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The death of Sir Walter Scott, though it had been for some time expected, produced a great sensation; and the exaggerated rumours of the amount of his debts remaining unpaid, and the probability of Abbotsford being in consequence lost to his family, called forth a very general wish for some generous manifestation of national gratitude to avert so afflicting a result. It has been since ascertained that the whole of the debts now remaining do not much exceed £20,000-a sum which his family have, it is understood, declared their ability and determination to meet without assistance. Meetings have in the meanwhile been held on Tweed Side, in Edinburgh, and in London, to give expression to the national sorrow for his loss, and to decide on the erection of more than one monument of national respect and admiration.

Sir Walter Scott has left a family of two sons and two daughters. The elder son, the present Sir Walter, is a Major in the 15th Hussars; Charles, the younger, is an Attaché to the Neapolitan Legation. The elder daughter was married in 1820 to Mr. J. G. Lockhart, editor of the Quarterly Review; the younger, Miss Ann Scott, remains still unmarried.

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especially in acts of friendship to literary men whom he found struggling in obscurity or adversity. To the Ettrick Shepherd he was an early and active patron. Mr. Allan Cunningham has gratefully recorded his obligations to him, in obtaining, through his interest, appointments for two of his sons in India. Mr. T. Pringle (another of his border acquaintance) was warmly recommended by him when he went abroad in 1820, for a government appointment at the Cape. Some of the sons of the poet Burns have been effectually helped forward in life by his generous intervention. The widow of Johnson, the engraver, (the early friend and correspondent of Burns, received in her destitute old age a monthly allowance from his purse. And the catalogue of such generous acts (though all carefully concealed by himself) might be enlarged tenfold were we at liberty to disclose merely all those that have become known to ourselves. His graceful mode of doing a friendly act was even more meritorious than the act itself: he always endeavoured to represent himself as the obliged person. With all these great and good qualities Sir Walter Scott had, like all of Adam's race, his foibles and defects; but we have neither space nor inclination to attempt their impartial delineation. His colossal character, intellectual and moral, with all its lights and shades (and the latter were but few) will be, doubtless, ere long depicted by hands fully competent to the task; and the influence of his genius on the literature not of England merely, but of Europe, at the same time, justly appreciated.

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LONDON:-CHARLES KNIGHT, PALL-MALL EAST.

In person Sir Walter Scott was about six feet in height, but from his somewhat stooping gait did not look quite so tall. In middle life he was considered a powerful and robust man. His dress and manners were distinguished by a dignified simplicity. The character and expression of his countenance have been rendered familiar to the world by engravings from several fine portraits, and casts from the admirable bust by Chantry. His literary and social habits we have already cursorily noticed. He was beloved by all classes from the prince to the peasant; with all classes he was equally at home; and the characters and manners of all he has described in his writings with equal truth and felicity. In this respect, he is equalled by Shakspeare alone. He had a kindly sympathy for human nature in all its aspects, and, though naturally of decidedly aristocratic predilections, he respected the feelings of the humblest individual. He was most punctual in answering letters, though the labour which this task involved (and much of it caused by uninvited correspondents) was often a real affliction. Of his kindliness Liverpool, WILLMER and SMITH. of heart we could relate many most pleasing traits

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these remains, with brief observations on their peculiar merits.

THE above wood-cut will furnish, much better than any description, an adequate idea of the new gallery of the Athenian, or Elgin, antiquities. This very handsome STATISTICAL NOTES-(Continued). room, as will be perceived, is of oblong form, and is lighted from above. Upon the walls are arranged, in the (26.)-THE development of manufacturing power that order in which they occurred in the Parthenon itself, has taken place in Great Britain during the last century those splendid sculptures in high and low relief, which, is, unquestionably, the most remarkable in the history of perhaps even more than the single figures and detached the world. Our exemption from foreign aggression and groups, attest the extraordinary spirit and power of Gre- internal commotion, our deliverance from the feudal syscian art. In the centre of the floor are the large statues tem, our practical enjoyment of free institutions, and the which ornamented the pediments of the temple. Frag-natural energy of our people, have tended to stimulate ments, removed from the ruins of other public buildings at Athens, are disposed in various parts of the gallery.

