high over head, nestled in the thick cypresses, flights of turtle-doves were uttering their incessant tender notes.” The bezestines or bazaars of Constantinople, where all the business is transacted, are vast in extent, and essentially oriental in appearance. They are long corridors communicating with each other in a manner that is generally irregular and picturesque ;-their sides are built of stones, and they are covered in with arches or successions of domes, through which a subdued, and, in some places, rather an insufficient light is admitted. From the walls on either side project the shops or rather open stalls of the vendors. The dealers are separated by nations and by trades. Here, for example, is a Turkish bazaar; there, turning an angle, or running in a parallel this bazaar is devoted solely to the sale of woollen cloths that for morocco slippers-this for cotton goods-this for silks-this for arms—that for jewellery, &c. &c.and each by its length, and the uniformity of materials, and the quantity of those materials exposed at the same moment to the eye, and the number of figures in various oriental costumes sitting cross-legged by their wares, or standing bargaining by the stalls, or sauntering up and down the shady avenue, offers a peculiar and interesting perspective, which the visitor may be unable to describe, but which he can never forget. Within the walls of Constantinople the Greek emperors had formed by excavation a number of immense cisterns or reservoirs, which were always to be kept full, and which might supply the capital in case of a siege; but these the Turks have very imprudently destroyed or neglected. One of them, though no longer perform-line, an American bazaar, a Greek or a Jew bazaar;— ing the office for which it was intended, is still one of the curiosities of Constantinople to which all travellers are conducted. It is a vast subterranean edifice, whose roof is supported by an immense number of columns, each column being curiously formed of three pillars, placed one on the top of the other. The Turks call it the place of the "thousand and one columns"-not that the columns are really so numerous, but because that is a favorite number of the Oriental nations. Though the earth has in part filled it up, it is still of great depth. The whole cavity, according to Dr. Walsh, is capable of containing 1,237,939 cubic feet of water, when full; and, as the usual consumption of water at present is 267,678 feet in twenty-four hours, this cistern would contain a supply for the whole city for five or six days. It is now, however, dry, and a number of silk twisters have taken pos-grammarians have commonly called adjectives, by which session of it, and ply their trade at the bottom, in almost utter darkness. There is another which still exists as a cistern, though it is hardly known, save to a few Turks whose houses are situated immediately above it, and who call it the Subterranean Palace. Dr. Walsh, who may lay claim to the merit of having discovered it, describes it very correctly as being a subterraneous lake, extending under several streets, with an arched roof that covers and conceals it, supported on 336 magnificent marble pillars. MEANINGS OF WORDS.-No. 5. We now proceed to explain some of those words which term is meant a word prefixed to another, in order to express some particular quality which we wish to point out in the noun, or thing named. Thus we say, a tall man; a long road: but it should be observed that our language allows nouns also to be used as adjectives, and this practice, as it is perfectly in harmony with the genius of our tongue, may be encouraged rather than checked. We can say, a gold ring, or a golden ring; water, calm weather, a copper pot, and a coal fire, are a wood frame or a wooden frame; while a tin box, sea all familiar and common usages. These The hospitals and colleges, which are generally atBesides such simple adjectives as tall, long, thick, and tached to or near the great mosques, offer no striking architectural beauty; but some of the tombs or chapels where many other monosyllables, our language contains a large the sultans, viziers, and great personages repose, which number, formed, like the nouns already explained, by are detached and scattered through the city, are exceed-affixing a termination to some simple word. ingly pretty. In looking through the grated windows of good old English adjectives have been of late much these, the coffins, surmounted by shawls and turbans, and from Latin; which ought not to be called in, unless they discarded, and their places supplied by adjectives derived slightly elevated from the floor, with little lamps continually burning, and immense wax torches, only lighted on particular occasions, near to them, strike the eye with peculiar effect. Among the ornaments of the city (sad ornaments though they are!) must be counted the small scattered cemeteries, with their snow-white tombstones, and solemn groves of cypress. These are to be found in most parts of the city, but are more particularly striking in the suburbs,- -as at Eyub, which Mr. Mac Farlane thus describes : are wanted. The innovators in this case are as usual the lovers of fine writing; people who find it easier to write down words than to tell their meaning. The two first words (as well as the two last) are good examples for the purpose of showing the growth of new words from a parent stock. From weal (advantage), and heal, we form the nouns wealth and health by the "The suburb of Eyub terminates at the foot of some addition of th; and again, by adding y, we form wealth-y, romantic hills, whose sides are covered with fruit-trees health-y, which are used to express a man's being in posand cypresses, gardens and groves. There was one street