SPORTING OLIO. EXTRACT. by that noted horse Partner, and from a full blood- | horse on the continent. He was got by Col. Sharpe's ed mare, 15 hands high, 8 years old, a dark chesnut, Othello, who was got by Basto, his dam by Mr. with a blaze in his face, run several capital races, George's Juniper, son of Babram, who was got by I enclose you some pedigrees which have been south governments of Carolina. The terms are Molton's Traveller, who was got by Old Partner, and beat the most famous horses in the north and the Godolphin Arabian; his grandam was got by called for-Trimmer, in a form which will not be three pounds the season, thirty shillings a single and his dam by Bloody-Buttocks. Traveller was questioned. Old Cub, also, he was the sire of much leap, or five pounds to ensure a colt, with five shil-bred by Mr. Croft, of Yorkshire, in England-his good stock. Old Dove, imported by Doctor Hamilton, and who covered both in Maryland and Newlings to the groom; the first three days in the week great grandam was Col. Tasker's Selima, who Jersey, where in leading by a train of horses, he at William Carson's, the remaining part of the week was got by the Godolphin Arabian. JAMES M'CULLOUGH. To cover this season, at the stable of the subscriber, in AMERICAN DRAY HORSE. Francis. March 18, 1780. THOMAS HUTCHINGS. N. B. Good pasturage may be had for mares. Queen-Anne's county, Maryland, February 28, 1763. kicked at them, his feet entangled in the traces, and at the subscriber's in Warwick. in the struggle, he burst open, his entrails came out, and he died on the spot. Traveller is, I March 28th, 1775. presume, Morton's. Spark got some good stock; he was brought over by the grandfather of the present Benjamin Ogle, who was educated in England. Mr. Ogle can, possibly, tell by examining, when his grandfather returned from England. Slim, a very Will cover the coming season, on Sundays, Monfine horse, and the sire of very speedy stock; Judge days, Wednesdays and Fridays, at my farm, near Duval can complete his pedigree. He was at one Wye Mill; on Tuesdays and Thursdays, at Cosden's time owned by a Rev. Mr. Landrum, who also He is rising four years old, and is counted by the Cross Roads; and on Saturdays, at Tuckahoe owned superior game cocks. I cannot make out most of judges to be as likely, if not the likeliest Bridge; for ten bushels of clean merchantable wheat Doctor Hamilton's Figure, from the very old adver-colt, ever his sire got in the province; he is a beau- each mare, to be paid on or before the first day of tisement, (say 54 years) herewith, Chatham is clear, tiful dark brown, with two white feet, full 164 hands October next, under the penalty of half a bushel of and, I believe true-he was a black horse. I know high, proportionably built every way, being remark wheat for every month it remains unpaid after that nothing of Sterling, who had no celebrity. Travel-able for strength, good courage, and lofty carriage; day. Three shillings and nine pence must be paid ler's great grandam could not have been Selima. he covered near sixty mares last season, most of me when each mare is first covered, or five shillings I know nothing of Atlas. I say the same of Penn- which are with foal. He is to cover this season, as if left unpaid one month after. sylvania Farmer and Don Carlos; Paul Jones made usual, at fifteen shillings the season; the money to Tanner is a beautiful dark bay, full fifteen hands some good races. African, Ogle's Badger, Young be paid as soon as the season is over, or thirty shil-high, and possesses an uncommon share of action, Tanner, Belmont, Young Spot, Young Highflyer, lings to insure a colt. Those who are pleased to bone and beauty. He was got by Tanner, out of Phenix, Magnetic Needle, Lamplighter, Heath's favour him with their custom, may depend on the Camilla. The sire was a high-bred son of Cade, Childers, Sir Harry, Expedition, covered in Jersey utmost care; and those who live at a distance, may and imported by Daniel Wolstenholme, Esq. of this and Pennsylvania; Fayette and Tulip, Belvidere send or bring their mares and leave them; where state, and shipped by Osgood Hanbury, of London, and Juba, Jim Crack, Belle-Air, Alderman, Travel- they may have good pasture at one shilling and six- who advised 200 guineas had been offered for him. ler, Bay Colt. pence per week, by ISAAC RICHARDS. For his performances on the turf, see Hebor, 1761 and 1762. August 27th, 1827. Marcus-Hook, March 27, 1775. March 28, 1775, DON CARLOS. Will cover this season, at Col. Benjamin Nicholson's plantation, near Baltimore Town, for 10 bushels of merchantable wheat, delivered at any merchant mill in Baltimore county, before the 10th day of December. He is a beautiful bay, upwards of 15 hands high, a horse of great bone--was got by Doctor Hamilton's imported horse Figure, (who won four King's plates) out of the famous mare Primrose. Primrose was got by the imported horse Dove, out of Stella. Stella was got by Othello, out of Selima. Selima was imported, and got by the Godolphin Arabian. mares. April 20, 1780. -The best of pasturage for Patapsco Neck, April 19, 1780. The wheat may be delivered at Tuckahoe Bridge, Cosden's Cross Roads, and at Gibson's Granary on Pitt's Point Good pasturage will be provided for mares, at eighteen pence a week, but I will not be answerable for any escapes. The season expires the first day of August. HENRY CARTER. YOUNG SPOT, SLIM, Lately imported from England (and I believe the only true bred imported horse now in Pennsylvania) will be allowed to cover thirty mares this season, at my stables near Marcus-Hook, for two guineas each, and a crown to the groom. Slim is a beautiful sprightly horse, of fine action, sound and free from blemish, a dark chesnut, prettily marked, full 15 hands and one inch high, and but seven years old Will cover this season at the Rocks, Berkeley counthis grass. I might now give a long history of his ty, four miles below Snicker's Gap; he is a thorough