cases as might be considered to require its interference. From this pledge he has no desire to recede, nor is there any necessity for harsh language to

stimulate his obedience.

Indeed, his Majesty's conduct is a sufficient guarantee for his intentions. His actions are not such as shrink from observation; his steadiness in the true faith; his scrupulous observance of the marriage vow; his resolute maintenance of peace and just government, and his zeal in remedying all scandalous abuses, are well known, and need no comment. The very occasion of the present unhappy controversy was an anxious wish on the part of his Majesty to enforce equal justice among his subjects. Certain of the clergy had been convicted of extravagant outrages, and his Majesty, on seeking redress in the ecclesiastical courts, was unable to procure any sentence against them beyond degradation from holy orders. This punishment appeared to his Majesty not commensurate with the crime of homicide,* and insufficient for the protection of his subjects; while the clergy, on the other hand, asserted the privilege of their order and thus a dispute arose, in which, as we conceive, each party is in a manner justified by the purity of their intention. It was now necessary, with a view to restoring a mutual good understanding, that an inquiry should be instituted into the ancient usages of the kingdom, and the question thus finally brought to an issue. And accordingly evidence was sought among the oldest of our bishops and nobility, and their combined testimony was publicly recorded.

This is the tyrannical conduct for which his Majesty is so maligned throughout Europe. And yet such is his Majesty's deference for your Holiness's authority that, should any among these usages prove injurious to his holy mother the church, he pledges himself to amend it according to the judg ment of his clergy.

With this feeling on the part of his Majesty, things were on the point of being amicably settled when irritation was renewed by harsh conduct of our Lord of Canterbury. At a time when every thing depended on his patience and forbearance, his lordship assumed a tone of severity scarcely consistent with his sacred office. He threatened to excommunicate his Majesty, and place the kingdom under interdict; he pronounced sentence at once against the principal court favourites and privy councillors, without the form of trial or conviction; and farther, without the consent of any bishop of his province, suspended our venerable brother the Bishop of Salisbury.

What may be the consequence of such irregular proceedings we profess ourselves unable to foresee. The times are difficult, and no small handle is given to disaffection; nor can we look forward to preserving much longer either the peace and discipline of the church, or even the personal security of the clergy. Yet with a view to delay these evils, at least during the lifetime of your Holiness, and in some degree to counteract the ill-judged measures of the archbishop, we have resolved on appealing to your Holiness, and have fixed Ascension day next for the term of the appeal, rather choosing to submit in all things to your Holiness's pleasure, than to the haughty caprice of our Lord of Canterbury.

May Almighty God long preserve your Holiness to the well being of the Church!

Cf. vol. iii. p. 155 of this magazine. The sentence really passed in such cases was, that the offender "privatus ecclesiastico beneficio exautoraretur, et monasterio ad agendam perpetuam vitæ districtissimæ pœnitentium perpetuo recluderetur." In the Cave manuscript there is a letter from the pope to the archbishop, recommending this sentence in a case on which he had been consulted.

THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH APOSTOLICAL.

THERE are many persons at the present day who, from not having turned their minds to the subject, think they are churchmen in the sense in which the early Christians were, merely because they are episcopalians. The extent of their churchmanship is, to consider that episcopacy is the best form of ecclesiastical polity; and again, that it originated with the apostles. I am far from implying, that to go thus far is nothing; or is not an evidence (for it is) of a reverent and sober temper of mind; still the view is defective. It is defective, because the expediency of a system, though a very cogent, is not the highest line of argument that may be taken in its defence; and because an opponent may deny the fact of the apostolicity of episcopacy, and so involve its maintainer in an argument. Doubtless the more clear and simple principle for a churchman to hold, is that of a ministerial succession; which is undeniable as a fact, while it is most reasonable as a doctrine, and sufficiently countenanced in Scripture for its practical reception. Of this, episcopacy is but an accident; though, for the sake of conciseness, it is often spoken of by us as synonymous with it. It shall be the object of the following tract to insist upon this higher characteristic of our church.

My position then is this:-that the apostles appointed successors to their ministerial office, and the latter in turn appointed others, and so on to the present day;-and further, that the apostles and their successors have in every age committed portions of their power and authority to others, who thus become their delegates, and in a measure their representatives, and are called Priests and Deacons. The result is an episcopal system, because of the practice of delegation; but we may conceive their keeping their powers altogether to themselves, and in the same proportion in which this was done, would the church polity cease to be episcopalian. We may conceive the order of apostolic vicars (so to call it) increased, till one of them was placed in every village, and took the office of parish priest. I do not say such a measure would be justifiable or pious-doubtless it would be a departure from the rule of antiquity-but it is conceivable; and it is useful to conceive it, in order to form a clear notion of the essence of the church system, and the defective state of those Christian societies which are separate from the church catholic. It is a common answer made to those who are called High Churchmen, to say, that "if God had intended the form of church government to be of great consequence, he would have worded his will in this matter more clearly in Scripture."

This is a tract intended for distribution, and may be reprinted by any person for that purpose.

Now enough has already been said to shew the irrelevancy of such a remark. We need not deny to the church the abstract right (however we may question the propriety) of altering its own constitution. It is not merely because episcopacy is a better or more scriptural form than presbyterianism, (true as this may be in itself,) that episcopalians are right, and presbyterians are wrong; but because the presbyterian ministers have assumed a power which was never intrusted to them. They have presumed to exercise the power of ordination, and to perpetuate a succession of ministers, without having received a commission to do so. This is the plain fact that condemns them; and is a standing condemnation, from which they cannot escape, except by artifices of argument which will serve equally to protect the selfauthorized teacher of religion. If they may ordain without being sent to do so, others may preach and teach without being sent. They hold a middle position, which is untenable as destroying itself; for if Christians can do without bishops, (i. e. commissioned ordainers,) they may do without commissioned ministers, (i. e. the priests and deacons.) If an imposition of hands is necessary to convey one gift, why should it not be to convey another?

