Gun Violence: The Real CostsOxford University Press, 2000年10月26日 - 256 頁 100 billion dollars. That is the annual cost of gun violence in America according to the authors of this landmark study, a book destined to change the way Americans view the problem of gun-related violence. Until now researchers have assessed the burden imposed by gunshot injuries and deaths in terms of medical costs and lost productivity. Here, economists Philip Cook and Jens Ludwig widen the lens, developing a framework to calculate the full costs borne by Americans in a society where both gun violence and its ever-present threat mandate responses that touch every aspect of our lives. All of us, no matter where we reside or how we live, share the costs of gun violence. Whether waiting in line to pass through airport security or paying taxes for the protection of public officials; whether buying a transparent book bag for our children to meet their school's post-Columbine regulations or subsidizing an urban trauma center, the steps we take are many and the expenditures enormous. Cook and Ludwig reveal that investments in prevention, avoidance, and harm reduction, both public and private, constitute a far greater share of the gun-violence burden than previously recognized. They also employ extensive survey data to measure the subjective costs of living in a society where there is risk of being shot or losing a loved one or neighbor to gunfire. At the same time, they demonstrate that the problem of gun violence is not intractable. Their review of the available evidence suggests that there are both additional gun regulations and targeted law enforcement measures that will help. This urgently needed book documents for the first time how gun violence diminishes the quality of life for everyone in America. In doing so, it will move the debate over gun violence past symbolic politics to a direct engagement with the costs and benefits of policies that hold promise for reducing gun violence and may even pay for themselves. |
內容
3 | |
2 Victimization Risks | 15 |
3 How Guns Matter | 29 |
4 What Counts? | 45 |
Gross versus Net | 63 |
6 The Mythical Importance of Productivity Losses | 75 |
7 Avoidance and Prevention | 85 |
8 WillingnesstoPay to Reduce Gun Violence | 97 |
Data Sources for Injury and Mortality Rates | 135 |
Computation of Net Medical Cost Estimates | 149 |
Computation of Productivity Losses | 175 |
Computations of ContingentValuation and QualityofLife Estimates | 181 |
Notes | 197 |
219 | |
235 | |
9 Remedies | 117 |
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常見字詞
actual additional adjust American Appendix approach asked assaults associated assume assumptions attempt average benefits billion calculated carrying Chapter concern Cook costs of gun costs of treating crime criminal death dollars earnings effect eliminating equal estimates evidence example expectancy expenditures fatal Figure firearm follows gun assaults gun suicide gun violence gunshot injuries gunshot victims handguns homicide hospital household income increase laws less lifetime lives mean measures medical costs Miller nonfatal Notes population possibility prevention problem productivity provides question reduce gun regulations relatively replacement reported respondents result risk safety sample savings shot society sources Statistics studies substitution suffer suggest survey Table treating treatment unintentional shootings United weapon workers wounds