AN ADDRESS,

Delivered in Charleston, before the Agricultural So-
ciety of South Carolina, at its Anniversary Meet-
ing, August 19th, 1828; by ELIAS HORRY.
(Continued from page 227.)

which afterwards became the United States, had at great events. History has recorded them, and will this period advanced to a high degree of improve- hand them down to the latest posterity. On the 4th ment. In some of them colleges had been endowed of July, 1776, the thirteen colonies declared themand flourished, and in all of them schools had been selves "free and independent states." The war of established, capable of laying the groundwork of the revolution was waged with all the violence of an useful education. Besides, the sons of the more civil warfare, till provisional articles of peace were In 1748, the celebrated peace of "Aix la Cha-wealthy inhabitants were sent to England, where signed at Paris, on the 30th November, 1782, when pelle" was concluded, and immediately almost all many of them acquired the learning of the English the independence of the "United States" was acthe nations of Europe, by a sort of tacit consent, schools and universities. A continual intercourse knowledged by Great Britain, in its fullest extent. applied themselves to the study and practice of Ag was therefore kept up with the mother country; and This being effected, it then became the duty of the riculture; and even continued to do so, amidst the also with the rest of Europe; whereby books, on all "United States," to repair the ravages of a seven universal confusion, which succeeded.* subjects, and in most languages, on agriculture and years' war, and to provide for their individual and The greatest progress and improvements were the other arts and sciences, were received as soon general government. As related to their agriculmade in France and in England, Mankind owes as published-were read, and information was gen ture, and the arts appertaining to that pursuit, nomuch to the perpetual emulation of those two coun-erally diffused. The agriculture practised in Eng thing could be accomplished but by assiduous intries; and they, at the period I have mentioned turn- land, was pursued successfully by those colonies dustry, by perseverance, and by labours intelligented their attention, in a particular manner, to agri- known by the name of New England. The same ly and skilfully applied. As regarded their internal culture and to all the arts and sciences connected may be said of the northern colonies generally; bu government, each state being sovereign and indetherewith. The French found, by repeated expe- in such parts of the country where the inhabitants pendent, governed itself by its own constitution and rience, that they could never maintain a long war, were descendants of emigrants from other parts of its own laws. But the states, collectively, and as a or procure a tolerable peace, unless they raised corn Europe, the mode of agriculture in some measure great nation, required a national compact; and this enough to support themselves in such manner as varied. The descendants from the Germans stil was effected under the auspices of our great Washthat they should not be obliged to submit to harsh adhered to the broad cast husbandry, particularly ington, when the Constitution of the United States terms on the one hand, or perish by famine on the for all winter grain. Similar remarks may be made was ratified, and carried into successful operation. other. Their king, therefore, thought proper to respecting the southern colonies, except that ther During the American struggle for liberty; scigive public encouragement to agriculture, and was climate enabled them to cultivate with success, the ence, as it were, stood still. Although many of the present at several of the experiments. Even during rich productions of temperate latitudes. All the dimysteries of nature were, and had been, unfolded the distresses of war, attention was paid to agricul- ferent grains and vegetables cultivated in Europe by men of great learning; yet few important discovture. Prize questions were proposed in the Rural were grown in the colonies; and besides they cult-eries as regarded agriculture were at that time put Academies, particularly at those of Lyons and Bor-vated the Indian corn, hemp and flax; also mor to practical use. It appeared as if the world had deaux; and many alterations were made by the so-southerly the sweet potato, beans and peas of every paused, to contemplate her future destinies, which ciety for improving agriculture in Brittany; and af- kind, tobacco, rice, indigo and cotton. Whea, would grow out of the independence of the United ter peace, matters were carried on with greater vi- which grows best in a more northern climate, was States. But the liberty of America being achieved, gour. The French also had paid great attention to raised in abundance northerly from North Carolina science resumed her march, and agriculture receivmanufactures; to plantations of white mulberry and Virginia. Tobacco grew every where: fron ed additional and efficient aids. trees, and to the rearing of silk-worms. The culture Maryland southerly, it was a staple. Rice and in The latter part of the eighteenth century, gave to of silk had been introduced into France, about the digo were the chief staples of South Carolina and