1. As to the fact of the apostolic succession, i. e. that our present bishops are the heirs and representatives of the apostles by successive transmission of the prerogative of being so, this is too notorious to require proof. Every link in the chain is known, from St. Peter to our present metropolitans. Here then I only ask, looking at this plain fact by itself, is there not something of a divine providence in it? can we conceive that this succession has been preserved, all over the world, amid many revolutions, through many centuries, for nothing? Is it wise or pious to despise or neglect a gift thus transmitted to us in matter of fact, even if Scripture did not touch upon the subject?

2. Next, consider how natural is the doctrine of a succession. When an individual comes to me, claiming to speak in the name of the Most High, it is natural to ask him for his authority. If he replies, that we are all bound to instruct each other, this reply is intelligible, but in the very form of it excludes the notion of a ministerial order, i. e. a class of persons set apart from others for religious offices. If he appeals to some miraculous gift, this too is intelligible, and only unsatisfactory when the alleged gift is proved to be a fiction. No other answer can be given, except a reference to some person who has given him license to exercise ministerial functions; then follows the question, how that individual gained his authority to do so. In the case of the catholic church, the person referred to, i. e. the bishop, has received it from a predecessor, and he from another, and so on, till we arrive at the apostles themselves, and thence our Lord and

Saviour. It is superfluous to dwell on so plain a principle, which in matters of this world we act upon daily.

3. Lastly, the argument from Scripture is surely quite clear to those who honestly wish direction for practice. Christ promised he would be with his apostles always, as ministers of his religion, even unto the end of the world. In one sense the apostles were to be alive till he came again; but they all died at the natural time. Does it not follow, that there are those now alive who represent them? Now who were the most probable representatives of them in the generation next their death? They surely, whom they have ordained to succeed them in the ministerial work. If any persons could be said to have Christ's power and presence, and the gifts of ruling and ordaining, of teaching, of binding and loosing, (and comparing together the various Scriptures on the subject, all these seem included in his promise to be with the church always,) surely those, on whom the apostles laid their hands, were they. And so in the next age, if any were representatives of the first representatives, they must be the next generation of bishops, and so on. Nor does it materially alter the argument, though we suppose the blessing upon ministerial offices made, not to the apostles, but to the whole body of disciples; i. e. the church. For, even if it be the church that has the power of ordination committed to it, still it exercises it through the bishops as its organs; and the question recurs, how has the presbytery in this or that country obtained the power? The church certainly has from the first committed it to the bishops, and has never resumed it; and the bishops have no where committed it to the presbytery, who therefore cannot be in possession of it.

However, it is merely for argument sake that I make this allowance, as to the meaning of the text in Matt. xxviii. At the same time, let it be observed what force is added to the argument for the apostolic succession, by the acknowledged existence in Scripture of the doctrine of a standing church, or permanent body corporate for spiritual purposes. For, if Scripture has formed all Christians into one continuous community through all ages, (which I do not here prove,) it is but according to the same analogy, that the ministerial office should be vested in an order, propagated from age to age, on a principle of succession. And, if we proceed to considerations of utility and expedience, it is plain, that, according to our notions, it is more necessary that a ministry should be perpetuated by a fixed law, than that the community of Christians should be, which can scarcely be considered to be vested with any powers, such as to require the visible authority which a succession supplies.

VOL. V.-June, 1834.

4 Q

662

REV. SIR, THE recent letter of his Majesty has, I trust, done good service in aid of the "Incorporated Society for promoting the enlargement, building, and repairing of Churches and Chapels ;" and as you have, in previous numbers, endeavoured to excite an interest in behalf of that society, by drawing the attention of your readers to some of its late operations, it may not be irrelevant to shew that the existence of such a fund need not in the least impede the exercise of private munificence. With this view, then, I send you a sketch and brief history of a church lately erected with combined good taste and liberality, at the entire cost of an individual.

Next to the thoughtful zeal which provided a decent maintenance for the ministers of our holy religion, we may rank that previous display of it, which provided proper buildings for the decent celebration of its services; next to the hands that endowed, we may place the hands that built our numerous parish churches. These pious works, memorials of other days, were conducted on the pure principle

"Who builds a church to God, and not to fame,

Will never mark the marble with his name;"

and thus it seldom happens that in our early parochial investigations we can even fix a date to the building whose elegance delights us, or whose solemn and venerable exterior invites us to enter it and pray. Coupled with this holy temper, which led the devout builder to do honour unto God with the best of all he had, there existed another motive, which, although erroneous, caused the work to prosper. This was the doctrine of indulgences" a fond thing, vainly invented"-which encouraged the prevailing idea, that merit might be thus purchased to expiate former sins; and, in consequence, greater care was bestowed by all employed, particularly when labour paid in kind was admitted in lieu of an offering, and could procure its share of remission. These indulgences were continued till the whole system that supported them was about to vanish away. As late even as Leo X. a general indulgence was granted, in furtherance of this object; and the sanction of Henry VIII. was not, it appears, wanting; for he issued letters patent under the broad seal, to promote collections being made, by virtue of Leo's indulgence, in all the churches of his realms. Here, then, to all appearance, was the origin of Church Briefs, as regulated by the Statute of Anne; and the custom of granting briefs being finally abolished, the Society for building Churches puts in its claim to our support.

Staveley, in his History of Churches, has given some interesting extracts from Henry the Eighth's Letter.