of his office. James was taught to read by two aunts who had been blind from infancy, to whom he ever afterwards looked back with affection and respect. From eight to thirteen years of age he attended the school kept by Fullerton and Hamilton, private emissaries of James VI. of Scotland, sent to keep up his influence in Ireland, in view of the prospect of his succeeding to the throne of England and Ireland. [See HAMILTON, SIR JAMES, p. 242.] Ussher's abilities, diligence, and loving disposition, attracted the esteem of all with whom he came in contact. His name stands second on the list of those admitted to Trinity College, Dublin, when first opened, on 9th January 1593-'4. There he studied with ardour, devoting himself especially to historical and chronological enquiries. His immediate relations were

divided between the reformed and the Ca- | tholic faith, and the religious controversies of the day had thus for him an intense and personal interest. His uncle, Richard Stanyhurst, a Jesuit, endeavoured to attract him towards Catholicism; but as he advanced in years, Ussher became more and more confirmed in the Protestant tenets in which he had been brought up. At an early age he commenced reading the whole of the Fathers, a prodigious labour, which he did not bring to an end for eighteen years. He took the degree of B.A. about July 1597, and, greatly against his will, was preparing to abandon theology and commence the study of the law, when the death of his father left him at liberty to follow his own bent. He made over the family property to his sisters, taking but a small sum for the purchase of books and his support in the cheapest way in college. About this period he gained considerable credit by engaging in a public controversy with FitzSimon [See FITZSIMON, HENRY, p. 204], a learned Jesuit confined in Dublin Castle. In 1600 he took the degree of M.A., and was elected to a fellowship, and, although not ordained until December 1601, he was occasionally selected to preach in Christ Church before the Irish Court. As with all earnest men of the time, toleration was hateful to him, and he exerted his influence to have the laws against the Catholics put rigidly in force. Upon one occasion he preached a sermon on the text: "And thou shalt bear the iniquity of the house of Judah forty days: I have appointed thee each day for a year." This was afterwards regarded as prophetic of the war of 1641; but his biographer shows that the sermon must have been preached towards the end of 1602, or in the course of 1603, instead of 1601, as generally represented. The English army, after the capture of Kinsale, and before leaving Ireland, testified its respect for learning by subscribing £1,800 for the purchase of a library for Trinity College. Ussher was one of the two sent to London to purchase books with the money. Soon after his return he was appointed Chancellor of St. Patrick's and incumbent of Finglas. Henceforward he visited England every few years for the purpose of consulting books and manuscripts at the great libraries, becoming intimate with Camden, Sir Robert Cotton, and other eminent men of kindred tastes. These visits were generally of three months' duration-one month each being passed in Oxford, Cambridge, and London. In 1607 he was appointed Professor of Divinity to Dublin University; and two years afterwards he received an invitation to preach

before the Court in London. The provostship of Trinity College was pressed upon him, but he declined, fearing lest its duties might interfere with his studies. In 1612 he took the degree of D.D., and next year published his first work, dedicated to James I.-Gravissimæ Quæstiones de Christianorum Ecclesiarum Continua Successione et Statu, which drew forth an answer from his uncle Stanyhurst, then in exile on the Continent. In the beginning of 1614 he married his cousin Phoebe, daughter of Dr. Lucas Challoner, Vice-Chancellor of the University, who had been enjoined by her father's will, bequeathing her a considerable property, not to marry any other than Dr. Ussher, "if he should propose himself." At the Irish Convocation of 1615 Dr. Ussher probably drew up the 104 Articles then accepted, which differed considerably from the English 39 Articles. Dr. Elrington says: "The most important ground of objection to the Irish Articles is the introduction of the Lambeth Articles, which had been so recently rejected by the Church of England." In 1614, and again in 1617, Ussher was chosen Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dublin, and during a visit to London of nearly two years' duration, 1619-'21, he recommended himself to James I., and was appointed to the bishopric of Meath. On 13th February 1620 he preached before the House of Commons at Westminster; and says: "I dined at court, and betwixt four and five I kissed the King's hand, and had conference with him touching my sermon. He said 'I had charge of an unruly flock to look to next Sunday." Next year he was consecrated Bishop of Meath in St. Peter's, Drogheda. His writings give a deplorable description of the state of the diocese. The revenues had dwindled, there were few local residences for the clergy, while out of about 207 churches, 142 are set down as "ruinous," 16 with ruined choirs, 19 with ruined chancels, 26 in "reasonable repair," and but 4 in "good repair." He continued to pay frequent visits to London, where he was a special favourite with James, who addressed a letter to the Deputy and Council directing them to grant Ussher leave of absence for an indefinite period, and one of the King's last acts was to appoint him (in March 1624-'5) Archbishop of Armagh. Charles I., also, in consequence of "many painful and acceptable services to his dear father deceased, and upon his special directions, bestowed upon the said Primate out of his princely bounty £400." Ussher returned to Ireland in August 1626, after a long absence. In the interval a controversy came off between