pedigree and performance, proving him to be rebred horse, 15 hands 1 inch high, and complete in lated to some of the finest in England; but as it seems unnecessary, shall only say, he was got by every respect, imported by Mr. Hyde of FredericksMr. Wildman's Babram, his dam by Mr. Rogers' burg. The following pedigree will prove him to be Babram, and his grandam by Sidbury, out of Lord as high bred as any horse in England. The origiPortsmouth's Ebony; he has won plates, and beat The property of Mr. James Gittings, and the sub-words:"The chesnut horse I sold Mr. Hyde was nal may be seen here, and runs in the following capital horses, both in England and America, from scriber, will stand at my farm till the 25th of next bred as follows: He was got by Edmund Turner, which, it is very clear, he justly merits the charac-month, and at Mr. Gittings's, the residue of the seater of a horse of the first rate, and as such is re-son, and cover for six bushels clean merchantable Esquire's, horse Spot; Spot was got by the Duke of commended by ARCHIBALD DICK. wheat, 12 bushels of good sound Indian corn, deli-Ancaster's horse Blank, which covered at ten guiThis being the first of Slim's performance, in the covering way, and in order that those who send mares may have a good chance, he will not be let to more than thirty, it being a great mistake in many, who keep horses, to suffer them to be so much crowded with mares, as to render the chance of colts very indifferent. Gentlemen who make choice of Slim, would do well to send in their names soon, and engage for the season. The complete country horse Lock, (so noted for getting good draft horses) which I purchased from Mr. Abiah Taylor, will also cover at the above place, for three dollars the season. To Cover this season, at the stable of the subscriber, that noted full blooded horse PENNSYLVANIA FARMER, Without exception, the greatest beauty on the continent, bred by Colonel Taylor, of Virginia, got vered at either of the owners' farms, on or before the Sampson is a handsome brown horse, rising 5 THOMAS JONES. LIBERTY, dale's old horse Regulus, which won nine King's neas a mare; Spot's dam was got by Mr. Martinplates; the chesnut horse's dam was got by Jig, and nine King's plates; his grandam by Tom Jones, his Jig by the Duke of Bolton's Goliah, which here won great grandam by Young Grey Hound; Tom Jones was got by Old Partner, which horse covered at True Blue, his grandam by Cyprus, out of the ten guineas a mare; Tom Jones's dam was got by Duke of Rutland's Bonny Black Mare, which won Hambleton's guineas when thirty-six started. This is a true pedigree. Witness my hand, SAMUEL TROUT. The property of Capt. Charles Ridgely, will cover this season, at my dwelling-plantation, in Harford Elkington, Lincolnshire, July 9, 1785." county, near David Lee's mills, about 5 miles from Young Spot will cover at one guinea the single leap, Joppa, at 12 bushels of wheat, to be paid in Octo- or two guineas the season. No mares will be cober next, or 2401. continental cash, to be paid at vered unless one half the money is paid down and a the time of covering. He is 15 hands 1 inch high, note for the other half when taken away. I will re8 years old, a beautiful bay, with black legs, mane ceive corn at 15s. per barrel, rye at 2s. 6d. and and tail, and is equal, in figure and blood, to any wheat at 4s. delivered at my mill. Good pasturage shall be provided, and all possible care taken of the JAMES WORMELEY. ON STABLES. RECIPES. REMEDY FOR A SORE THROAT. CURE FOR THE FEVER AND AGUE. Take 2 ounces best Lima Bark, 1 table spoonful Laudanum; half pint Brandy, and put the same inVolatile Salt, Ammoniac or smelling salts; 100 drops to a Porter bottle, and fill it up with water, "when taken, to be well shaken." rowing,) upon the first setting out in life, start with the idea, that the more they can borrow, so much the more can they gain, and, sad to relate, they often go through life with this erroneous idea, much to the trouble, vexation and expense of those who We are informed by a person, who has experihave the misfortune to live near them. When I enced its good effects, that the essence of tar is a first settled in this place, I sat down with the de- remedy for that affection of the throat, which oftenYoung horses generally are accustomed to live struments put in regular order in my tool room, (as fatal. The essence of tar may be had of apothecatermination of having all my tools and farming in- times terminates in ulcers, and sometimes proves and breathe in a pure and open air till they come had always been my practice;) but no sooner had ries, and the mode of administering is to drop a litof age, and are fit for labour; it is then found convenient to house them. This produces a considera- the situation of the different tools, than a neighbour solve in the mouth and the solution swallowed. It they been arranged, and my men acquainted with tle on a lump of sugar, which is permitted to disble change in their bodies, and makes them liable to comes with the question "will you lend me a sho- should be taken, he says, as soon as any sympbe greatly affected by the temperature of the air vel?" Being a stranger, I of course could not re-toms of the complaint are felt, in small portions at a which surrounds them, and in which they breathe. fuse. Three days afterwards my man comes to me time, and repeated till the pain is mitigated, and That the generality of stables are kept too close to inquire for the shovel, and I find it has not yet the patient convalescent. The essence of tar we and hot, requires no demonstration, as every one been sent home-when the man has got it, he comes should suppose would produce effects on the human who goes into them, (even when the weather is to know if it shall be carried to the blacksmith's to system similar to those produced by spirits of turpretty cool) must have discovered this from their be straightened. The next day in comes a boy about pentine; and