NOTE. The Thirty-fifth Congress discontinued the usage of electing Chaplains, and extended an invitation to the Clergy of the District of Columbia to alternate in opening the daily sessions by prayer, and in preaching on the Sabbath; which they continued to do until the Thirty-sixth Congress.

SUCCESSIVE ADMINISTRATIONS.

FIRST ADMINISTRATION-1789 to 1797.-Eight Years.

President-GEORGE WASHINGTON, Virginia.
Vice-President-JOHN ADAMS, Massachusetts.

Secretaries of State*-Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, appointed September 26, 1789; Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, January 2, 1794; Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts, December 10, 1795.

Secretaries of the Treasury-Alexander Hamilton, of New York, September 11, 1789; Oliver Wolcott, of Connecticut, February 3, 1795.

Secretaries of War and of the Navyt-Henry Knox, of Massachusetts, September 12, 1789; Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts, January 2, 1794; James McHenry, of Maryland, January 27, 1796.

Postmasters-General-Samuel Osgood, of Massachusetts, September 26, 1789; Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts, November 7, 1791; Joseph Habersham, of Georgia, February 25, 1795.

Attorneys-General-Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, September 26, 1789, made Secretary of State, January 2, 1794; William Bradford, of Pennsylvania, January 28, 1794; died. Charles Lee, of Virginia, December 10, 1795.

SECOND ADMINISTRATION-1797 TO 1801.-Four Years.

President JOHN ADAMS, Massachusetts.
Vice-President.-THOMAS JEFFERSON, Virginia.

Secretaries of State.-Timothy Pickering, continued in office; John Marshall, of Virginia, May 13, 1800.

Secretaries of the Treasury-Oliver Wolcott, continued in office; S. Dexter, of Massachusetts, December 31, 1800.

Secretaries of War-James McHenry, continued in office; S. Dexter, of Massachusetts, May 13, 1800; Roger Griswold, of Connecticut, February 3, 1801. Secretaries of the Navy-George Cabot, of Massachusetts, May 3, 1798, declined; Benjamin Stoddert, of Maryland, May 21, 1798. Postmaster-General-Joseph Habersham, continued. Attorney-General-Charles Lee, continued.

THIRD ADMINISTRATION-1801 TO 1809.-EIGHT YEARS.

President-THOMAS JEFFERSON, Virginia.

Vice-Presidents—AARON BURR, New York; GEORGE CLINTON, New York. Secretary of State-James Madison, of Virginia, March 5, 1801.

The Department of State was created by the Act of September 15, 1789, previously to which, by Act of July 27, 1789, it was denominated the Department of Foreign Affairs. †The War Department, as created by Act of Congress of August 7, 1789, had also the superintendence of Naval Affairs. A separation took place in April, 1798, when a Navy Department was established.

From the organization of the Government down to the year 1829 the Postmasters-General were not recognized as members of the Cabinet, but are herein printed as such for the sake of uniformity.

Secretaries of the Treasury S. Dexter, continued in office; Albert Gallatin, of Pennsylvania, January 26, 1802.

Secretary of War-Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, March 4, 1801.

Secretaries of the Navy-Benjamin Stoddert, continued in office; Robert Smith, of Maryland, January 26, 1802; Jacob Crowninshield, of Massachusetts, March 2, 1805.

Postmasters-General-Joseph Habersham, continued in office; Gideon Granger, of Connecticut, January 26, 1802.

Attorneys-General-Theophilus Parsons, of Massachusetts, February 20, 1801, declined; Levi Lincoln, of Massachusetts, March 5, 1801; resigned in 1805. Robert Smith, of Maryland, March 2, 1805; John Breckenridge, of Kentucky, December 25, 1805; Cæsar A. Rodney, of Pennsylvania, January 20, 1807.

FOURTH ADMINISTRATION-1809 To 1817.-EIGHT YEARS.

President JAMES MADISON, Virginia.

Vice-Presidents-GEORGE CLINTON, New York, ELBRIDGE GERRY, Massachu

setts.

Secretaries of State-Robert Smith, of Maryland, March 6, 1809; James Monroe, of Virginia, November 25, 1811.

Secretaries of the Treasury-Albert Gallatin, continued in office; George W. Campbell, of Tennessee, February 9, 1814; Alexander J. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, October 6, 1814.

