EXERCISES.

70. Which of the following words are interjections?

1. Alas, poor Yorick! 2. Ho, ho! Come here. 3. Hush! he will hear you. 4. "O' stay!" the maiden said.

5.

Be sure that you blow out the candle

Ri fol de rol tol de rol lol.-Horace Smith.

1. The interjection O is always written with a capital letter.

71. Use interjections in place of the following blanks :

DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE.

72. Language is the expression of thought by means of words combined in sentences.

We think, and our mental products are ideas and thoughts. An idea is expressed by a single word, or a group of words not containing a subject and predicate; as, birds, trees, grow, can fly, wise, more beautiful, etc. A thought is expressed by a group of words containing a subject and predicate; as, Birds can fly; Trees are plants, etc.

73. All the words of the language can be divided, according to their use, into ten classes, called parts of speech. A Part of Speech is, therefore, a class of words that is made according to their use in sentences.

74. The ten parts of speech are

Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Verbals, Responsives, and Interjections.

75. The part of speech to which a word belongs is determined from its use in the sentence in which it is found. Hence a word may be a noun in one sentence, a verb in another, an adjective in another, and so on; as, "The fast is over" (n.). "I fast twice a week (v.). "He owns a fast horse" (adj.). "The horse trots fast" (adv.).

The word word is frequently used in this book as the equivalent of part of speech. It must not be forgotten, however, that a part of speech may con

sist of several words. Thus, General Fitz-John Porter is a noun; might have been marching is a verb; more gallant is an adjective; less wisely is an adverb; to be reproved is a verbal; according to is a preposition; as if is a conjunction, etc.

EXERCISES.

76. Write a list of the words belonging to each part of speech in 23, 40, 44, and 46.

77. Name the parts of speech in your reading-lesson.

DEFINITION OF GRAMMAR.

78. Grammar is the science that treats of the relations and forms of words and sentences, as used in the correct expression of thought.

When words are so combined as to bring together the ideas expressed by them, they are said to be related. The relation of words is indicated by their form and position.

The form of a word is determined by the idea that it expresses, and the relation that it bears to other words. The position of a word is determined by the relation that it bears to other words.

The leading logical divisions of English grammar are etymology, which treats of the classification and form of words, and syntax, which treats of the relation of words and the construction and form of sentences.

ABBREVIATIONS.

Inductive Lesson.-1. Gen. R. E. Lee was a brave soldier. 2. Prof. O. W. Holmes, M. D., resides in Mass. 3. The sirup cost twentyfive cts. a gal.

QUESTIONS.-What is the first word of the first sentence? Is it abbreviated? What does "abbreviate" mean? What other words are abbreviated? With what kind of letters do they begin? What punctuation-mark follows them?

79. Shortened written words like Gen., R., Prof., M. D., etc., are called abbreviations.

In speaking, the word for which the abbreviation stands is usually pronounced in full, except in the case of initial letters in a person's name, and a few titles, such as A. M., LL. D., M. D., etc. Thus, "Robert E. Pattison, Gov. of Pa.," should be read Robert E. Pattison, Governor of Pennsylvania.

80. An abbreviation should begin with the same kind of letter as the word for which it stands, and be followed by a period.

EXERCISES.

81. Write the following abbreviations and the words for which they stand:

Mr., Mrs., Dr., M. D., A. M., Col., P. M., Ala., Ill., Pa., W. Va., N. O., Acct., Recd., A. D. (See Appendix, p. 257.)

82. Abbreviate the following words:

Esquire, Doctor of Laws, Honorable, Professor, Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, British America, county, hour, France, bushel, creditor, debtor, yards.

83. Write the abbreviations for the days of the week. The months of the year.

CONTRACTIONS.

Inductive Lesson.-1. I've treasured it. 2. They'll come soon. 3. Can't, ma'am, o'er.

QUESTIONS.-What does "I've" mean? How may "they will" be contracted? What is meant by "contracted"? From what is "can't" contracted? "O'er"?

84. Shortened spoken and written expressions like o'er, I've, etc., are called contractions.

A contraction should be read as it is written. Thus, "I'll go" should not be read "I will go." Contractions should be avoided in formal writing and speaking.

85. An apostrophe (') should be used in a contraction to show the omission of one or more letters.

86. The contraction ain't should not be used. Don't should be used as a contraction of do not, and not of does not.

EXERCISES.

87. Explain the following contractions:

Don't; sha'n't; he 's; they're; aren't; isn't; I'll; 'tis; we've.

88. Correct the following errors:

1. Theyre not coming. 2. Weve found them.

4. He dont care. 5. Aint you mistaken?

TO THE TEACHER.-See Appendix, p. 262, Sug. 4.

3. I aint going.

OMITTED WORDS.

Inductive Lesson.-1. Who is there? William. 2. When was Gladstone born? In 1809.

QUESTIONS.-Does the word "William" answer the first question in full? Do the words "William is there"? What words are omitted in the answer to the second question?

89. Words necessary to the sense are frequently omitted in speaking and writing. The hearer or reader must be able to supply them.

Frequently, it is better to answer questions without omitting words. We should form the habit of using sentences to express our thoughts.

EXERCISE.

90. Supply the omitted words:

1. Where is Gibraltar? In Spain. 2. To what government does it belong? England. 3. Pride goeth before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall.-Prov. xvi, 18. 4. Who won the battle of Chancellorsville? General Lee. 5. How? By skillful generalship.

TO THE TEACHER.-See Appendix, p. 262, Sug. 5 and 6.

FOR REVIEW.

91. Review the remarks and exercises that are numbered, and illustrate each remark with an original sentence.

EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION.

TO THE TEACHER.-Pupils should now begin to study Part V, of Composition." See p. 203. See also Appendix, p. 262, Sug. 7.

"Elements

The exercises in Part V can not be omitted without great disadvantage to the pupil.

PART II.

ELEMENTS AND ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES.

SENTENCES.

92. A Sentence is a combination of words used to make a complete statement, to ask a question, or to give a command.

SENTENCES CLASSED ACCORDING TO FORM.

Inductive Lesson.-1. Birds fly. 2. The sun is shining. 3. Men who are wise, act carefully. 4. The tree lies where it fell. 5. Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers.-Tennyson.

QUESTIONS.-What is the subject of the first sentence? The predicate? What words form a clause in the third sentence? In the fourth? Of what two sentences is the fifth sentence composed?

The first sentence contains but one subject and one predicate, and is called a simple sentence. The third sentence contains a clause, and is called a complex sentence. The fifth sentence is composed of two sentences, and is called a compound sentence.

93. Sentences are divided, according to their form, into three classes: Simple, Complex, and Compound.

94. A Simple Sentence is a sentence that contains but one subject and one predicate.

95. A Complex Sentence is a sentence that contains a clause.

96. A Compound Sentence is a sentence composed of

two or more sentences.