should recommend caution in its use, own feelings; and in the summer season the heat ten years old with the question, "Dadda wants to without advice from a regular physician. within them is increased to a very great degree. know if you will be so good as to lend him your harWhat renders it still worse it frequently happens row?" As I have lent to one I must to all. The that from the situation and structure of many sta- harrow comes home broken, and before it can be bles, no opening can be made to allow a sufficient mended it is wanted for my own use. quantity of fresh air, so as to enable horses confined is lent, and is found by my head-workman in the A dung fork in them to breathe with any tolerable degree of door-yard, barn-yard, or perhaps, in the stable; the freedom. The door is the only entrance for air, other men are suspected of leaving it there, and have and that can only happen occasionally when it is to bear the blame till it comes to my ears, when I open. It is true the intercourse that must unavoid- find that the borrower has returned it without my ably take place through the day in going out and in knowledge. Thus things go on till hardly a tool is renders such stables tolerably fresh aired; yet in left which has not been borrowed, and, perhaps, the mornings, when the door has been shut for broke a; and when a tool is wanted my men have some hours through the night, and especially in the orten to run over the whole town to find it. Having summer, the heat is intolerable, and the air so foul lent so much and for so long a time, the neighbours that a man can hardly breathe in it, whilst at the seem to acquire an opinion that I will lend any thing same time the sharpness of the salts, arising from which I possess very willingly, and they have only the horse's urine, &c. attacks his nose and eyes, and to "ask and it shall be given unto them;" but it soon occasions a copious discharge of tears. becomes too tiresome to ask, so my tools are borrowed without my leave. Not a tool is found in its proper place, and often not at all, and are continu ally disappearing, never to return, being taken by my very neighbourly neighbours. Thus, Mr. Editor, every thing is in confusion, and can no remedy be devised by you to cure this so prevalent disorder; 1 shall have either obstinately to refuse to lend (and I have not courage to do this,) or give up farming, the latter of which, I think, will be the best. Can no remedy be afforded by you; I hope some one of your numerous readers will have compassion enough on me to assist me in this hour of trouble. If any one can give advice in this case, I should be much obliged to him if he would do it as soon as possible, for I can hold out but little longer. Yours, &c. MISCELLANEOUS. METEOROLOGY OF AUGUST, AT BALTIMORE. Mean temperature early in the morning, 68.3°. 29th, 54°-30th, 57°. Mean temperature in the afternoon, 85.2°. Lowest 15th, 25th and 27th, 74°-26th, 68°. Mean temperature at 1 hour past sun-set, 77.8°. BORROWING AND LENDING. A. P. Yours in affliction, A. P. MR. EDITOR, mel and Jalap, or Calomel and Salts. A dose for Commence by cleansing the stomach with Caloan adult is two table spoonsful every two hours, during the intermission of fever, and before the chill comes on, six doses ought to be taken, if you have to commence at midnight. A few doses ought to be taken occasionally for a few days after the patient has got well. The great charm in this medicine appears to arise from the Volatile Salts, for which the "cream of tartar" is no substitute. Bark is frequently known to bring on a return of fever, with this mixture-never. THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1827. In our number of the 24th ult. a bird's-eye view was taken of what Ohio was, what it is, and what it is to be-suggested by the perusal of the anticipations expressed by the Postmaster-General on a late occasion, in regard to that state, which brief essay was closed with the following remark: "Finally, we hope to see telegraphs take their appropriate rank amongst American improvements, and by their means, give to intelligence the wings of light." As a commentary on that suggestion, let the reader peruse and reflect upon the two subjoined extracts. "A French paper gives the following details with respect to the rapidity of communication by means of the telegraph. At Paris, news arrives from Lisle, 60 leagues, or 180 miles, in two minutes; from Calais, 68 leagues, 200 miles, four minutes five seconds; from Toulon, 330 miles, in thirteen minutes fifty seconds; from Bayonne, 300 miles, in fourteen minutes; from Brest, 450 miles, in six minutes five seconds; and from Strasburg, 360 miles, in five minutes thirty-two seconds." [Nat Intel. Aug. 25, 1827. "Accounts from Marseilles [300 miles from Paris,] state that an attempt was made, by the customhouse of that place, to prevent the embarkation of a train of artillery, destined for the Greeks; upon which remonstrances were sent to Paris. By telegraphic orders returned, the armament was allowed to be despatched." [Nat. Intel. Aug. 29, 1827. This order, if we compare the time necessary to communicate with Toulon, would demand about twelve minutes to leave the minister's office in Paris, and be received at the custom-house in the city of Marseilles. Let us examine the preceding data and British Machinist," (Carey's edition, Philadel Miles. Paris to Lisle, is 180 204 Toulon, 330 Bayonne, 300 Brest, 450 1824 120 245 830 840 365 332 2732 Here we are taught that in six telegraphic routes, making together 1824 miles, that intelligence is conveyed in 2732 seconds. This rate of motion is about 1 seconds to the mile-40 miles per minute, or 2400 miles hourly! The velocity of sound in the atmosphere is very nearly 13 miles per minute, or 780 miles hourly. The mean rapidity of heavy cannon balls is about 480 miles an hour, when propelled by a due charge of powder; we have, consequently, in the telegraph, a vehicle of intercommunication, with