Secretaries of War-William Eustis, of Massachusetts, March 7,1809; John Armstrong, of New York, January 19, 1813; James Monroe, of Virginia, September 26, 1814; William H. Crawford, of Georgia, March 2, 1815.

Secretaries of the Navy-Paul Hamilton, of South Carolina, March 7, 1809; William Jones, of Pennsylvania, January 12, 1813; Benjamin W. Crowninshield, of Massachusetts, December 17, 1814.

Postmasters-General-Gideon Granger, continued in office; R. J. Meigs, of Ohio, March 17, 1814.

Attorneys-General-Cæsar A. Rodney, continued in office; William Pinkney, of Maryland, December 11, 1811; Richard Rush, February 10, 1814.

FIFTH ADMINISTRATION-1817 TO 1825.-EIGHT YEARS.

President-JAMES MONROE, Virginia.

Vice-President-DANIEL D. TOMPKINS, New York.

Secretary of State-John Q. Adams, of Massachusetts, March 3, 1817.

Secretary of the Treasury-William H. Crawford, of Georgia, March 5, 1817. Secretaries of War-Isaac Shelby, of Kentucky, March 5, 1817, declined the appointment; John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, December 16, 1817.

Secretaries of the Navy-Benjamin W. Crowninshield, continued in office; Smith Thompson, of New York, November 30, 1818; Samuel L. Southard, of New Jersey, December 9, 1823.

Postmasters-General-Return J. Meigs, continued in office; John McLean, of Ohio, December 9, 1823.

Attorney-General-William Wirt, of Virginia, December 15, 1817.

SIXTH ADMINISTRATION-1824 TO 1829.-FOUR YEARS.

President-JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, Massachusetts.

Vice-President-JOHN C. CALHOUN, South Carolina.

Secretary of State-Henry Clay, of Kentucky, March 8, 1825.

Secretary of the Treasury-Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, March 7, 1825. Secretaries of War-James Barbour, of Virginia, March 7, 1825; Peter B. Por

ter, of New York, May 26, 1828.

Secretary of the Navy-Samuel L. Southard, continued in office.

Postmaster-General-John McLean, continued in office.

Attorney-General-William Wirt, continued in office.

SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION-1829 TO 1837.-EIGHT YEARS.

President-ANDREW JACKSON, Tennessee.

Vice-Presidents-JOHN C. CALHOUN, South Carolina; MARTIN VAN BUREN,

New York.

Secretaries of State-Martin Van Buren, of New York, March 6, 1829; Edward Livingston, of Louisiana, 1831; Louis McLane, of Delaware, 1833; John Forsyth, of Georgia, 1834.

Secretaries of the Treasury-Samuel D. Ingham, of Pennsylvania, March 6, 1829; Louis McLane, of Delaware, 1831; William J. Duane, of Pennsylvania, 1833; Roger B. Taney, of Maryland, 1833 (not confirmed by the Senate); Levi Woodbury, of New Hampshire, 1834.

Secretaries of War-John H. Eaton, of Tennessee, March 9, 1829; Lewis Cass, of Ohio, 1831.

Secretaries of the Navy-John Branch, of North Carolina, March 9, 1829; Levi Woodbury, of New Hampshire, 1831; Mahlon Dickerson, of New Jersey, 1834. Postmasters-General-William T. Barry,* of Kentucky, March 9, 1829; Amos Kendall, of Kentucky, 1835.

Attorneys-General-John M. Berrien, of Georgia, March 9, 1829; Roger B. Taney, of Maryland, December 27, 1831; Benjamin F. Butler, of New York, June 24, 1834.

EIGHTH ADMINISTRATION-1837 TO 1841.-FOUR Years.

President-MARTIN VAN BUREN, New York.
Vice-President-RICHARD M. JOHNSON, Kentucky.
Secretary of State-John Forsyth, June 27, 1834.

Secretary of the Treasury-Levi Woodbury, June 27, 1834.
Secretary of War-Joel R. Poinsett, March 7, 1837.

Secretaries of the Navy-Mahlon Dickerson, June 30, 1834; James K. Paulding, June 30, 1838.

1840.