Europe and America, men possessed of penetrating year 1600, by the great Henry IV. contrary to the Georgia. Corn, peas and potatoes were cultivatel minds, capable of taking the most profound views opinion of his wise minister the Duke of Sully. At as provision crops, though they were often expor- of subjects, and of exploring the depths of science. the period of which I speak, the silk manufactures ed. The French, who after the revocation of the Most of these men were, or became deeply skilled had arrived at their greatest perfection, and pro- edict of Nantz, took refuge in South Carolina aid in philosophy, in geology and mineralogy, and carduced an immense trade and revenue to the coun- settled near the Santee, and in the parish of St. ried to great extent their discoveries in chemistry. try; notwithstanding the revocation of the edict of Thomas and St. Dennis, brought with them not They brought very numerous substances, even what Nantz, had caused very many of the most skilful of only their industry and acquirements, but some of were called the elements, earth, air, fire and water, the protestant French weavers to take refuge in the finest kinds of fruit which grew in France: I to the test of minute analysis. The discoveries made England; where they carried on their occupations, have always understood that they brought also with were of importance, and were now brought to the using therein the raw silk procured from Italy. The them the white mulberry. All the colonies produc-aid of agriculture; for through them the properties English also continued their agricultural exertions ed and furnished naval stores. Some of them of manures, and the causes and phenomena of vegewith great zeal. The pursuit was encouraged by abounded in iron. The fisheries were confined tation were chemically examined. The philosopher men of the first rank and fortunes in the country, mostly to the northeastern colonies, and these be- therefore, as well as the farmer, engaged in the purand agriculture was made to class with the other came the nurseries of the finest seamen. Some of suits of agriculture; and numerous experiments were arts and sciences then progressing to perfection. A the coarse fabrics were manufactured in the colonies. niade, to prove the value of substances, both minevariety of implements and machines facilitating ag. Importations were chiefly, almost entirely, from the ral and vegetable, used as manures. riculture were invented. A third and improved mother country-England. Commerce began to ex- The French revolution succeeded the American, edition of Mr. Tull's essay was published in 1751; tend her influences, and to show the growing impor- and commenced and advanced from the year 1789. and ploughs suited to the drill husbandry were im- tance of the colonies; and men of high consideration It might naturally be supposed, during the shock of proved on, so as to adapt them to every soil. Dur-in England, after visiting America, and enjoying the that revolution which overturned many useful estaing the years 1767 and 1768, Mr. Arthur Young hospitality of her inhabitants, on their return home, blishments, and retarded the advancement of many commenced his valuable and well directed labours. expressed their opinions that the colonies could not improvements, that the progress of agriculture in He first published his six weeks, and afterwards his only bear a tax, but a heavy tax, and, therefore, France would have been materially prevented. But six months tour through the north of England. should be taxed by the British parliament. In fact, the fact proved otherwise, and although the comThese productions attracted the attention of practi- North America was really, at that period, in a high merce of the country was crippled, yet attention cal agriculturists, to the improved methods of culti-state of increasing prosperity, arising from agricul- was paid to the artof cultivation; and this is evinced vation, pursued in parts of England very remote ture; and even the arts generally began to flourish. by the appearance of numerous papers on the subfrom each other; and shewed the great utility of ex- One of the best tests of the growing wealth and im-ject of agriculture,which were published in the perimental inquiries on the subject of agriculture. provements of a country, is the taste displayed on transactions of different French societies. ChemisThey were written in an easy and popular style, private dwellings and public buildings. Architects try was not only extensively applied to agriculture, which rendered them fit for the perusal of every of excellent abilities had settled in America; and but to the productionof sugar from vegetable subfarmer; and by promoting and diffusing a taste for some of their works are now extant in every part of agriculture, they rendered essential benefit. I will the union, to prove their skill. In South Carolina, mention here that about this period the celebrated there were erected in Charleston, and on the plannavigable canal of the Duke of Bridgewater was tations and estates of private gentlemen, houses that completed. This was a great work, which did ho- would have been admired any where. nour to the nobleman who projected and to Mr. Brindley who executed it; and served as a model for future canals. I must now turn towards our own country.