a power of transmission upwards of three-fold greater than sound, and five-fold greater than the motion of a cannon ball. The inequality in the above table arises, no doubt, from the different features of the intermediate country. Facilities of erecting stations, must vary on any two routes; therefore the time must of course vary. We now proceed to apply the data to the United States. From Washington City to New York, the distance may be expressed in round numbers 240 miles, and if we allow five seconds to the mile, a well constructed and managed line of telegraphs, would convey intelligence to Baltimore in little more than 34 minutes; to Philadelphia, in 9 1-6 minutes; and through the whole line to New York, in little more than 20 minutes. THE METHODISTS-It was stated by the Rev. Samuel Dunn, Wesleyan Minister of this town, when preaching in the Methodist Chapel, North Shields, on Sunday week, that since the late Rev. John Wesley first commenced preaching, (which he did as a missionary in North America about ninety years ago,) the christian body, called Wesleyan Methodists, had increased to the large number of 600,000 members in church fellowship, in connexion with whom were nearly 2,500 itinerant, and 10,000 local preachers. TOBACCO.-Statement of the number of hhds. inspected and shipped, for the month of August. Inspected. Shipped. Warehouse, No. 1, 1092 573 BALTIMORE PRICES CURRENT. Reported for the American Farmer, by Lewis Sutton & Co. MARYLAND TOBACCO has been a ready sale, and at fair prices, during the present week; we have sold some parcels of Maryland common and seconds, raised in Calvert county, at $3.874 a 4.00; and we know of much more, some of which has sold, we believe, as high as 6.00. We do not think that such tobacco has met a better sale this year in our market. Ohio is still a heavy sale, and plenty in the market. The quantity in market of Maryland is very limited-Ohio, abundant; Kentucky, a tolerable supply; Virginia fat, scarce; Maryland leafy, for cigar wrapping, scarce and in demand. ITEMS FROM LATE ENGLISH PAPERS. Seconds, as in quality, $3.00 a 6.00-common crop, 3.50 a 4.00-Do. red, 4.50 a 4.75-good red, 5.00 a 6.00 American Funds, July 20.-Three per Cent. at-Fine red, 7.00 a 8.00-Yellow and red, 7.00 a 10.00pleasure, 72 a 73, U. S. Bank Shares, 24 a 25; Yellow, 6.50 a 10.00-Fine Yellow, 15.00 a 20.00-VirNew York Five, 1837, 95, Louisiana Five, 1834, ginia fine, 6.00 a 8.00-Rappahannock, (none)-Ken97 a 98; Exchange, 94 a 10 premium. tucky, fine, 3.50 a 6.00--do. wrapping, 7.00 a 8.00. MANUFACTURES.-The Parliamentary returns exFLOUR-Super. $4.87 a 5.00-city mills, 4.50 a 4.75— If such inductions were made from rational theo-hibit a considerable decrease in the exports of Bri-cwt. 1.50--GRAIN, white wheat, 1.00 a 1.05-best red do. Susq. 4.50-super white family, 6 00-CORN MEAL, per ry, they would even then merit attention; but found-tish fabrics. From the years ending the 5th of Ja-.80 a .90-ordinary good, .50 a 75--CORN, white .50 a ed as they are on facts, and on the actual experience nuary, 1825, to the 5th of January, 1827, the ex-.54-yellow, .48-RYE, .40 a .45-OATS, .23 a .28of one of the most enlightened of modern nations, ports have fallen off in the following proportions: WHITE BEANS, 1.25-PEAS, .50-CLOVER seed, 3.50 a they ought to command, promptly, the attention of the Cotton cloth, from 344,000,000 to 267,000,000 yds. 4.00-TIMOTHY, 3.00-BARLEY, .70 a.75-FLAXSEED, .75 American publick. We are shown that the telegraph Woollens, from 7.394,000 to 4,941,000 yards. Li-a 85-COTTON, Virginia, 8 a 10-Upland, .9 a itliterally gives to the human intellect "wings of light" nens, from 63,000,000 to $9,000,000 yds. Manu-Louisiana, .11 a.13-North Carolina, .9 a.10-TennesIf we suppose the distance from Washington to factured Hardware and Cutlery, from 214,000 to see 9 a 10-Alabama.10 a.114-WOOL, washed, .18 a New Orleans to be 1000 miles, and again estimate 192,000 cwt. Leather, from 1,744,000 to 1,126,000 22-unwashed, .16-crossed blood, .22 a 24-half do. for various difficulties on so long a route, that it The reduction has been general in all branches of 35-BACON, hams, .9 a 10-middlings, .7 a .71-hog .24 a 6-three-quarter do. .26 a .28-full blood, 30 a would require 30 seconds to each mile; still inter exported manufactured goods, with the exception of around 6 a.7-FISH, Herrings, 2.50 a 2.75-Shad, 6.50 communication could be effected in eight hours and iron and steel, in which the increase has been about a 1.00-Mackerel, 3.50 a 4.75 a 5.25-Beef, on the hoof, twenty seconds; and at the utmost delay, despatch- a sixth. It is, however, remarkable, that the ex-4.50 a 5.00-hogs, do. 3.50 a 4.00-Lambs, .14 a es sent and replied to on the second day. ports of cotton twist and yarn, prepared for foreign Veal, .24 a .3-Chickens, per doz. 1.50 a 2.00-Butter, manufactories, have increased from 33,000,000 to new, 15 a .25. 42,000.000 lbs. 2 We may, indeed, pause and reflect on the peculiar march of improvement. One of the first maps CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. ever brought to Europe, was one made by order of The Wool Season-Wiltshire.-Sheep-shearing is Aristagoras of Samos, engraved on a plate of brass, Original Notices on Crops and Manures, by Practical and brought by him to Athens and Sparta, 504 years nearly over, and sheep turn out of their wool in a men, On Soiling Cattle, Salt, Bone dust Manure, Manbefore the Christian era; and yet maps from metallic very varied state; some pretty fair, some tolerable, gel Wurtzel and Cabbages as winter food for Live plates, are an invention posterior to that of printing as to condition, others miserably poor; but, on the Stock-Culture of Woad-Great product and value of from metallic types. The telegraph, in a rude form, whole, as well or better than could have been ex-Guinea Corn-Culture of Woad in Europe-Zoology, was used by the Greeks, five centuries before our pected after such a winter, so destitute of means of On the Study of the Animal Kingdom, with reference to Agriculture, continued-Inquiry on Stone and Live era; or twenty three centuries past, and with all its support. It is not a matter of surprise, and hardly Fences, Barley and Palma Christi-Sale of Rams at prodigious and obvious effects, remains confined to of regret, under our present circumstances, that the Brighton, Mass.