Postmasters-General-Amos Kendall, May 1, 1835; John M. Niles, May 25, Attorneys-General-Felix Grundy, of Tennessee, September 1, 1838; Henry D. Gilpin, of Pennsylvania, January 10, 1840.

NINTH ADMINISTRATION.-1841 To 1845-Four Years.

President-GENERAL WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, Ohio. Died April 4, 1841. Vice-President-JOHN TYLER, Virginia.

President JOHN TYLER, Virginia (from April 4, 1841).

Secretaries of State-Daniel Webster, March 5, 1841; Hugh S. Legaré, May 9, 1843, died June 20, 1843; Abel P. Upshur, June 24, 1843, died February 28, 1844; John Nelson, acting, February 29, 1844; John C. Calhoun, March 6, 1844.

Secretaries of the Treasury-Thomas Ewing, March 5, 1841; Walter Forward, September 13, 1841; George M. Bibb, June 15, 1844.

Secretaries of War-John Bell, March 5, 1841; John C. Spencer, October 12, 1841, transferred to Treasury Department; James M. Porter, March 8, 1843, rejected by the Senate; William Wilkins, February 15, 1844.

Secretaries of the Navy-George E. Badger, March 5, 1841; Abel P. Upshur, September 13, 1841, transferred to Department of State; David Henshaw, July 24, 1843, rejected by the Senate; Thomas W. Gilmer, February 15, 1844, died February 28, 1844; John Y. Mason, March 14, 1844.

Postmasters-General-Francis Granger, March 6, 1841; Charles A. Wickliffe, September 13, 1841.

*Before the accession of Andrew Jackson to the Presidency, the Postmaster-General was looked upon as the head of a bureau, but President Jackson invited Mr. Barry to a seat in his cabinet meetings, since which time the head of the Post-office Department has been considered a regular member of the cabinet.

Attorneys-General-John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, March 5, 1841; Hugh S. Legaré, of South Carolina, September 13, 1841, died; John Nelson, of Maryland, January 2, 1844.

TENTH ADMINISTRATION-1845 TO 1849.-FOUR YEARS.

President JAMES KNOX POLK, Tennessee.

Vice-President-GEORGE M. DALLAS, Pennsylvania.

Secretary of State-James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, March 5, 1845. Secretary of the Treasury-Robert J. Walker, of Mississippi, March 5, 1845. Secretary of War-William L. Marcy, of New York, March 5, 1845.

Secretary of the Navy-George Bancroft, of Massachusetts, March, 1845; John Y. Mason, of Virginia, in 1846.

Postmaster-General-Cave Johnson, of Tennessee, March 5, 1845.

Attorneys-General-John Y. Mason, of Virginia, March 5, 1845; Nathan Clifford, of Maine, December 28, 1846; Isaac Toucey, of Connecticut, June 21, 1848.

ELEVENTH ADMINISTRATION-1849 TO 1853.-FOUR YEARS.

President-ZACHARY TAYLOR, Louisiana. Died July 9, 1850.
Vice-President-MILLARD FILLMORE, New York.

President-MILLARD FILLMORE, New York. Succeeded Zachary Taylor, on his death, July 9, 1850.

Secretaries of State-John M. Clayton, of Delaware, March 7, 1849; Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts, July 20, 1850, died October 24, 1852; Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, November, 1852.

Secretaries of the Treasury-William M. Meredith, of Pennsylvania, March 7, 1849; Thomas Corwin, of Ohio, July 20, 1850.

Secretaries of War-George W. Crawford, of Georgia, March 7, 1849; Charles M. Conrad, of Louisiana, August 15, 1850.

Secretaries of the Navy-William B. Preston, of Virginia, March 7, 1849; William A. Graham, of North Carolina, July 20, 1850; John P. Kennedy, of Maryland, in 1852.

Secretaries of the Interior-Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, March 7, 1849; Alexander H. H. Stuart, of Virginia, September 12, 1850.

Postmasters-General-Jacob Collamer, of Vermont, March 7, 1849; Nathan K. Hall, of New York, July 20, 1850; Samuel D. Hubbard, of Connecticut, 1852. Attorneys-General-Reverdy Johnson, of Maryland, March 7, 1849; John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, July 20, 1850.

TWELFTH ADMINISTRATION-1853 тo 1857.-FOUR YEARS.