To a mind uninstructed in the taste for appreciating the higher excellences of art, this wonderful collection may, at first sight, appear uninteresting. The greater number of the figures have been sadly mutilated; some are so worn by time that little more than the general outline of the head or the body can be traced; others present only a disfigured trunk; and the surface of all is so corroded that the scrupulous care with which they were undoubtedly finished, although raised high above the heads of the spectators, can no longer afford delight. But quite enough remains to show the extraordinary genius by which these great works were created, and to present examples for imitation which will produce the most powerful effect upon modern taste. Let the spectator who has a growing feeling for what is grand in art, but who is unable to divest himself of the painful associations connected with the dilapidated condition of these sculptures, visit the gallery again and again till the real character of these immortal works has taken possession of his mind. He cannot look upon them many times without acknowledging how vigorous and infinitely varied are the figures of the frieze;-how bold and expressive are the larger sculptures in relief, called the Metopes; and how simple and majestic are the colossal statues, such as the Theseus and Ilissus. That we may assist the diffusion of this taste, we shall give in future numbers some representations of the more remarkable of VOL. I.

our manufacturing industry to a very extraordinary degree, and have placed it for the present, at least, beyond the competition, if not beyond the rivalry, of foreign nations. During the first half of the last century, and previously, woollen goods formed the principal article of our native produce exported, and next to it were hardware and cutlery, leather, linen, copper and brass manufactures, &c. After the year 1770, the cotton manufacture began to extend itself, and it is now of so great importance, that the annual exports of cotton stuffs and yarn, amount, at this moment, to about a half of the entire exports of British produce and manufactures. Next to it in magnitude are the exports of woollens, linens, iron, steel, brass and copper manufactures, refined sugar, hardware and cutlery, silk, tin wares, &c. The average value of produce and manufactures of the united kingdom exported from Great Britain in three years ending the 5th of January, 1830, was £52,925,440, official value, and £35,920,670, real or declared value. What is called official value, is a valuation according to fixed rates established in 1696, and is now the representative of quantity only. After this general statement of the importance of our manufactures, it will be useful to notice more particularly some of the principal branches of them, recommending those who desire more detailed information, to refer, among other works, to Mr. Mac Culloch's valuable Dictionary of Commerce, lately published.

(27.)-The cotton manufacture is supposed to have been introduced into England in the early part of the 2 R

seventeenth century. It appears, however, that on an
average of the five years ending with 1705, the quantity
annually imported amounted only to 1,170,881 lbs. At
the accession of George III. the entire value of all the
cotton goods manufactured in Great Britain was esti-
mated to amount to only £200,000 a year, and it was
-not till after the invention of the spinning-jenny by
Hargraves in 1767, and the subsequent discoveries of
the spinning-frame of Sir Richard Arkwright, the mule-
jenny of Mr. Crompton, and the power-loom of the Rev.
Mr. Cartwright, that the manufacture began to advance
with any degree of rapidity. But the imports of cot-
ton wool, which in 1781 were 5,198,778 lbs. had in-
creased in 1791 to 28,706,675 lbs.; in 1801 they were
56,004,305 lbs.; in 1811, 91,576,635 lbs.; in 1821,
126,420,000 lbs.; and in 1830, 259,856,000 lbs. It is To Germany . .
remarkable that, at present, more than one half of our
cotton wool comes from the United States, whereas,
previously to 1790, North America did not supply
us with a single pound weight of raw cotton.
of 19,900,000 lbs. of cotton wool imported in 1786,
5,800,000 lbs. came from the British West Indies, To the United Cottons, by the yard
5,500,000 from the French and Spanish colonies,
1,600,000 from the Dutch colonies, 2,000,000 from the