The colonies of North America, the thirteen

See Note E. at the end.

stances, not before used for that purpose. After Bonaparte passed the Berlin and Milan decrees, whereby all commere was, for a time, destroyed, the beet root, by theaid of chemistry was made to afford sugar in consderable quantities; and this I have thought proper to give this sketch of the manufacture is now still carried on successfully. state and improvements of the agricultural world, On the whole, although it cannot be said, that agriup to about the middle and the last quarter of the culture has in Frane, attained the perfection to eighteenth century. Events of the greatest impor- which it has arrived i England, notwithstanding it tance to mankind, originating with Great Britain, is the most favourable country in Europe for that were now about to take place, between her and her pursuit, yet in differen provinces, the cultivation of colonies. But it is not my province to detail those the ground keeps pac with its fertility, and the

husbandmen of that country display a degree of industry deserving of high commendation.*

NOTES.
E.

In Italy, exertions were made, in some states, to revive the agricultural spirit of the ancient Romans. In Tuscany, a private gentleman left his fortune to endow an academy of agriculture; and the king of Sardinia sent subjects to learn the practice of foreign countries, in order to establish a better method of agriculture in his dominion. A society was established in Berne in Switzerland, for the advancement of agriculture and rural economy.

cattle.

The Hollanders seemed to give the least attention to agriculture. They turned their attention chiefly to commerce. But self-preservation caused them to drain their fens and morasses; to make canals, and to drive back the ocean by the most com

each, agriculture has been successfully attended to, There is scarce a part of the country where the naand the industrious cultivator has been generously tive vines do not grow and produce grapes, and naIn Great Britain every exertion has been made, rewarded for his labour. The great extent of the ture seems to point out the mode of cultivation, and since the war of the American revolution, to render United States causes their productions to be various, to instruct us in the proper manner of treating the agriculture an object of public attention, and of pub- and we may really say that under the influence and imported vines. The method pursued hitherto has lic usefulness. Through the influence of Sir John government of our own laws, we can enjoy the ad- been faulty, if not wrong: the bearing branches Sinclair, requisite information was collected in Scot- vantages, and reap the fruits of every climate. In were allowed to be too near the ground. The land, by which a statistical work was published, each state, and in every part of the union, means of "American Farmer" contains much valuable inforcontaining an account of the agriculture, manufac- procuring information on every branch of husbandry mation on the culture of the vine: I will, therefore, tures and population of that country. In May, 1793, are extensively diffused. Agricultural societies are request a reference to that work, and to the very he made a motion in the House of Commons, re- every where established; their proceedings and interesting communications of Mr. Herbemont of commending the institution of "a Board for the en-discoveries are constantly communicated, either Columbia to this society, and particularly to his escouragement of Agriculture and Internal Improve-through the medium of newspapers or by journals say on the vine, published in the "Southern Agriment." The measure met with a decided support, printed under their authority, which very generally culturist." and an address was carried to the king, requesting contain papers or communications from men, deepthat such a Board should be instituted, at an ex-ly skilled in the subjects on which they write. We pense not exceeding 13000 sterling. A charter was all are acquainted with the "American Farmer," consequently granted to the Board. Sir John Sin- which may really be called a national work, containclair was appointed its first president, and the cele-ing all the agricultural information of the age in brated Mr. Arthur Young was appointed its secre- which we live, and is not surpassed by any work of tary; and it commenced its sittings early in 1794. the kind, at present, published in Europe. We Since which time, it has continued to exert a very have also in our own city a journal which will be of considerable degree of activity in establishing an great importance to South Carolina; I mean the extensive foreign correspondence, and in publish- "Southern Agriculturist." By this journal we have ing every kind of useful and domestic agricultural imparted to us the experience of our own agriculintelligence. Besides, this board caused at every turists, and the mode of culture adapted to our session, courses of lecture on agricultural chemistry products and our climate. Besides all these sources The science of agriculture was publicly taught in to be delivered. They were commenced, and con- of knowledge, in every seminary of education, in the universities of Sweden and Denmark, and in tinued for ten years prior to the publication of the every college throughout the union, the exact sci- those of Germany, and great progress was made in