session of the two good things expressed by the abstract which I was so much struck with, that I visited it many or general terms of 'wealth' and 'health. Instead of times. It is composed on either side of mosques, hospi- saying, "a man is a wealthy farmer," we now sometimes tals for the poor, mausoleums, and cemeteries. Con- say (we mean the fine-word people say), "he is an oputinuous groves of cypresses form an obscure avenue, in lent agriculturist." Certainly such big words ought to which the white buildings stand out in peculiar bright-mean more than little ones, or what is the use of them. ness; whilst the open country, seen through this narrow opaque vista, appears supernaturally brilliant and transparent, like a glimpse of Paradise, caught through the valley of the shadow of death.' The first time I walked here, there was not a human being in the dark alley, but myriads of wild bees were murmuring among the grass and the flowers that were growing upon the graves; and Adjectives in en (German, en). Lead-en. This termination denotes that the thing is made of the material which the noun expresses-a wooden spade, an earthen cup. The same termination is very commonly These words denote a person of a disposition like that of a slave, knave, &c., but they hardly seem to mark this quality in a strong degree, except perhaps in the last instance. They approach in signification to the following words, where the ish has a diminishing power:Whit-ish. Black-ish. Red-ish. Cold-ish. in all which instances we signify something only a little white, a little black, &c. Ish is also a termination that marks a thing as belonging to a particular nation : Engl-ish. Ir-ish. Span-ish. Adjectives in some (German sam). Trouble-some. Lone-some. Irk-some. Hand-some. Turk-ish. Noi-some. Ful-some. It is difficult to describe exactly the meaning of this affix, which, if we look to its proper signification and to some of its uses, appears to express a collective idea, that is, the notion of "a great deal of a thing." A trouble-some piece of business, a weari-some task, and a light-some heart, are not often found together. In hand-some we have a signification that at first sight may appear somewhat different. We now speak of a handsome woman; but we also say a handsome present, and, in some places where the English language is spoken, we hear of a handsome speech. The word hand-some, like the proscribed word hand-y, meant either what was ready to hand, fit, prepared, or also a person expert with his hand, skilful, dexterous. We leave our readers to find out the meaning of fulsome. The German language possesses a termination in bar, which, in many of its senses, is akin to this termination in some: thus schiff-bar, means navigable; les-bar, legible. To supply the place of this termination we generally use one in able or ible, which is derived from the Latin, and is often in very extensive use: eat-able, drink-able, tang-ible, suit-able. Ten Rules to be observed in Practical Life.-The following rules were given by the late Mr. Jefferson, in a letter of advice to his namesake, Thomas Jefferson Smith, in 1825 : 1. Never put off till to-morrow what you can do to-day. 2. Never trouble others for what you can do yourself. 3. Never spend your money before you have it. 4. Never buy what you do not want because it is cheap. 5. Pride costs us more than hunger, thirst, and cold. 6. We never repent of having eaten too little. 7. Nothing is troublesome that we do willingly. 8. How much pains have those evils cost us which never happened. 9. Take things always by their smooth handle. 10. When angry, count ten before you speak,—if very angry, a hundred. Epicurism.-The passionate love of good eating and the brutal species of wit, which distinguished Quin, a celebrated actor, furnished many anecdotes in his day. He was invited to dine with a duchess who delighted in the company of men of talent. To the surprise of Quin, she helped herself to the leanest part of a haunch which stood before her. "What! and does your grace eat no fat?" "Not of venison, sir.” “Never, my lady duchess?" "Never, I assure you." Too much affected to restrain his genuine sentiments, the epicure exclaimed, "I love to dine with such fools!" Literature in the Scilly Isles.-The whole library of one of the Scilly Isles consisted, about a century ago, of the Bible and the History of Dr. Faustus. The island was populous; and the western peasants being generally able to read, the conjuror's story had been handed from house to house, until, from perpetual thumbing, little of his enchantments or his catastrophe was left legible. On this alarming conjuncture, a meeting was called of the principal inhabitants, and a proposal was made and unanimously approved, that as soon as the season permitted any intercourse with Cornwall, a supply of books should be sent for. A debate now began in order to ascertain what those books should be, and the result was, that an order should be transmitted to an eminent bookseller at Penzance, for him to send them another Dr. Faustus! SONG. This celebrated song is printed in several collections of Poems published in the sixteenth century. There are many variations in each of the copies. The following version is that given by Ritson in his English Songs;' with the exception of the last stanza, which is from a manuscript in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. In that manuscript the Poem is ascribed to Sir Edward Dyer, a friend of Sir Philip Sydney. My mind to me a kingdom is; Such perfect joy therein I find, As far exceeds all earthly bliss, That God or nature hath assign'd. Though much I want that most would have, I seek no more than may suffice: And hasty climbers soonest fall; Mishap doth threaten most of all: No shape