-On Curing Tobacco-Silk Trade of mere local experiment, in place of being an insepa-clip of wool turns out light. The price of this un- Great Britain-Letters from Wm. Prince of Long Island, fortunate commodity declines rather than advances, on the Rosa Centifolia, on an extraordinary plum, rable appendage to every very much frequented road. May we hope that the United States are des- and the grower has no other alternative for the pre- called Hulings' Superb, and the Potato, (Solanum Tutined to give at once to mankind, the first efficient sent, than patience or submission to ruinously low berosum)-Cauliflowers-Germinating principle of opportunity to develope their physical and moral prices; and, for the future, can only look for relief Seeds-On early education of Children, Independence to an increased briskness of trade in the manufac-Pedigrees of Celebrated Horses, Slim, Pennsylvania Farmer, American Dray Horse, Don Carlos, Sampson, turing districts, and a consequent absorption of the heavy stocks now on hand. force? The day may dawn in the current century, when intelligence will fly along the Appalachian chain from peak to peak, with a celerity outstripping the The Gazette, of Tuesday, announces the ap. winds, and permit society at its extremes, to con-pointment of the Marquis of Lansdowne to the office verse daily. SILK. The interest which is now taken in the culture and manufacture of silk, prompts us to refer the reader to "Nicholson's Operative Mechanic of Secretary of State for the Home Department; of Liberty, Tanner, and Young Spot-On Stables-Meteo rology of August at Baltimore-On Borrowing and Lending--Recipes, Remedy for a Sore Throat-Cure for Fever and Ague-Editorial Remarks on the Telegraph-Items from late English papers-Prices Current. Printed every Friday, at Five Dollars per annum, for JOHN S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOHN D. Toy, corner of St. Paul and Market-sts., where every description of Book and Job Printing is handsomely executed. No. 26.-VOL. 9. AGRICULTURE. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, SEPTEMBER 14, 1827. ORIGINAL NOTICES ON CROPS AND MA- BY PRACTICAL MEN. (Continued from page 194.) On substitutes for Hay-Indian Corn sown broadcast on Fallow-its farinaceous product, and value as long fodder. By JOHN HARE POWEL, ESQ. Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827. Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827. After a rye crop had been taken, the richest part of the field was ploughed; yellow Scotch and white turnip seeds were sown with Bennett's trough, and were managed as before. 201 On substitutes for Hay-Indian Corn sown broadcast sons, which I have explained at length. Mr. Duon rye stubble and sward-its product and value.-pont, of Delaware, has cultivated it extensively, and By JOHN HARE POWEL, ESQ. continues to entertain the highest opinion of its value. I am not aware of any evil attending its use as long fodder, except when it has been allowed to become ripe; some danger is then to be apprehended to neat cattle, from swallowing the grain unbroken, which, adhering closely in the stomach, cannot be ejected for the purpose of rumination: in One acre of the same field was at the same time one instance I have known it to cause death. Siploughed; four bushels of Indian corn were sown milar effects are sometimes produced by feeding and ploughed under, with a very shallow furrow; an cattle upon Indian meal, without mixture with cut The drought of the last spring so much diminish- adjoining acre, which had not been previously hay or straw. The animal having been tied in a ed the crops of hay, that various substitutes were ploughed, was sown with the same quantity of the stall, and tempted to consume as much as possible, suggested for long fodder. A field was ploughed same corn, which was in the same manner ploughed the system is made sluggish by the want of exer early in June; part was manured with ashes; part under with the stubble; it was all harrowed and cise; the stomach loaded with fat, becomes unwith rotten horse dung, part with bones broken and rolled. The land had been limed five years since, able to perform its office-the indigestible meal costrewed, at the rate of 250 bushels per acre; the and was in fine tilth. The turnips failed entirely; heres, causes sometimes apoplexy, and always inashes at the rate of 200; the horse dung in quanti-the corn vegetated regularly, covered the ground jury to the beast. ties equal to 350 bushels per acre. thickly, and put out tassels when five feet high. It Graziers, feeders, and dairy farmers, have vaUpon one acre of the field, three bushels of In- was mown when in full blossom; treated exactly as rious appellations for the diseases, with which their dian corn, and a bushel of millet seeds; were sown hay; but from the succulence of the stalks, it re-animals are assailed; and if the nostrums and hard together; the land was heavily harrowed and roll- quired much more time and attention, before it names which cattle doctors have given in English ed. As the millet seeds were bad, and the Indian could be housed. books were to be regarded, the maladies of neat corn had been a long time threshed, twice the quan- I found my cattle to day contending for it eager cattle might be considered almost as numerous as tity was sown, which it was supposed would vege-ly, when portions of it were thrown before them in those of our own race; whereas, in fact, they are tate. The millet seeds principally failed. Not more the midst of the most fragrant clover hay. The very few, exhibiting