It must not be inferred that the manufacture is in a declining state, because the declared value has been about stationary, or has rather diminished. The contrary is precisely the case, and the circumstance shows, in the words of Mr. Mac Culloch," that the decline in the price of the raw material, and the improvements in the machinery and processes used in the manufacture, have been so great that we are now able to export and sell with a profit (for unless such were the case the exportation would very speedily cease) nearly double the quantity of cotton goods we exported in 1814, for about the same price." Of the cotton manufactures exported in 1829, the principal exports in declared value

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Cottons, by the yard .. 1,137,532
Hosiery and small wares. 279,355 3,002,866
Cotton twist and yarn,,
1,585,979)
Cottons, by the yard
Hosiery and small wares
Cotton twist and yarn. .

Hosiery and small wares.
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Hosiery and small wares.
Cotton twist and yarn.

Cottons, by the yard
Hosiery and small wares,
Cotton twist and yarn..

44,849 1,443,890

317,580)

There are some who conceive that our cotton manufacture has reached, if it has not passed, its zenith, and that the rising manufactures of foreign countries must tend to accelerate its decline; but, considering our natural capabilities, the superior intelligence, skill, and enterprise of our master manufacturers, engineers, and artisans, and the complete state of our establishments, there seems on the whole no great reason to be alarmed at foreign competition. The cotton manufacture has fixed itself in our soil, as a hardy and vigorous plant, shooting forth new branches, without symptoms of decay, and so long as its natural growth is unchecked, and its earth remains unimpoverished, and its air untainted, there is abundant room to hope that both present and future generations of our people may yet, for many years to come, repose in peace under its shadow.

Portuguese colonies, and 5,000,000 from Smyrna and To the East Indies Cottons, by the yard Turkey; whilst, out of 227,760,000 lbs., being the import of 1828, 151,752,000 lbs. were from the United States, 29,143,000 from Brazil, 32,187,000 from the East Indies, 6,454,000 from Egypt, 5,893,000 from the British West Indies, 726,000 from Columbia, and 471,000 from Turkey and Greece. Mr. Whitney's machine, invented in 1793, for the separation of the wool from the seed, did for the American cultivators, what Arkwright's frame did for the English manufacturers. It is estimated that the total value of every description of cotton goods annually manufactured in Great Britain is £36,000,000, which is made up of £6,000,000, the value of 200,000,000 lbs. of the raw material at 7d. per lb.-£20,000,000, the wages of 833,000 weavers, spinners, bleachers, &c. at £24 a year each,-£3,333,000, the wages of 111,000 engineers, machine-makers, smiths, masons, joiners, &c. at £30 a year each,—and £6,666,000, the profits of the manufacturers, wages of superintendence, and sums to purchase machinery, coals, &c. The capital employed in the purchase of the raw material may be taken at £6,000,000, that in the payment of wages £15,000,000, and that invested in spinning-mills, looms, workshops, &c. £35,000,000, making a total of £56,000,000, which, supposing the interest of capital, inclusive of the wages of superintendence, &c. to amount to £8 per cent., will yield PARTING OF HECTOR AND ANDROMACHE. a sum of £4,480,000, which being deducted from the 63 We have already given an English version of the Shield millions, profits, &c., leaves about two millions to purchase of Achilles, in order that the reader who happens not to materials to repair the waste of capital, and for coals, be acquainted with the Greek language may form a insurances, and other outgoings. If those estimates are more accurate conception of the real character of the near the truth, it follows that the manufacture gives original than can be conveyed in a poetical translation. subsistence to from 1,200,000 to 1,400,000 persons, in- The parting of Hector and Andromache is another short cluding aged persons and children dependent on those episode in the Iliad, which is well known from Pope's employed; and the effect upon the population of the translation, and from its having often appeared in books manufacturing districts is manifest by the rapid increase of extracts. We shall now give this also in a plain of Manchester, Paisley, and the other great towns. It English dress, in which the noble simplicity and exquiappears from Parliamentary Returns that the exports of site tenderness of the original may be advantageously cotton goods, including yarn, amount, on an average, to contrasted with the poetical version. We must premise, about seventeen millions sterling, or to nearly half the as in the former extract, that now and then a word value of our whole exports, and form about two-thirds occurs in Homer, of which it is not easy to assign the of the total value of all the wove fabrics exported. The precise import. exports were as follows:

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Andromache addresses Hector, (Book VI. 407) :— "Rash man, thy courage will be thy ruin; thou hast no pity for thy infant boy nor for me unhappy, who will soon be thy widow. Soon will the Achæi in a body fall on thee and slay thee; but for me it would be better after such a loss to lie in my grave, for no comfort shall I have when thou hast inet with thy fate*. In sooth, Achilles,

Here a line is omitted, which is probably spurious,

sprung from Jove, slew my father, and plundered the wel built city of the Kilikes, Thebe with lofty gates; he slew my father Eetion, but he robbed him not of his armour; he feared to do this. He burnt his body with his cunningly-wrought armour, and over him he raised a mound of earth, around which the nymphs of the mountains planted elms, the nymphs the daughters of Jupiter with the Ægis. Seven brothers, too, I had in my father's house, and all perished in one day, for Achilles, swift of foot, slew them while tending the oxen with crooked hoofs and the white-fleeced sheep. My mother, who was a queen in woody Hypoplacus, Achilles, after he had brought her here with all our possessions, set free for a large ransom; and she died by the arrows of Artemis (Diana) in the house of my father. But thou, Hector, art to me both father and revered mother and brother, thou art my noble husband. Come now, take pity on me, and stay here on the battlements, and make not thy son an orphan and me a widow. Place thy people here by the wild fig-tree, where the city is most assailable, and the wall most open to attack. Thrice have the bravest come and made an onset here, the two Ajaxes, and far renowned Idomeneus, and the sons of Atreus, and the bold son of Tydeus; perchance some one well skilled in the ways of fate has advised to this, or it may be, their own courage urges them to the

attack."

To her replied great Hector with the curiously-wrought helmet: In truth, my wife, all that thou hast said fills me too with care; but much do I fear what the Trojans will say, and the long-robed women of Troy, if like a coward I shun the battle. Nor will my heart let me do it, for I have been trained to be a brave warrior, and to fight in the first ranks, for the glory of my father, and for my own. Well do I know there will be a day when sacred Ilion must fall, and my father Priam, and the people of my warlike father. But I care not so much for the sorrows of the Trojans that are to come, nor for the fate of my mother Hecuba, nor my father Priam, nor for my brethren, many and brave though they be, who will fall in the dust before their enemies-as for thee, when some Achæan, clad in mail of brass, shall lead thee weeping into captivity to Argos, where thou must ply the loom at the bidding of a mistress, and carry water from the spring of Messe or Hypereia, an unwilling slave indeed, but the strong hand of necessity will be upon thee; and perchance some one will say as he sees thee drop a tear, This is the wife of Hector, the bravest of the horsetaming Trojans, when our people fought about Ilion.' Thus, perchance, some one will say, and this will be to thee a fresh sorrow, to feel the want of thy husband to ward off the day of servitude. But may the earth upheaped cover my body before I hear the wailings of thy captivity."

Thus spoke noble Hector, and stretched out his arms to his son; but the child with cries clung to the bosom of his well-zoned nurse, startled at the appearance of his father, scared at the brass, and the horse crest which nodded fearfully from the top of the helmet. The fond father, and the chaste mother smiled. Straightway Hector took the helmet from his head and laid it allglittering on the ground: he kissed his dear son and fondled him in his arms, and then addressed a prayer to Jupiter and all the gods:-"O Jupiter and ye gods, grant that this my son may be, like his father, a leader among the Trojans, brave in battle and a brave king of Ilion. And hereafter may the people say of him as he comes from battle, 'He is far braver than his father;' and may he bring back the bloody spoils having slain his enemy, and please his mother's heart."

