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the Turks, they abandoned their mission altogether. So ended their pious pilgrimage.

Taking with him Lainez and Le Fevre, Loyola then proceeded to Rome, and craved audience of the Pope.

The chair of St. Peter was at this time occupied by Paul Farnese, that same Pope who opened and in part conducted the Council of Trent; who instigated the emperor to the war against the Protestants; who sent, under his grandson's command, 12,000 of his own troops into Germany to assist in that war; and who lifted up his sacrilegious hand to bless whoever would shed Protestant blood. He had been scandalously incontinent; and if he did not, like Alexander VI, entirely sacrifice the interests of the church and of humanity to the aggrandizement of his own family, nevertheless, his son received the dukedom of Placentia, and his grandsons were created cardinals at the age of fourteen, and one of them was intended to be duke of Milan. However, Paul had some grandeur in his nature. He was generous, and therefore popular, and his activity was indefatigable. But Sarpi says of him, that of all his own qualities, he did not appreciate any nearly so much as his dissimulation."

By this amiable pontiff Ignatius and his companions were kindly received. He praised their exemplary and religious life, questioned them concerning their projects, but took no notice of the plan they hinted at of originating a new religious order.

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But Loyola was not thus to be discouraged. He summoned to Rome all his followers (who had remained in Lombardy, preaching with a bigoted fanaticism, and calling the citizens to repentance) and gave them a clearer outline than he had hitherto done of the Society he proposed to establish. they entirely approved of, and took another vow (the most essential for Loyola's purpose) of implicit and unquestioning obedience to their superior. Admire here the cautious and consummate art by which Ignatius, step by step, brought his associates to the desired point.

Notwithstanding the repeated refusals of the Court of Rome to accede to his wishes, neither the courage nor the perseverance of Ignatius failed him. After much reflection,

"Fra Paoli Sarpi, Hist. of the Council of Trent, p. 118.

he at last thought he had discovered a way to overcome the Pope's unwillingness. Consulting with his companions, he persuaded them to take a fourth vow, viz: one of obedience to the Holy See and to the Pope pro tempore, with the express obligation of going, without remuneration, to whatever part of the world it should please the Pope to send them. He then drew up a petition, in which were stated some of the principles and rules of the order he desired to establish, and sent it to the Pope by Cardinal Contarini.

This fourth vow made a great impression on the wily pontiff; yet so great was his aversion to religious communities, some of which were just then the objects of popular hatred and the plague of the Roman Court, that he refused to approve of this new one until he had the advice of three cardinals, to whom he referred the matter. Guidiccioni, the most talented of the three, strenuously opposed it; but Paul, who perhaps had by this time penetrated the designs of Loyola, and perceived that the proposed society could not prosper unless by contending for and maintaining the supremacy of the Holy See, thought it would be the best policy to accept the services of these volunteers, especially as it was a time when he much needed them. Consequently, on the 27th September, 1540, he issued the famous bull, Regimini militantis Ecclesiae, approving of the new Order under the name of "The Society of Jesus." We consider it indispensable to give some extracts from this bull.

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Paul, Bishop, Servant of the Servants of God, for a perpetual record. Presiding by God's will over the government of the Church, etc.******Whereas, we have lately learned that our beloved son Ignatius de Loyola, and Peter Le Fevre, and James Lainez, and also Claudius Le Jay, and Paschasius Brouet, and Francis Xavier; and also, Alphonso Salmeron and Simon Rodrigues, and John Coduri, and Nicholas de Bobadilla, priests of the cities, etc., inspired, as is piously believed, by the Holy Ghost, coming from various regions of the globe, are met together and become associates, and renouncing the seductions of this world, have dedicated their lives to the perpetual service of our Lord Jesus Christ, and of us, and of other our successors, Roman Pontiffs; and expressly for the instruction of boys and other ignorant people in Christianity; and above all, for the spiritual consolation of

the faithful in Christ, by hearing confessions.***** We receive the associates under our protection and that of the Apostolic See; conceding to them, moreover, that some among them may freely and lawfully draw up such Constitutions as they shall judge to be conformable to, etc. ***** We will, moreover, that into this Society there be admitted to the number of sixty persons only, desirous of embracing this rule of living, and no more, and to be incorporated into the Society aforesaid."

