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exploration and the biographies of heroes are left out. We frankly hold that, if pupils know little or nothing about Columbus, Cortes, Magellan, or Captain John Smith by the time they reach the high school, it is useless to tell the same stories for perhaps the fourth time. It is worse than useless. It is an offense against the teachers of those subjects that are demonstrated to be progressive in character. (

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In the next place we have omitted all descriptions of battles. Our reasons for this are simple. The strategy of a campaign or of a single battle is a highly technical, and usually a highly controversial, matter about which experts differ widely. the field of military and naval operations most writers and teachers of history are mere novices. To dispose of Gettysburg or the Wilderness in ten lines or ten pages is equally absurd to the serious student of military affairs. Any one who compares the ordinary textbook account of a single Civil War campaign with the account given by Ropes, for instance, will ask for no further comment. No youth called upon to serve our country in arms would think of turning to a high school manual for information about the art of warfare. The dramatic scene or episode, so useful in arousing the interest of the immature pupil, seems out of place in a book that deliberately appeals to boys and girls on the very threshold of life's serious. responsibilities.

It is not upon negative features, however, that we rest our It is rather upon constructive features.

case.

First. We have written a topical, not a narrative, history. We have tried to set forth the important aspects, problems, and movements of each period, bringing in the narrative rather by way of illustration.

Second. We have emphasized those historical topics which help to explain how our nation has come to be what it is to-day.

Third. We have dwelt fully upon the social and economic aspects of our history, especially in relation to the politics of each period.

Fourth. We have treated the causes and results of wars, the problems of financing and sustaining armed forces, rather than military strategy. These are the subjects which belong to a history for civilians. These are matters which civilians can understand matters which they must understand, if

they are to play well their part in war and peace.

Fifth. By omitting the period of exploration, we have been able to enlarge the treatment of our own time. We have given special attention to the history of those current questions which must form the subject matter of sound instruction in citizenship.

Sixth. We have borne in mind that America, with all her unique characteristics, is a part of a general civilization. Accordingly we have given diplomacy, foreign affairs, world relations, and the reciprocal influences of nations their appropriate place.

Seventh. We have deliberately aimed at standards of maturity. The study of a mere narrative calls mainly for the use of the memory. We have aimed to stimulate habits of analysis, comparison, association, reflection, and generalization

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habits calculated to enlarge as well as inform the mind. We have been at great pains to make our text clear, simple, and direct; but we have earnestly sought to stretch the intellects of our readers to put them upon their mettle. Most of them will receive the last of their formal instruction in the high school. The world will soon expect maturity from them. Their achievements will depend upon the possession of other powers than memory alone. The effectiveness of their citizenship in our republic will be measured by the excellence of their judgment as well as the fullness of their information.

C. A. B.

NEW YORK CITY,

February 8, 1921.

M. R. B.

A SMALL LIBRARY IN AMERICAN HISTORY

SINGLE VOLUMES:

SERIES:

BASSETT, J. S. A Short History of the United States
ELSON, H. W. History of the United States of America

"EPOCHS OF AMERICAN HISTORY,' EDITED BY A. B. HART

HART, A. B. Formation of the Union
THWAITES, R. G. The Colonies

WILSON, WOODROW. Division and Reunion

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CHAPTER

CONTENTS

PART I. THE COLONIAL PERIOD

I. THE GREAT MIGRATION TO AMERICA

The Agencies of American Colonization
The Colonial Peoples

The Process of Colonization

II. CONIAL AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE

The Land and the Westward Movement
Industrial and Commercial Development

III. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PROGRESS

The Leadership of the Churches
Schools and Colleges

The Colonial Press

The Evolution in Political Institutions

IV. THE Development of COLONIAL NATIONALISM

Relations with the Indians and the French
The Effects of Warfare on the Colonies
Colonial Relations with the British Government
Summary of Colonial Period

PART II. CONFLICT AND INDEPENDENCE

V. THE NEW COURSE IN BRITISH IMPERIAL POLICY

George III and His System

George III's Ministers and Their Colonial Policies

Colonial Resistance Forces Repeal

Resumption of British Revenue and Commercial Policies

Retaliation by the British Government

Renewed Resistance in America

From Reform to Revolution in America

VI. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Resistance and Retaliation

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PART III. FOUNDATIONS OF THE UNION AND
NATIONAL POLITICS

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108

116

125

127

132

135

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IX. THE JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICANS IN POWER
Republican Principles and Policies

186

186

The Republicans and the Great West

188

The Republican War for Commercial Independence
The Republicans Nationalized

193

201

The National Decisions of Chief Justice Marshall
Summary of Union and National Politics

208

212

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