Thus he said, and placed his child in the arms of his dear wife, who received him on her sweet bosom, smiling amidst her tears. Her husband saw and pitied; he gently touched his wife, and said, "Dear woman, grieve

not, I pray, over much, for no enemy shall send me to the world below before the time of fate. And no man has ever escaped death, neither the coward nor the brave, when he has once come into the world. But go home, and attend to thy labours, to the loom and the distaff, and bid the slaves perform their tasks; war is the business of men, and mine most of all who live in Ilion.”

Thus spake noble Hector, and took his helmet crowned with a horse's tail. His wife went homewards, but often looked back and dropped a large tear.

Bias of the Mind respecting the Future.-The common bias of the mind undoubtedly is, (such is the benevolent appointment of Providence,) to think favourably of the future; to overvalue the chances of possible good, and to underrate the risks of possible evil; and in the case of some fortunate individuals, this disposition remains after a thousand disapnot material for us to inquire; the fact is certain, and it is pointments. To what this bias of our nature is owing, it is an important one to our happiness. It supports us under the real distresses of life, and cheers and animates all our labours; and although it is sometimes apt to produce, in a weak and indolent mind, those deceitful suggestions of ambition and vanity, which lead us to sacrifice the duties and the comforts of the present moment to romantic hopes and expectations; yet it must be acknowledged, when connected with habits of activity, and regulated by a solid judgment, to have a favourable effect on the character, by inspiring that ardour and enthusiasm which both prompt to great enter prises, and are necessary to ensure their success. When such a temper is united (as it commonly is) with pleasing notions, concerning the order of the universe, and in par ticular concerning the condition and the prospects of man, it places our happiness, in a great measure, beyond the power of fortune. While it adds a double relish to every when human life presents to us no object on which our enjoyment, it blunts the edge of all our sufferings; and even hopes can rest, it invites the imagination beyond the dark and troubled horizon which terminates all our earthly prospects, to wander unconfined in the regions of futurity. A man of benevolence, whose mind is enlarged by philosophy, will indulge the same agreeable anticipations with respect to society; will view all the different improvements in arts, in the union, the happiness, and the virtue of mankind; and, commerce, and in the sciences, as co-operating to promote amidst the political disorders resulting from the prejudices and follies of his own times, will look forward with transport to the blessings which are reserved for posterity in a more enlightened age.-Dugald Stewart.

Blasting Rocks under Water by means of the DivingBell.-Three men are employed in the diving-bell; one holds the jumper, or boring-iron, which he keeps constantly turning; the other two strike alternately quick smart strokes with hammers. When the hole is bored of the requisite depth, a tin cartridge, filled with gunpowder, about two inches in diameter, and a foot in length, is inserted, and sand placed above it. To the top of the cartridge a tin pipe is soldered, having a brass screw at the upper end. The diving-bell is then raised up slowly, and additional tin pipes with brass screws are attached, until the pipes are about two The man who is to fire feet above the surface of the water. the charge is placed in a boat close to the tube, to the top of which a piece of cord is attached, which he holds in his left hand. Having in the boat a brazier with small pieces of iron red hot, he drops one of them down the tube, this immediately ignites the powder, and blows up the rock. A small part of the tube next the cartridge is destroyed; but the greater part, which is held by the cord, is reserved for future service. The workmen in the boat experience no shock; the only effect is a violent ebullition of the water, arising from the explosion; but those who stand on the shore, and upon any part of the rocks connected with those blowing up, feel a very strong concussion. The only difference between the mode of blasting rock at Howth and at Plymouth is, that at the latter place they connect the tin pipes by a cement of white lead. A certain depth of water is necessary for safety, which should not be less than from eight to ten feet.

ROUEN.

[West Front of the Cathedral of Rouen.]