President-FRANKLIN PIERCE, New Hampshire.

Vice-President-WILLIAM R. KING, Alabama. Died April 18, 1853.
Secretary of State-William L. Marcy, of New York, March 7, 1853.
Secretary of the Treasury-James Guthrie, of Kentucky, March 7, 1853.
Secretary of War-Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, March 7, 1853.
Secretary of the Navy-James C. Dobbin, of North Carolina, March 7, 1853.
Secretary of the Interior-Robert McClelland, of Michigan, March 7, 1853.
Postmaster-General-James Campbell, of Pennsylvania, March 7, 1853.
Attorney-General-Caleb Cushing, of Massachusettts, March 7, 1853.

THIRTEENTH ADMINISTRATION-1857 ro 1861.-FOUR YEARS.

President-JAMES BUCHANAN, Pennsylvania.
Vice-President-JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE, Kentucky.

Secretaries of State-Lewis Cass, of Michigan, March, 1857; Jeremiah S. Black, of Pennsylvania, December, 1860.

Secretaries of the Treasury-Howell Cobb, of Georgia, March, 1857; Philip F. Thomas, of Maryland, December, 1860; John A. Dix, of New York, January, 1861.

Secretaries of War-John B. Floyd, of Virginia, March, 1857; Joseph Holt, of Kentucky, December, 1860.

Secretary of the Navy-Isaac Toucey, of Connecticut, March, 1857.

Secretary of the Interior-Jacob Thompson, of Mississippi, March, 1857.

Postmasters-General-Aaron V. Brown, of Tennessee, March, 1857, died; Joseph

Holt, of Kentucky, March, 1859.

Attorneys-General-Jeremiah S. Black, of Pennsylvania, March, 1857; Edwin M. Stanton, of Ohio, December, 1860.

FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION-1861 To 1865.-FOUR YEARS.

President-ABRAHAM LINCOLN, Illinois.
Vice-President-HANNIBAL HAMLIN, Maine.

Secretary of State-William H. Seward, of New York.

Secretaries of the Treasury-Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio; William P. Fessenden, of Maine.

Secretaries of War-Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania; Edwin M. Stanton, of Ohio, 1861.

Secretary of the Navy-Gideon Welles, of Connecticut.

Secretaries of the Interior-Caleb B. Smith, of Indiana; John P. Usher, of Indiana, 1863.

Ohio.

Postmasters-General-Montgomery Blair, of Maryland; William Dennison, of Attorney-General-Edward Bates, of Missouri.

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS.

THE election of the President and of the Vice-President, by Colleges of Electors, chosen in each State, was first proposed in the Convention for the formation of the Constitution, by James Wilson, a delegate from Pennsylvania. It was adopted after a prolonged discussion, and was regulated by an Act of Congress, of March 1, 1792. The Electors must be chosen within thirty-four days preceding the first Wednesday of December of the year in which an election of President and VicePresident takes place. They must be equal in number to all the Senators and Representatives in Congress, but no Senator or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States can be appointed an Elector. The Electors were at first chosen in four different modes, viz.: by joint ballot of the State Legislature, by a concurrent vote of the two branches of the State Legislature, by the people of the State, voting by general ticket, and by the people, voting in districts. This latter mode was evidently that which gave the fairest expression to public opinion, by approaching nearest to a direct vote. But those States which adopted it were placed at the disadvantage of being exposed to a division of their strength; and neutralization of their vote; while the Electors chosen by either of the other methods voted in a body on one side or the other, thus making the voice of the State decisively felt. This consideration induced the leading States of Massachusetts and of Virginia, which originally adopted the district system, to abandon it in '1800.

An Act of Congress was approved January 23, 1845, to establish a uniform time for holding elections for Electors in all the States of the Union, whereby they are appointed in each State on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November of the year in which they are to be appointed. Each State may also by law provide for the filling of any vacancy or vacancies which may occur in its College of Electors, when such College meets to give its electoral vote; and when any State shall have held an election for the purpose of choosing Electors, and shall fail to make a choice on the day aforesaid, then the Electors may be appointed on a subsequent day in such manner as the State shall by law provide. The Electors meet at the capitals of their respective States, on the first Wednesday of December, and vote by distinct ballots for President and Vice-Presi