Elements by Sir Humphrey Davy, who is probably ences form a conspicuous part of the courses of those countries. the greatest chemist of his age. In the University education, and are skilfully taught: also lectures on Linnæus brought botany to its present improved of Edinburgh also, similar lectures were delivered chemistry, accompanied with appropriate experi-state as a science, and he and his disciples performby Dr. Coventry. These courses of lectures have ments, are regularly given by competent professors, ed much in the north of Europe; particularly in disdiffused abundant knowledge of chemistry as appli- some of whom not inferior to those employed in the covering new, profitable and well tasted food for cable to agriculture, and are considered very valu- best colleges of Europe. By these means, science able to enlightened and scientific cultivators of the lends every aid to agriculture, and the youth of our soil. The greatest attention has been paid in Eng- country, being thus instructed, are made and beland to every kind of live stock; and in fact, agri- come practical, and well informed men capable of culture, or husbandry in all its branches, particular-applying their talents, both natural and acquired, to ly since the commencement of the present century, the best advantage for their country. and through the exertions of men of the first rank I shall consider it unnecessary to go into any de-plete and strongest embankments. and talents, has been carried in that country to a tail respecting the productions of South Carolina or In Poland, where a natural fertility of soil seemed greater perfection than it has attained in any former their mode of culture. Every information on these in some measure to dispense with the necessity of age. The wars which grew out of the French re-subjects is constantly before us. But it is generally calling in improvements, many successful attempts volution had great influence on the agriculture, the admitted that, at the present time, other sources of were made to introduce the new or drill husbandry, commerce and the general prosperity of the United industry, some other agricultural productions, should by the government of that country; and the best inStates. Through the wisdom of General Washing-be brought forward to aid our present valuable sta-struments were procured from France, England, ton, who was, at the commencement of those wars, ples, rice and cotton; particularly the latter. To and other parts of Europe. President, neutrality was preserved; and the same this end, permit me bring to your notice the vine, In the south; even Spain, naturally inactive as repolicy being adhered to during succeeding adminis- the olive, indigo, madder and silk; but in doing so, I gards agricultural improvements, in spite of many trations, the United States were kept out of the vor-do not intend, for our time would not admit, to go bigoted prejudices, invited Linnæus, with the offer tex of European warfare, till the year 1812, when into a full discussion as to the culture and manage- of a large pension, to superintend a college, founded they declared war against Great Britain, which last-ment of those articles. My observations must be for the purpose of making new inquiries into the hised till the end of 1814. During the interval which brief, and will principally be to inform you where tory of nature and in the art of agriculture. preceded this war, except as to the interruptions the best information respecting them may be oboccasioned by the Berlin and Milan Decrees, the tained. British Orders in Council, and the American embar- I consider it a matter of very great importance, if go, which followed, all of them passed during the a pleasant and wholesome wine could be made in years 1806 and 1807, and also the consequent pro- every part of the state, either from the native grape, ceedings of the belligerents, which are always inimi- or from imported vines. The importance of such cal to the rights of neutrals, the shipping of the wine would not be; probably for a number of years, United States was engaged in a commerce gene- as an article of foreign commerce, but of domestic rally lucrative; and this gave a corresponding ex- use and for home consumption; for ages may elapse citement to their agriculture for several years, dur-before wines be made in America to rival those of ing which great prices were obtained for rice, bread- Europe. The introduction of the use of wine into stuffs, and for all productions arising from the soil. every part of the country, and into every family, But during those interruptions, American commerce would have a powerful influence on the morals of was in a manner destroyed, and every agricultural the inhabitants, and would tend to do away with the production became extremely reduced in value.-use of a large portion of the spirituous liquors now However, notwithstanding all these circumstances, consumed. The high prices paid for foreign wines every state in the union has prospered, and proba- of a good and wholesome quality, cause them not to bly the annals of no nation can shew a greater state of prosperity and improvement arising from agriculture and commerce, than the United States have experienced, since the ratification of the Federal Constitution, up to the present time. All the civil institutions of each state are founded on systems suitable to the interests and policy of such state. In