ROUEN is one of the most interesting cities of France. Its situation, on the bank of the river Seine, is strikingly picturesque; and the old houses in the more ancient streets of the town afford groups and detached parts which artists delight in delineating. The cathedral, which was begun in the thirteenth century and completed in the fifteenth, is of the florid Gothic architecture, rich to excess with ornament, particularly in the exterior. The large door-way of the western front, which is represented above, will present a sufficient notion of the elaborate nature of the external carved work. The interior is exceedingly imposing, from the high vaulted arches, the fretted roof, and the painted windows; although, in that grandeur which is produced by the most exquisite proportion united to vast magnitude, this cathedral will bear no comparison with several in our own country, especially York Minster.

THE GIRAFFE AT PARIS.

[We have given an account, in a former number, of the Giraffe, or Camelopard, as described by naturalists and travellers. We have to add the following description of the arrival of the Giraffe at Paris, about five years ago, and of her habits in captivity.] THE female brought to France, after passing a winter at Marseilles in order to accustom her to a still more rigorous climate, was conveyed to the Garden of Plants, in Paris, where she is now in high health and beauty. Her arrival created the greatest satisfaction and enthusiasm. A professor from the garden went to conduct her to the capital, and watch over her welfare during the march. The prefect of Marseilles caused the arms of France to be embroidered in silver on her body cloth, which with her hood was made of black oiled silk, bordered with red. Deputations from the various towns met her on her way; the cows sent from Egypt with her, to supply her with milk during the passage, accompanied her; and she was not only escorted by the before-mentioned gentleman, but by Atie her Darfour negro, Hassan her Arab attendant, a Marseillois groom, and a Mulatto who served as interpreter to the two former. The Archbishop of Lyons being very

desirous that she should pay him a visit, the prefect of that city and several horsemen set out to meet the cavalcade, and lead it to his Grace's house: but unfortunately, the giraffe, frightened at their appearance, broke from her conductors and fled; the horsemen pursued, when, turning suddenly round, she in her turn frightened the horses; the prefect rolled on to the professor, the professor on to the ground, and the confusion was complete. The innocent cause of it, however, quietly walked back to the stable she had left in the morning, and no further attempt was made to introduce her to the Archbishop. A party from Paris met her at Fontainbleau, and her entrance to the Garden of Plants resembled a triumphal procession; she was led by her four attendants, was surrounded by the professors, troops kept the public from pressing on her, and her three cows and the antelope who came with her from Egypt, followed in a carriage. She was first placed in a large building called the Orangery, and was only suffered to walk out in that division of the garden named the School of Botany, when the weather was warm and sunny Nothing could exceed the curiosity she excited. Her place of exercise was generally surrounded by 10,000 persons at a time, and 13,000 more than the usual number of passengers daily crossed over the Pont d'Austerlitz, which is opposite to one of the gates of the garden. This eagerness lasted for many weeks, and not only all the people of Paris, but of the environs, went to behold the giraffe. A fresh portrait of her was published every week; representations of her, in various attitudes, decorated every box, every fan, and even the ribbons of the ladies; and men and women wore gloves, shoes, waistcoats, gowns, and bonnets of the same colour as the spots on her sides. The giraffe, however, did not forget her early friends amidst all this adulation. Messrs. Jomard and Jaubert took some Egyptians then in Paris to see her, and the instant her eye rested upon them she advanced quickly towards them, and began licking their turbans. and foreheads with every mark of joy, which she had never done to any one who wore a hat.

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It must be confessed that the attitudes of the giraffe are not always graceful; for instance, when she gallops her hind feet project beyond the fore feet, in consequence of the great slope of her back; and when she puts her head to the ground she is obliged to widen the distance between her fore feet in a very awkward manner. She looks best when upright and walking gently along, when she carries herself with much stateliness and grace. Her eyes are black and large, surrounded by eyelashes, and full of the mildest and most intelligent expression; her mouth is small and entirely covered by the upper lip; her tongue is remarkably long, thin, and black in colour; her ears are large and white, and her short horns, covered with brown hair, are placed between them. Her whole head is very small, and has a bony tubercle

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