him and Dr. Rookwood, a Catholic clergyman, in the presence of Lord and Lady Mordaunt, the one a Catholic, and the other a Protestant. The contention is said to have been brought to an end by Rookwood's inability to answer Ussher's arguments, and Lord Mordaunt became a member of the Church of England. The Countess was ever after the Archbishop's faithful friend, and her attachment comforted the closing years of his life. About this period, he joined with others of the clergy in a protest against granting Catholics any toleration: "To give them a toleration, or to consent that they may freely exercise their religion and profess their faith and doctrine, is a grievous sin." As there was then no archiepiscopal residence at Armagh, he lived chiefly at Drogheda, or at Termonfeckin, near that place, while during a plague he took up his abode at Lambay Island. His public and often embarrassing duties did not withdraw him from the delights of literature. His mind was chiefly directed towards Biblical researches, and through agents in the East he procured several copies of the Samaritan Pentateuch, and the Syriac version of the Old Testament. With the view of upholding English influence by exterminating the Irish language, he opposed Bishop Bedell's efforts for the translation and dissemination of the Bible in Irish. (It is worthy of note that Bishop Bedell and Archbishop Marsh, who most strenuously endeavoured to spread a knowledge of Irish amongst the clergy, were Englishmen.) In 1632 Ussher permitted himself to be made a party to the forcing of a fellow upon Trinity College in violation of its statutes. He was a warm friend and adviser of Lord Wentworth, afterwards Earl of Strafford, and their intimacy terminated only when Ussher knelt beside the Earl at the block. In the Convocation of 1634, mainly through Strafford's influence, the English Articles were accepted in addition to those previously drawn up by the Archbishop; while a separate set of canons was agreed to. One of the greatest of Ussher's works, Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates, was published in August 1639. It had been commenced at the request of King James, twenty years previously. Dr. Elrington declares that "to panegyrize this extraordinary monument of human learning is unnecessary; to detail its contents impossible." The Archbishop's literary labours were interrupted by the breaking out of the war in 1641. He retired to England, and was appointed by Charles I. to the see of Carlisle in Commendam. In 1642 he went to Oxford, where he continued to avail

himself of the treasures of the Bodleian Library. Numbers flocked to hear him, and he often preached before the King. He refused to attend the Assembly of Divines at Westminster in 1643, and preached against its authority. The House of Commons thereupon confiscated his valuable library, but much of it was rescued through the kindness of a friend, who bought it in for him. When Oxford was about to be besieged, the Archbishop accompanied the Prince of Wales to Bristol. He afterwards proceeded to Cardiff, where, after the battle of Naseby, he was joined by the King. Greatly perplexed as to a choice of residence, he at one time entertained serious thoughts of embarking for France or Holland; but ultimately accepted the invitation of Lady Stradling to her castle of St. Donat's, in Glamorganshire. On his way thither, he and his daughter were roughly handled by some bands of English soldiery, and he lost several of his most valuable manuscripts. At St. Donat's he was kindly treated; and the extensive library in the castle enabled him to turn his sojourn to good account. In 1646 his old friend the Countess of Peterborough prevailed upon him to return to London-her influence securing him from molestation by the Parliament. From the roof of her house Ussher had the anguish of seeing the King led forth to the scaffold. It is related that he fainted at the sight, and had to be carried to bed. He still continued to labour assiduously at his books, and in 1650 published the first part of his Bible Chronology, from which the dates given in the present authorized version are taken. Five years afterwards failing health obliged him to resign his appointment of preacher to the Benchers of Lincoln's Inn. He would have declined Cromwell's occasional invitations to conferences on religious matters and the promotion of Protestant interests at home and abroad, but that his refusal might have militated against the welfare of his brother clergy. He accepted from the Protector the grant of a lease for twenty years of a portion of the primatial lands at Armagh, which, however, does not appear to have been confirmed. He received one payment at least of a quarterly allowance of £100 from Parliament. The infirmities of age were now pressing upon him; his wife died in 1654, and he himself quietly passed away, 21st March 1655-'6, aged 75, at the Countess of Peterborough's, at Ryegate, in Surrey. Cromwell honoured his remains with a stately funeral at Westminster Abbey, but is said to have left his daughter to pay