The above-named ten persons were the first companions of Loyola, and, with him, the founders of the Society. But the merit of framing the Constitution which was to govern it belongs solely to Ignatius himself. He alone, among them all, was capable of such a conception. He alone could have devised a scheme by which one free rational being is converted into a mere automaton-acting, speaking, even thinking, according to the expressed will of another. There is no record in history of any man, be he king, emperor, or pope, exercising such absolute and irresponsible power over his fellow-men as does the General of the Jesuits over his disciples. In Spiritual Exercises Loyola appears to be merely an ascetic enthusiast; in the Constitution he shows himself a high genius, with a perfect and profound knowledge of human nature and of the natural sequence of events. Never was there put together a plan so admirably harmonious in all its parts, so wonderfully suited to its ends, or which has ever met with such prodigious success.

Prompt, unhesitating obedience to the commands of the General, and (for the benefit of the Society, and ad majoram Dei gloriam) great elasticity in all other rules, according to the General's good-will, are the chief features of this famous Constitution, which, as it constitutes the Jesuit's code of morality, we shall now proceed to examine, doing our best to show the spirit in which it was dictated."

The historian of Sam is indebted for this elegant sketch of the life of Loyola, and progress of the "Order of Jesus," thus far, principally to the learned investigations of the accomplished M. Nicolini, the most inagnanimous but indefatigable of the modern foes of Jesuitism.

CHAPTER XX.

Was Ignatius Loyola a Bigot?-other Bigots of the same stamp—Sam's indignation aroused-Hideous sacrilege and spiritual tyranny-Perinde ac si cadaver.

"BUT Ignatius Loyola was a bigot," say the more mild extenuators of his system, and much is to be forgiven the devotee of an idea so holy as that embodied in the motto of the Society founded by him. "Ad majoram dei gloriam," should cover a multitude of sins!

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"Pah!" says Sam, "and so your mild philosophy might prate concerning Mohammed, who, with fire and sword to the cleaving asunder of the joints and marrow of nations, carried that other idea, God is great and Mohammed is his Prophet,' throughout the eastern world, and with his foot upon the neck of the subjugated peoples, compelled them to call aloud that charmed phrase. So the drunken Nero burns a city, the huge oblation to his fiddle, which happened to be just then his supreme fantasy-his God! And it is such hideous and savage selfists as Loyola, Mohammed, and Nero, that you, daintily, in set form of speech, name bigots, forsooth!"

Bigoted, unreasonably devoted to what? to an inspiration, to an idea or a whim? These have led alike to carnage, crime and horror; alike, they have rendered names illustriously, infamously notorious; alike they have caused men to be worshiped in the place of God; alike in each, hideous, cunning egotism has taken shelter behind a phrase. God! Prophecy and Music! the most beautiful and exalting of all words which constitute, in the ideas they represent, the triune hope of humanity, have been respectively, used and appropriated as "magic shields" for the protection of the arch evil doers against our race.

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And, yes," continues Sam, indignantly, "another sacred word has been as foully misapplied. It was the 'destiny' of the mathematical monster, Napoleon I, to tear the tinseled royalties of Europe into shreds, to form the emblazoned robe of patchwork which was to wrap the imperial pigmy for awhile.

"It was the 'destiny' of Napoleon II, to die early of the precocious development of this selfsame faculty of mathematics with which he was blessed, along with Zera Colburn-the 'Nigger Calculator'—and sundry other semi-idiotic innocents of the same order. It was 'destiny' which led the 'kite's egg hatched in the eagle's nest'-Napoleon III, of Francethrough the gloomy mists of massacre and perjury, to a gilded stall which he has dared to name a throne.'

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"Ay, these are bigots' for you," roars Sam; "yes, bigots-bigots of the old sort, cold, crafty, coward monsters, who have stolen the watchwords of instinct and of freedom for their impious exaltation.

"They must be God's 'i' faith ;'-the butcher shall be butchered in his own stall, and a sea of blood shall hold his soul among its monsters!'"

The Titan shakes his finger at the East, and smiling, calmly says: "Thy day is past, thou storied, gorgeous East! Thine unnatural crimes, in name of every sacredness, shall no longer pass unchallenged!

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"How darest thou crush the life and heart out of him' who walks with upright countenance before the Lord, when each several man is monarch, as old Adam was? How darest thou, hemispherical and hoary bigot,' claim to be what thou art not-infallible? My people know me-the spirit, the will, the power of a New World-the luminous presence in the realm of thought! Ay, I, Sam, shall yet relieve you, as I shall relieve my own children, from the pestilent absurdities of bigotry!' What am I but the gigantic individual, the sovereign man, the future Emperor of skyrimmed Space?

"Thou must go back to first principles in me, thou dim and colorless Orient! Man is of the earth, earthly; therefore, as its superior Form, you must accept me; you can not get away in time from the condition. It is the law of my being. I must yet assert for my children-for the Brother

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