in different stages various sympthan a third of the corn appeared above the ground. quantity was estimated at two tons per acre. toms, in most cases to be ascribed to sudden changUpon adjoining portions of the field, ruta baga, Upon another field, which, after having been fifes of temperature; to bad management; to exteryellow Scotch, and flat red top turnip seeds were teen years in common, was manured with oyster-nal injuries and excess, or deficiency in the supply sown with Bennett's trough, at the rate of five shell lime at the rate of an hundred bushels per of food. Free circulation of air; due proportions pounds per acre. acre, I caused six bushels of corn to be sown imme of succulent and dry food; regular exercise, with protection merely from wet, are the best preventives; copious bleeding, large and repeated doses of Glauber salts in molasses and warm water, followed by castor oil and sulphur, are generally the best I have the honour to be, &c. a The turnip seeds were lightly harrowed and roll-diately after the sward and lime had been reversed. ed; the portions of the field so occupied, were in a The land was harrowed closely, and heavily rolled; state of as high cultivation as a garden. When the the crop was mown and managed as that of the last leaves were about an inch and an haif long, all the field. Its product was estimated at two tons and turnips were harrowed with a light seed harrow. half per acre. For some time they appeared feebie, but they revived in forty-eight hours, and grew more luxurantly than I had hoped. derstood. It will be obviously remarked, the might have been drilled by a regular machine. I had so often been disappointed in growing turnips in drills, from the failure of the plants, that I was determined to secure the crop, if practicable, it the expense of the larger quantity of seed. The plants were subsequently thinned. remedies for disease. In another part of the same field, manure taken fresh from the stable, was spread upon sward which JOHN HARE POWEL. had been limed as in the last instauce. About three To the President of the Penn. Agric. Society. bushels of Indian corn were sown on the dung, and were ploughed under with the sward, which was after harrowed and rolled. Fewer seeds were used, as it was supposed the manure would cause most of them to vegetate vigorously. European practices inapplicable in America-on Manures, recent and old-Composts, their application and cost. By J. H. POWEL, Esq. tutes for the common offal, with which most well un-regulated American farms may be brought to abound, I conceive it unwise to employ, in a country where the relative prices of labour and land are in ratios, inverse to those which have given rise to expedients incompatible with our circumstances, and ruinous in a climate marked by the extremes of heat and cold. I caused a line to be stretched along the field by which a man was enabled to scuffle rapidly, a space equal to twelve inches, as he advanced in a straight direction. The line was removed until rows six inches wide were made in succession, throughout the field, leaving the plants as if they had been re- This piece of land, although much shaded by a Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827. gularly drilled; thus diminishing the expense of close row of trees on its southern boundary, pro I have long contended that British practices or hoeing, which, by American labourers, is little un-duced more abundantly than the last. It was cut European systems of husbandry, can seldom be and managed as before. I am inclined to believe, profitably applied upon American farms. In no infrom the results of all these experiments, that four stance, I am led to apprehend, is this remark more bushels of corn in that state of soundness, in which just, than in the preparation and use of animal mait is usually found after having been threshed some nures. Compost heaps, and the various compounds months, is the proper quantity, or that three bushels which have been suggested in Europe as substifrom selected ears would be sufficient. It must be observed, that the latter part of the season was usually favourable to the growth of Indian corn. The ruta baga yielded at the rate of about 400 I have the honour to be, &c. bushels per acre; neither the ellow Scotch turnips JOHN HARE POWEL. nor white turnips were worth gathering. The fu- To the President of the Penn. Agric. Society. dian corn, although intended to be taken whilst green for long fodder, was alowed to become mature, as it promised to produce much grain. It was cut close to the ground, and bound in the usual mode in small stacks. It yielded thirty bushels of Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827. corn-a very large quanity of long fodder, which was estimated at the time, and has since, by the Notwithstanding the success in the experiments number of cattle which it has supported, been con-with Indian corn, I should prefer millet as a substisidered equal to two and an half tons of hay. No tute for hay, and I should have last year have followed the economy of the farm. The commixture of labour was applied to the Indian corn after it was it if I could have procured seeds of good quality. I earth, animal matter, green weeds, or other vegetarolled, until it was gathered. have obtained, in various seasons, three tous of mil-bles, should never be neglected, provided they be These experiments with Indian corn, Swedish let per acre; and in one, much more than that quan-at hand; but I am assured they should not be "maturnips, yellow Scotch and white turnips, have con-tity, so far as it could be estimated by weighing one nufactured" by repeated moving, but should be left firmed the opinions I have held, that turnips are not load, and keeping an accurate account of the rest, to the operation of heat and moisture, until they profitable in an Indian corn country, except with can be employed, and if practicable, be incorporatparticular objects-more especially, as