* See Note F. at the end.

be liberally used, but by the wealthy. Could the
consumption of wine become general, the people
every where would abandon spiritous liquors, and
give to wine a decided preference. The vine could
be cultivated to advantage in every part of this state
either as a fruit for the table, or for making wine.

*Edited by Mr. John S. Skinner, of Baltimore.
Edited by Mr. John D. Legare.

In Scotland; though that country is extremely mountainous, wherever the soil would permit, in some particular plains and in the luxuriant vallies, agriculture was not only attended to, but began to be well understood both in theory and practice.

In Ireland about the middle of the last century, husbandry began to progress:-Blythe opened the eyes of the people and removed their prejudices in favour of the former bad method of agriculture, by his incomparable writings.

In Russia too, notwithstanding the severity of the climate; by means of the incredible pains taken by Peter the Great and bis successors, to introduce agriculture into their dominions, though the soil is not every where proper for corn; grain was becoming as common, as in the more southern countries; owing to the quickness of vegetation in that climate, the great fertility of some of the provinces of that vast empire, and the easy communication by rivers which the inland parts of the country have with each other; whereby the products of one province were conveyed with facility to another province, deficient in them.

F.

France is celebrated for fine fruit, and is admirably adapted to the culture of the vine, without

above will be fit to deliver to any who wish fine
fruit, from November 1st until next April, when the
earth is not too hard frozen. Also I have a parcel
of valuable grape vines, rooted. Yours, &c.
J. S. SKINNER, Esq.
JOHN WILLIS.

HOT WATER, applied to the roots of trees will resuscitate them if they be worm eaten; many trees in a decaying condition have been saved by scalding them in this way. Pour the water round the tree slowly, and be careful that it penetrates the roots. Hot water will also be found extremely beneficial in radish and other vegetable beds. Scald the earth before sowing the seeds, by which means you will destroy the larvae of the insects, which are apt to be very plenty in rich soil.

BUTTER.

directions. Again, the very little change of rise sist in bringing butter. Lemon juice, also, is said ted to a canal, or side cuts along its banks. We A little vinegar, added to cream will greatly as- as far as its floods are concerned, remarkably adapand fall of the St. Lawrence, renders that stream, to be very good; say the juice of one lemon to the have already shewn, in a former paper, that there churning of eight or ten pounds of butter. Churn- is only about 117 miles of the St. Lawrence, being is sometimes difficult in consequence of the tween the head of ship navigation below, to the thickness of the cream. In such cases it is recom- bottom of ship navigation above the obstructions; mended to mix new milk (as much as there is and that much of the intermediate distance is occucream,) with the cream, which will save much la-pied by lake St. Francis, and other parts where no bour in churning. natural impediment to navigation exists.

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT.

RIDEAU CANAL IN CANADA.

COCHINEAL INsect introducED INTO EUROPE. It appears that an experiment lately tried in Spain, and some parts of the Mediterranean, to introduce the cochineal insect, promises to be attended with the desired result in some of the provinces With all these natural, and apparently imperaof Spain, at Gibraltar, and at Malta. The Indian tive reasons to give preference to the St. Lawrence fig is of a natural growth under the climate of route, over that by the Gannonoqui, Rideau and those countries, and being the only food of the inOttawa, we might still concede that some less obsect in question, originally suggested the idea of vious features might have decided the preference, if its importation. It has been ascertained, after the A notice of this work was promised in No. 28, we were not instructed by such reasons as the folindefatigable researches of some celebrated natu- but unavoidably delayed until the present number. lowing. "The high duties imposed by the new tariff ralists, that the powers of fecundity of the female In our number 24, August 29th, under the present of the United States on the staple commodities of this cochineal insect are so great as to enable it to give head, we gave a view of the river St. Lawrence; country, will almost exclude them from that part of birth, in the very short course of its natural exis-its length, navigable facilities, and the climate of the continent of America; and the opening of this extence, to no less a number than 632,727. Its its basin. It was there stated, that from lake Onta-tensive water communication in Canada, will give an transportation into Europe may, in a short time be- rio to the head of the tides; that a canal along its extent of lake and river coast, bordering on the Unicome a source of important trade to those parts shores was probably an improvement more easily ted States, equal in extent to the whole coast of the Atwhere circumstances of climate and food will ena-effected, than it would be to render its channel lantic, and completely counteract the attempt of the ble it to thrive. equally safe as a means of conveyance. These state-American government to exclude our fabrics.” ments were made more with reference.to the inte- If such barefaced avowals were the mere outrests of the United States, than with regard to that pourings of a factory agent, or the unguarded ebustream in a general view. The people of Canada litions of an editor of a country town paper, they seem to have proceeded with their improvements, might well be passed in silence; but in reality, they from similar motives; but from the tenor of parlia- are the echoes from Westminster hall, and at once mentary proceedings since the promulgation of the disclose the source of favour with which the canals last tariff law of the United States, it would ap- of Canada are regarded at St. James's. pear that the good legislators of the mother coun- A very limited reading of that immense volume, try feel inclined to aid the completion of the Wel- Colonial History in America, will teach any man land, and Rideau canals, as means to contravene that the mother country seldom feels much disposed the revenue laws of a rival. to forward any improvement calculated to secure The Welland canal we have noticed and describ-independent prosperity to the colony, be that colony The small yellow speckled bugs, which infest cu-ed; we now proceed to a review of that designated English, Spanish, or Portuguese. The ultimate cumbers and melons, may be destroyed by making the Rideau, from the name of one of the rivers separation of the Canadas from Great Britain, is light blazing fires in the garden for several even- through the valley of which the latter work is car-conceded in the British parliament to be certain, ings. The bugs will fly in the blaze and be burnt ried. Nearly west from the city of Montreal, dis- and by many not a very distant event. Is it, theretant about 20 miles, the Ottawa river from the west fore, probable, that immense treasures would be falls into one of the bays of St. Lawrence. The expended by the British government to improve a Ottawa is itself a large and navigable stream, ris- country, itself confesses to hold by so frail a tenure, ing in the recesses of the Chippewa country, five if some immediate advantage was not expected or six hundred miles north-west from the island and from the expenditure? A PORTABLE ICE HOUSE. city of Montreal; flowing north-east until within Take an iron bound butt or puncheon, and knock about 120 miles above its mouth, receives the Riout the head, cutting a very small hole in the bot-deau, and, assuming a nearly easterly direction, tom, about the size of a wine-cork. Place inside communicates with the St. Lawrence as already of it a wooden tub, shaped like a churn, resting it stated. upon two pieces of wood, which are to raise it The Rideau is a small, but an important river from touching the bottom. Fill the space round rising in Leeds county, township of Kitley, Lower the inner tub with pounded charcoal; and fit to the Canada, within 30 miles of the St. Lawrence at the tub a cover, with a convenient handle, having in-lower end of the Thousand islands. At its source, side one or two small hooks, on which are to be hung the bottles, during the operation. Place on the lid a bag of charcoal, about two feet square; if the charcoal in this bag is pounded it will answer better; and over all, place another cover, which must cover the head of the outer cask. When the apparatus is thus prepared, let it be placed in a cold cellar, and buried in the earth above four-fifths of its height; but, though cold, the cellar must be dry; wet ground will not answer; and a sandy soil is the best. Fill the inner tub, or nearly so, with pounded ice; or, if prepared in the winter, with snow well pressed down, and the apparatus will be complete. Whenever it is wished to make ice, take off the upper cover, then the sack or bag of pounded charcoal, and suspend the vessel containing the liquid to be frozen to the hooks inside of the inner cover; then close up the whole, as before, for half an hour, when the operation will be complete, provided proper care be taken to exclude external air.

