exercising our memory, it is improved. 6. Feeling assured of your support, your presence is expected. 7. She was persuaded for to go. 8. I have not saw him, and I do not wish to. 9. Having taught the pupils the elements of the subject orally, they are ready to study a text-book. 10. Artaxerxes could not refuse pardoning him. 11. Do not try and do too much. 12. You need not wait for me. 13. He expected to immediately return. 14. They were not able, as individuals, to have influenced the twentieth part of the population. 15. Refuse to bow before shadows and worship phrases.

FOR REVIEW.

536. Review the remarks and exercises that are numbered.

PREPOSITIONS.

537. A Preposition is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to form a phrase, which it joins to the word that the phrase modifies.

Or, a preposition is a word that shows the relation of an object, an action, or a quality to an object. It is frequently defined as a word which shows the relation between its object and some other word.

The principal relations shown by prepositions are those of place, time, and cause, reason, or purpose.

538. The Object of a preposition is the word with which it is used to form a phrase.

(a) The object of a preposition may be—

1. A word used as a noun; as, “He went to Lancaster." (Noun.) "Come to me." (Pronoun.) "After having fled," etc. (Verbal.) "Of the good." "From within." "What are the modifiers of truly?"

2. A phrase used as a noun; as, "They came from beyond Jordan." From beyond may also be called a preposition. (543 a.)

3. A clause used as a noun; as, “That will be determined by what he says." "Reason and justice have been jurymen ever since before Noah was a sailor."-Shak.

539. A preposition may have two or more objects, and two or more prepositions may have the same object.

EXAMPLES." The difficulties between England and Ireland are a source of misunderstanding and ill-feeling." They marched up and down the hill."

540. When a word usually a preposition has no word to govern, it becomes an adverb, a noun, or an adjective. EXAMPLES.-"Come in." "He went about." "The man jumped down." "It came from within." "The plain below."

541. Observe the following cautions:

1. The use of needless prepositions should be avoided. EXAMPLE." At noon," or " about noon; " not "at about noon." 2. Needed prepositions should not be omitted.

EXAMPLE." I was at home;" not "I was home."

EXERCISE.

542. Correct the following errors:

1. It is no use to me. 2. They were prevented coming. 3. To whom shall we go to for help and for strength? 4. It is to me that he came to. 5. Is he worthy our confidence?

LIST OF PREPOSITIONS.

543. The following prepositions are in common use:

1. "I ride once a day.' 'He gave them four shillings a-piece, or a man.' In Early English (Morris's Accidence, p. 195), this 'a' is seen to be the old preposition 'on,' 'an,' or 'a.' It is not (though it might seem to be) the Indefinite Adjective." -Abbott. 2. Following in time or place. It is sometimes equivalent to for. 3. Amid, amidst, generally imply quantity. 4. Among, amongst, generally imply number. They should be used only when more than two are referred to. 5. When applied to place, at should be used before the names of houses, small places, and distant cities not well known. (See In.) 6. By the side of. 7. In addition to. 8. Between, betwixt, are generally used when only two are referred to. 9. Rare. 10. But is generally called a preposition when it is used in the sense of except. 11. "I went by the house." (See Past.) By an agent; with an instrument. 12. Concerning, respecting, and touching are generally interchangeable. 13. Ere = before. 14. In, when applied to place, should be used before the names of countries, and large, well-known cities. (See At.) "We walk in the park." (Motion in a place.) 15. Into denotes entrance. It should be used after verbs of motion. 16. The rays of (proceeding from) the sun. The castle of (belonging to) the king. The news of (about) the battle. 17. A variation of of. 18. Past generally refers to time. 19. Save = except. 20. Till, until, are now used only with reference to time. 21. Often, in stead of. (Cf. In place of.)

(a) The following prepositions are less common :

Abaft, aboard of, adown, alongside, along with, as for, aslant, bating, but for, despite, despite of, from among, from before, from behind, from beyond, from under, inside, outside, over against, pending, per, sans, saving, together with, versus, via, withal, withinside.

Rules of Construction.

544. Rule 17. A preposition is used to introduce a phrase and join it to the word that the phrase modifies. (190.) (a) Special Rule 17. A preposition is sometimes used simply to introduce a phrase.

PARSING.

545. FORMS OF PARSING.-WRITTEN PARSING.

Toward the center of the earth is called down.

ORAL PARSING.

Toward is a preposition. It is used to introduce the phrase toward center.

Of is a preposition. It is used to introduce the phrase of earth, and join it to center.

EXERCISE.

546. Parse the prepositions in the following sentences:

1. The Island of Britain was the latest of Rome's conquests in the West.-Green. 2. I purpose to write the history of England from the accession of King James the Second down to a time which is within the memory of men still living.-Macaulay. 3. The curiosity entertained by all civilized nations of inquiring into the exploits and adventures of their ancestors, commonly excites a regret that the history of remote ages should always be so much involved in obscurity, uncertainty, and contradiction.—Hume. For additional exercises, see 191, 193, and 195.

ANALYSIS AND PARSING.

(a) Analyze the following sentences, and parse all the words in them except "O" and the conjunctions:

1. It was done according to law. 2. Will you not stop walking up' and down the hall ?

3.

But O! the choice what heart can doubt,

Of tents with love, or thrones without ?-Moore.

4. What can they see in the longest kingly line in Europe, save2 that it runs back to a successful soldier ?-Scott. 5. Thus was gained by William, Duke of Normandy, the great and decisive victory of Hastings, after a battle which was fought from morning till sunset, and which seemed worthy, by the heroic valor displayed by both armies and by both commanders, to decide the fate of a mighty kingdom.-Hume. 6. Whom, therefore, ye

ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you.-Acts xvii, 23. Errors, like straws, upon the surface flow;

7.

He who would search for pearls must dive below.-Dryden.

1. Say, it is used with down to join the phrase up and down hall to walking. 2. 538 a, 3.

ERRORS TO BE CORRECTED.

(b) Correct the following errors. (One of the sentences is correct.)

5. He came on last

7. We graduated in

2. Don't run; wait on me. 3. I do not agree with those remarks. 4. She was entertained with music. evening. 6. Where did you get this at? Yale. 8. He was presented with a cane. 9. I'll be done till Thursday. 10. The space between three lines is a triangle. 11. The superlative degree implies a comparison between three or more. 12. They are expressed in prose instead of in poetry. 13. Idleness, vice, and infidelity take off the relish and enjoyment from what we might otherwise draw comfort and delight.

FOR REVIEW.

547. Review the remarks and exercises that are numbered.

CONJUNCTIONS.

548. A Conjunction is a word used to join sentences, or parts of a sentence.

CLASSES OF CONJUNCTIONS.

549. Conjunctions are divided into two chief classes: Co-ordinate Conjunctions and Subordinate Conjunctions. 550. A Co-ordinate Conjunction is a conjunction used to