in this clied intimately with the soil. mate, mangel wurtzel supplies at much less cost, the purposes which they are intended to meel. I have the honour to be, &c. On substitutes for Hay-Millet, its value as long of equal size. I I cultivated thirty acres of millet in 1823, and I am not disposed to consider it a substitute for It has been alleged, that where old grass lands require top dressing, compos:s become the most effective and cheapest manures. I am prepared to admit, that a compost heap which can be obtained without much labour or expense in its preparation, should always be regarded as an important item in Recent animal manures i have always considered the most effective and the most lasting, whether they be applied to the surface, or be turned under by the plough. Parts of my grass lands have been, during seve In true joints the articular surfaces are envelop ral years, subjected to a variety of experiments, is destined to serve. The teeth contain the largest which have confirmed the opinions I advance. In portion of earthy matter. Remarkable differences ed with cartilage, remarkable for the smoothness of March, 1824, I caused "long dung" to be spread are likewise observable, according to the class or its free surface, and its intimate union with the upon a field of fifteen acres, adjoining one of the species. bone, of which it forms a protecting covering. The same extent, upon which equal quantities of rotten Bone is readily reproduced, in small quantities, periosteum is not continued over the surface of the manure had, early in the autumn, been strewed. especially in youth. In the case of fracture, the cartilage, but is prolonged like a sheath over the The field was harrowed; the long straw was collect- periosteum inflames and swells, the crevice is filled joint, until it joins that of the opposite bone It ed by an horse rake; was returned to the barn yard up by a cartilaginous basis, abounding in vessels, thus forms a close bag at the joint, in which nothing early in May, and placed in the bottom of a deep and the earthy matter is at length deposited, giving from without can enter, and from which nothing trench, where it was saturated with the water escap- to the fractured part, in many cases, a greater de can escape. Into this bag the lubricating liquor ing from the stables and dung heaps on the margin of gree of strength than it originally possessed. In termed synocra is conveyed. It is secreted by a muthe fold. The land upon which the recent dung animals of the deer kind, the horns, which are true cous membrane on the interior, on which account, had been spread, produced certainly much the bone, are annually cast off; a natural joint forming as it in some cases appears like little bags, the term larger crop of grass. In 1835, similar experiments at their base, between them and the bones of the cursa mucosa has been bestowed upon it. were made by putting rotten manure in the autumn, cranium, with which they are connected They Ligaments. Besides the sheath formed by the and fresh manure in the spring, upon equal parts of are afterwards reproduced under a skin or perios continuation of the periosteum, and which is too the field, to which the rotten manure alone had teum, which the animal rubs off when the new slender to retain the bones in their proper place, been applied in the autumn of 1823; similar results horns have attained their proper size. In some the joints are furnished with ligaments. These are were obtained. cases of disease, the earthy matter is again absorb-membranes of a dense fibrous texture, flexible, elased into the system, the cartilaginous basis predomi- tic. and possessed of great tenacity. They have nates, and the bones become soft and tender. This their insertion in the periosteum and bone, with takes place in the disease of youth termed rickets, which they are intimately united. The motions and in a similar complaint of advanced life, known which joints of this kind are capable of performing, under the name of mollities ossium. In other in may be reduced to three kinds-flexion; twisting, stances, bone is formed as a monstrous production, and sliding. In flexion, the free extremity of the in organs which do not produce it in a state of bone which is moved, approaches the bone which health, as the brain, the heart, and the placenta. is fixed, describing the segment of a circle, whose (Monro's Outlines of Anatomy, p. 63.) centre is in the joint. In twisting, the bone which Cartilage can scarcely be said to differ in its na is moved turns round its own axis, passing through The crop of grass, in despite of the extraordinature, from the cartilaginous basis of the bone. It is the articulation. In sliding, the free extremity of the ry drought, much exceeded any which I have had of a fine fibrous structure, smooth on the surface, bone moved, approaches the bone which is fixed, in and remarkably elastic. It covers those parts of a straight line. bones which are exposed to friction, as the joints, and is thickest at the point of greatest pressure. By its smoothness, it facilitates the motion of the joints, and its elasticity prevents the bad effects of any violent concussion. It is intimately united with the bone, and can scarcely be regarded as different fore. In the last year the same experiment was tried by covering portions of the other field with old ma nure in the autumn, and a part with long dung in the spring; the results were as they had been beThe straw having been soaked and bleached by exposure, was loosened by the harrow; collected by an horse rake, and after was used throughout the summer as litter for bulls, which are necessarily confined upon a breeding farm. from the same land. I have the honour to be, &c. JOHN HARE POWEL. To the President of the Penn. Agric. Society. ZOOLOGY. (Continued from p. 195.) * Internal Anatomy of Animals. Animal anatomy admits of three divisions, the osseous, the muscular, and the nervous structure of Osseous Structure