to death.

RURAL ECONOMY.

Hams after being smoked, may be preserved through the year by packing them in oats.

the Rideau is a sluggish stream, and in no part of
its course much impeded by falls; its entire length,
however, is not above 60 miles; course north-east
nearly.

MAUCH CHUNK RAIL-WAY. One of the Editors of the Savannah Georgian, who has been on a tour to the North, thus describes the Rail-way leading from the Coal Mines to the Lehigh river:

"The Coal Mines at Mauch Chunk, and the country for miles around, all mountainous, belong to the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, who have expended immense sums upon the works connected with them. From the Lehigh river to the summit of the coal mountain, is near nine miles, Near the head of the Rideau, and on the same over which space a Rail-road has been laid, for table land, extends lake Gannonoqui, discharging the transportation of coal. The mountain is obits waters into St. Lawrence, 20 miles below Kings-long, its extreme height being about one thousand ton, and the bottom of lake Ontario. The entire feet, and the rise of the road, on an average, one distance from the mouth of the Ottawas to that of foot in seventy. A road is first cut along the side the Gannonoqui, by the route of the intended ca- of the mountain, on which billets of wood are laid nal, is nearly 190 miles, and by the St. Lawrence transversely, (like our swamp causeways) and on 160. The canal route, therefore, exceeds that of them, parallel with the road, the rails of pine, six St. Lawrence, as 19 to 16. by four inches thick, are placed. On the upper surface and inner edge of these rails narrow bars or plates of iron are screwed, for the wheels to run on." The cost $4500 per mile. The cars for carrying the coal are made of sheet iron, with strong wheels, about two feet in diameter, and carry a ton each. They weigh, when empty, near 1500 lbs. and three of them are drawn up with ease by one mule; but, in descending, from ten to fourteen. fully loaded, are linked together, passing over the road with great rapidity by their own gravity, with a noise that may be heard for miles. The speed is

