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LECTURE AND SEMINARY ROOM NO. 1-WHARTON SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

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tutions. As many of the subjects connected with this course are also treated in other courses in the University, care is taken to devote chief attention to those topics which are not otherwise discussed, so that there shall be no actual duplication of work. To the seniors is given a course, three hours a week for one year, on public finance, a large portion of which, say one-third, is devoted to the financial history of the United States, beginning with the financial policy of the Revolution and closing with the financial operations of late years. This course involves the discussion of the tariff, internal revenue, direct taxes, public lands, postoffice, Mint, &c., so far as they have proved elements in the public revenue system of the country. It includes, also, a history of American theories on taxation and other sources of public income. Care is here taken to avoid duplication of instruction in the various courses. The work in the political science seminary is almost exclusively in connec tion with American subjects, as the following topics assigned during the year 1885-'86 for special study and investigation will show: System of convict labor in the United States; anti-rent riots in New York; taxation in Pennsylvania, in Massachusetts, in South Carolina; munici pal finance in the United States; local government in the United States; city government of Philadelphia.

In order to offer to the students of the Wharton School the means of acquiring a more complete knowledge of American economics, courses covering four hours a week are also given through the year, in which systematic instruction is given by lectures, texts, essays, investigations, and discussions. The topics presented are, inter alia, the extent, nature, and ownership of the soil; mines, fisheries, transformation and transportation of products, and modes of exchange; banking, functions of middlemen, stocks, railroads, and railroad legislation; public grants by cities. and towns; tariffs, pooling arrangements, and mercantile law and prac tice in the United States. (Prof. A. S. Bolles.)

Special courses of lectures are also given by graduates of the University, fellows of the University, and men in public life on subjects taken entirely from American History and Economics, such as Comparative State Constitutional Law (Dr. F. N. Thorpe), Taxation (J. C. Jones, esq.), and Methods of State Legislation. (Hon. Robert Adams, jr.)

HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

The work in American history at Harvard, under Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart and Dr. Edward Channing, and at Pennsylvania, under the direction of the historian, John Bach McMaster, proceeds, to use the language of Von Ranke, "to tell just how things came about." History is the development of the life of the nation. It does not begin, as taught there, by assuming to know just how things came about; history is not forced into an empiricism; its own mirror it holds up to the organic life of the nation, and the historian and the student of history must tell of that life as he sees it, and not merely as he desires to see

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