of Animals. animals. The organs of external anatomy are generally considered as destined for protection; while those of the interior of the animal, or the bones, give stability to the power, support the muscles, and afford levers for the execution of locomotion. Bones may be considered in regard to their composition, arti culations, and arrangement. All bones are composed of the periosteum, cartilaginous basis, earthy matter and fat. Muscular Structure of Animals. more solid parts, there are usually threads of a substance, differing in its appearance from the muscle, and denominated tendon, or sinew The tendons are, in general, of a silvery-white colour, a close, firm, fibrous texture, and possess great tenacity The threads of which they consist, are attached on the one extremity to the surface of a bone, or other hard part; and in the other, they are variously in terspersed among the fibres or bundles of the muscle. They are considered as destitute of sensibility and irritability, and form a passive link between the muscle and the hone, or other point of support. The muscles are the organs by which motion is executed; they unfold the most singular mechanism of par's, and an infinite variety of movements. The muscles appear in the form of large bundles, conOF THE STUDY OF THE ANIMAL Kingdom with RE- from an elongation of the cartilaginous basis.- sisting of cords; these, again, are formed of smaller FERENCE TO AGRICULTURE. Where it occurs at a joint with considerable mo threads, which are capable of division into the prition, it is termed articular or obducent cartilage. In mary filaments. Each muscle, and all its compoother cases, it occurs as a connecting medium be-nent cords and filaments, is enveloped by a covertween bones which have no articular surfaces, but ing of cellular membrane, liberally supplied by where a variable degree of motion is requisite.- blood vessels and nerves. At the extremities of the The ribs are united to the breast bone in this man-muscular fibres, where they are attached to the ner. Between the different vertebræ, there are in terposed layers of cartilage, by which the motions of the spine are greatly facilitated. As these con necting cartilages are compressible and elastic, the spine is shortened when the body remains long in a vertical position, owing to the superincumbent pressure. Hence it is that the height of man is always less in the evening than in the morning. All these cartilages are more or less prone to ossifica tion, in consequence of the deposition of earthy matter in the interstices. To this circumstance may The periosteum bears the same relation to the be referred, in a great measure, the stiffness of age, bone as the skin to the body, serving as a covering the elasticity of the cartilages decreasing with the Muscles are the mist active members of the animal for its surface, and a sheath for the different cavi-progress of ossification. frame; they alone possess the power of irritability, ties which enter it. It varies in thickness, accord- The articulations of bones, exhibit such remarka and execute all the motions of the body. The ing to the nature of the bone. Its texture is obvi- ble differences, in respect to surface, connection, causes which excite them to action, may be reduced ously fibrous; and it possesses blood vessels. Its and motion, that anatomists have found it difficult to two kinds. In the first, the will, through the sensibility indicates the existence of the nerves. to give to each manner of union an appropriate medium of the nerves, excites the irritability of the The cartilaginous basis consists of gelatine and name and character. We shall only notice the fibres; and in the second the action is produced by coagulated albumen. The earthy matter is chiefly most obvious kinds and motions, and these admit of the application of external objects, either directly, phosphate of lime, and the fat resembles that of two divisions, the true joints and the motionless or by the medium of the nerves. The changes the fixed oils. junctions. which take place in the tenacity of muscles after death, are very remarkable. The same force which they could resist with ease, in a living state, is suthcient to tear them to pieces after the vital principle has departed. Bones increase in size, not as in shells, scales, or In the motionless junctions, the connecting sur horns, by the addition of layers to the internal surfaces come into close and permanent contact, as in face, but by the expansion of the cartilaginous ba the serrated edges of the bones of the human skull, sis, which, when it becomes saturated with earthy or the even edges of the bones of the heads of qua matter, is incapable of farther enlargement. This drupeds and birds. Sometimes a pit in one bone is the reason why the bones of young animals are receives the extremity of another like a wedge; as soft and flexible, while those of old animals are hard in the case of the human teeth: in other cases the one bone has a cavity with a protuberance at its centre, which receives another bone, as in the claws of cats, seals, &c. The human ribs are united with the breast bone by the intervention of cartilage, as are the two sides of the lower jaw with each other in vertebral animals. and brittle. The proportion between the cartilaginous basis, and the earthy matter, differs not only in every ani mal according to age, the earthy matter being smallest in youth, but, likewise, according to the nature of the bone itself, and the purposes which it The functions of the muscles are either those of rest or motion. Many animals protect themselves against the disturbing movements of the air and water, by placing their bodies in a prone position. To give still greater efficacy to this protecting attitude, they retire to valleys, woods, or dens, on the earth, or to the deepest places in the waters; and are thus ale, by the weight of their own bodies, and the advantage of their position, to outlive the |