With the entire facilities on one hand, or asperities on the other, which determined the choice, we do not pretend to be acquainted; but it is obvious, by mere inspection on a map, that to obtain a water line of navigation, distant from the border of the United States, must have had some share in the determination. The route of the Welland canal, was almost traced by nature, and to pass the cataract of Niagara rendered its formation indispensable.The St. Lawrence below the Ontario, is, though impeded by shoals and rapids, yet navigable in both

regulated by a lever to each car, which stands up the list sent you,) the one being too old and the every article of dress, with the exception of a pair between the wheels of one side, and, by using it, a other being too young. I apprehend the old Kouli- of drawers, commenced his arduous undertakingpressure is applied to them, which lessens or pre-khan that was in this country, was an imported the rain falling smartly on him, the grass marshy, vents their revolution at pleasure. One man guides horse, probably a son of the horse by that name and in many places slippery. The betting, notwiththe whole line with a rope tied to the ends of the foaled in 1730. Koulikhan, got by Batts and Mac-standing, was in his favour. He performed the first levers of the first six cars, he sitting on the se-lin's Fearnought could not have been foaled sooner round, viz. a third of a mile, in one minute and forventh. Immediately after the coal cars, the mules than 1781 or 1782, because Batts and Maclin's ty-five seconds, and continued to do each round, up to drag them up after being emptied, are sent Fearnought was foaled about the year 1777, the to the seventh mile, under two minutes, in a most down in cars, three in each, and it is ludicrous to very last of the old horse's get. There is a gentle-superior manner, amidst the most enthusiastic cheers see the poor animals riding by at the rate of fifteen man who lives in Maryland, and I understand is of the crowded assemblage. He afterwards fell off miles an hour, unconcernedly munching their corn, very conversant in pedigrees. I think he furnished his surprising speed, and at the conclusion of the and quite indifferent to their novel situation." a great deal of matter for your paper under the thirtieth round, scarcely more than one minute had signature of F.; possibly he can give you the ne- expired over the time, consequently he lost the cessary information respecting No. 1; also about the match. Had the pedestrian not run bare-footed, pedigrees of Dabster, and Col. Byrd's imported owing to the state of the ground, he could not have mare Calista; she was the dam of Mercury. Should proceeded round near so fast. A considerable deal the above request fail on application to F. it is more of money was lost on the match, so confident were than probable it may be obtained by examining a his friends that he would accomplish his task. Shepvery old file of papers previous to the year 1760, pard is undoubtedly a most superior runner. either in Annapolis or in Baltimore. I would take Lond. paper. it as a very particular favour indeed, if not too inconvenient to you, to endeavour to procure the above information, and reply to me to Williamsborough, N. C.

CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL. Recent intelligence from the contractors on the line of the canal, assures us that they are without exception in good health, and that very few, if any, of their hired laborers are even slightly indisposed. All the sections that have been let, except two or three, are under way. To this agreeable news, we are, now, enabled to add, that the formalities required to be observed, preparatory to the subscription of the state of Maryland, having been strictly complied with, the treasurer of her western shore, last week, subscribed half a million of dollars to the stock of the canal, the amount of which now exceeds three millions six hundred thousand dollars. [Nat. Int.

NEW YORK CANAL.

Albany, Sept. 30. Arrived at Albany, on Saturday, canal boat "Mary," of Milan, Captain Edward Meeker, from Huron county, State of Ohio, with a cargo of pot ashes, staves, and sundries. This boat was built in Huron, at the head of lake Erie. She crossed the lake, 250 miles, to Buffalo, and thence, by way of the Erie canal, 362 miles, to Albany; total distance, 612 miles. She is forty-nine tons burthen, and is schooner rigged, carrying two masts, and is bound for New York.

Same day, arrived at Albany, 36 boats, and
The Northern Canal is naviga-

cleared 42 boats. ble to Whitehall.

I

Also the pedigree of the imported horse Silver-Eye.
believe he was imported by the late Holcot Pude,
Esq., of Roanoke river, in Northampton county,
N. C., and afterwards owned by Mr. Du Val. N.

SINGULAR RACE.-On Tuesday last, Eli Mitchel and Joshua Brook, of Elland, colliers, for a wager of two sovereigns, ran a mile on the Halifax turnpike road upon their hands and feet. Mitchell performed this extraordinary feat of quadrupedism in ten minutes and fifteen seconds, having distanced his competitor.-Ib.

MISCELLANEOUS.

REFINING OF SUGAR.

[We would cheerfully oblige our correspondent by writing the number of letters and dedicating as many hours and days as would be necessary for a course of personal investigation into all these matters; but really we have seldom time to say "Jack Robinson" so we are forced to give his inquiries the usual course, by inserting them in the the raw state, called muscavado sugar, and the reSugar is generally imported into this country in Farmer, whereby they will go to the whole agri finer chooses that which has a bright hard grain, cultural publick, as well as to particular individuals. and is not guided by the colour. If he finds it sanF., to whom he refers, does this paper the honour dy and hard, he prefers it to the soft and finer suto read it regularly, and to have each volume bound gar, and the East India sugar is, on that account, in Russian leather, to match with precision. He is unfit for refining; that brought from the West Ina gentleman of much taste and some leisure, and a dies being the best. The mode of refining sugar is great deal of politeness-we mean politeness of the briefly this, and if we consider sugar as a crystaltrue sort, such as distinguished the old school of lized and uncrystallized compound, we have its two gentlemen, who took special care to command the extremes of purity and impurity; we have it crysrespect which they never failed to pay where re-tallized in sugar candy, and uncrystallized in mospect was due. But those times have gone with lasses, and these two exist combined in the comThe principal difficulties in the erection of the years beyond the flood, and nearly all the race of mon raw sugars, and the process of refining is to lower lock of the Pennsylvania Canal, on the west men that belonged to them. Estates are being cut separate them. This process is generally comside of the Allegany river, have at length been sur-up like patch work quilts, manors are subdivided menced by filling large boilers with a mixture of mounted, with stupendous exertions. In three into lots; old Madeira wine and punch, quaffed from lime-water and sugar, with certain quantities of weeks, these magnificent locks will probably be bowls of transparent china, have been superseded bullock's blood; this was the old mode of proquite completed. by still-burnt whiskey at 12 cents a gallon; a race ceeding, but lately a patent has been taken out for of accomplished cavaliers has been succeeded by an improvement upon it. The object of the procross-roads politicians of small calibre, who are rea- cess is two-fold; the blood, coagulating by heat, dy to die for, but more ready to drink with the sove-forms a scum upon the surface, and carries away a reign people. But then we must take comfort in the great quantity of impurity from the sugar of vathought that we are to have a nation of hardy day-rious kinds, which are then skimmed off: the use of labouring yeomanry and robust manufacturers, with the lime water is to render the treacle very soluble, understanding to appreciate and independence and nerve to defend their liberties! To return, if we can find the road back. F. will answer N.'s inquiries, if he possesses the facts.]

SPORTING OLIO.

PEDIGREES-INQUIRY.

MR. SKINNER, Diamond Grove, July 20th, 1828. Sir,-You will greatly oblige me, indeed, by endeavouring to find out the pedigrees of the following horses.

No. 1. Koulikhan, laid down in my last, a bay, sold by the late Col. John Baylor to Mr. Turstal. What was his importer's name, if imported? He, as aforesaid, was an excellent stallion." No. 2. Koulikhan, a chestnut, got by Batts and Maclin's Fearnought.

so that it may not afterwards interfere with the separation of the crystallized sugar. This mixture is boiled until, by taking up a drop of it between the finger and thumb, it can be drawn into threads, and it is then taken out into vessels, where it is stirred PEDESTRIANISM. about with wooden instruments until it becomes, Upwards of one thousand persons assembled at like the original raw sugar, in a granulated state. Lord's Cricket Ground, St. John's Wood, on Mon- This sugar is afterwards put into conical moulds, day afternoon, to witness J. Sheppard, the Yorkshire made partly of clay, and water is poured upon their pedestrian, run ten miles, several sporting gentle-bases, and as the water trickles through the sugar men having backed him to perform the distance it carries with it the uncrystallized part, and the within the hour, for a wager of 2001. About four cones become gradually whiter and whiter as the o'clock the pedestrian walked round the ground he treacle trickles through. As the bases are more was to run, which measured a third of a mile; but white than the apices of the cones, they are genejust as he was about to start, a most tremendously rally cut off; and when it is an object to obtain heavy fall of rain came down, which, for a time, put very fine sugar, the loaves, as they are called, are a stop to the proceedings. At half past five, how-made of a smaller size. [Brande's Lectures. ever, it being peremptory that the race should take

I wish to know whether No. 1 was an imported horse or not. In looking over the General Stud Book of England, I found a horse by the name of Koulikhan, foaled in 1730; consequently neither he, place, play or pay being previously agreed on, Vegetables may be preserved from injury by nor another horse of the same name, foaled in 1772, Sheppard, accompanied by his backers, walked up frost, by sprinkling cold water upon them early in could be the sire of Quaker Lass, (laid down on to the starting place, and having divested himself of the morning after a freezing night.