to win a lover's eye, I grudge not at another's gain; I fear no foe, nor fawn on friend- I joy not in no earthly bliss, I weigh not Croesus' wealth a straw ; For care, I care not what it is I fear not fortune's fatal law: I wish but what I have at will, I feign not love where most I hate; A cloaked craft their store of skill; 2 D2 CHRIST CHURCH. On the north side of Newgate-street stands the Hospital of Christ Church, one of the most splendid among the charitable foundations of the city of London. The ground now occupied by the buildings of the hospital, and by the church (serving also as a parish church), which is attached to it, was in ancient times the site of a monastery of Franciscans, or Grey Friars, as they were commonly styled. This order (often denominated also Friars Minors, or Minorites) was founded by the famous Francis of Assisi, in the beginning of the thirteenth century, and formally confirmed by a bull of Pope Honorius III. in 1224. That very year a party of the new religionists, consisting of four priests and five laymen, landed at Dover; and five of the nine remaining at Canterbury, the other four were sent forward to London, to form the commencement of an establishment there. On reaching the capital they took up their abode, in the first instance, with their brother mendicants, the Dominicans, who had found their way into the country only a year or two before, and were already settled in a house at Holborn. The members of the two associations would hardly have shown so edifying an example of mutual confidence and good-will some time afterwards, when their grey and black cloaks pointed them out as rival competitors for the favour of the people. The first residence of their own which the Franciscans obtained, was a house in Cornhill, which they got from John Travers, the sheriff. They had not, however, remained long here, when a pious and liberal citizen, John Ewen, mercer, purchased for them a large fieid in the parish of St. Nicholas Shambles, which, by his additional benefactions, and those of other wealthy admirers, they were soon enabled to cover with buildings of considerable extent and elegance. This was the spot on which Christ's Hospital now stands. The monks removed thither as soon as an accommodation was provided for them, Ewen himself bidding adieu to the world, and joining their number as a lay-brother. In after-times many valuable donations were bestowed upon this establishment, and great additions made to the edifices. In particular, in the year 1429, the famous Sir Richard Whittington, being then lord-mayor, built a room of 129 feet in length, and 31 in breadth, for a library. It was ceiled throughout, according to Stow, with wainscot, and was furnished with twenty-eight desks, and eight double settles, of the same material. Three years after it was filled with books, at an expense of £556. 10s. The Franciscan monastery continued to flourish for more than three centuries, during which such was the honour in which it was held, that nearly as many distinguished persons are said to have been interred in this church as in Westminster Abbey. Besides many other monuments with which it was adorned, Stow reckons those of four queens, one duke, four duchesses, three earls, two countesses, eleven barons, four baronesses, three lord-mayors, thirty-six knights, and two bishops. At last came the Reformation, like a hurricane, and swept away all this ancient magnificence. The convent of the Grey Friars was formally surrendered into the hands of Henry in 1538. The church, an immense and splendid building, 300 feet in length by 89 in breadth, was in the first instance used as a warehouse for the goods found in the prizes taken at sea from the French; and its rich and beautiful ornaments were for the most part broken in pieces and destroyed during this period of desecration. At last, in 1547, about a year before his death, this king made over both the church of the Grey Friars, and the hospital of St. Bartholomew in Smithfield, to the mayor and commonalty of London, for the relief of the numerous poor who had been deprived of their usual support by the dissolution of the [Part of the Old Cloister of the Monastery of Grey Friars.] It does not, however, appear that Henry's announced intention of bestowing the revenues of the monks upon the poor was ever carried into effect. That intention had been, by the King's order, proclaimed at St. Paul's Cross, by Ridley, bishop of Rochester; but some years after, in the reign of Edward VI., this excellent prelate, now removed to the see of London, found himself constrained, in a discourse which he preached before his majesty, to direct the attention of his hearers to the deplorable destitution of large classes of the population, and to call upon those in authority to devise some means of relieving them. As soon as the service had concluded the King sent for Ridley, and receiving him alone in his closet, made him sit down, and forced him," in spite of his teeth," says an old chronicler, to be covered. He then entered into conversation with him, stating how deeply he had been impressed by his sermon, and declaring his determination in consequence to take measures for the remedy of the evil as far as should be in his power. The result of the interview was, that Ridley received his majesty's commands to enter immediately into communication upon the subject with the lordmayor, and the other city authorities. Principally through the zeal of the good bishop, which was, however, well seconded by that of the other persons with whom he consulted, the matter was very actively expedited. Upon full consideration, the poor to be provided for were divided into three great classes: the poor by impotency, including orphan children, the aged, the blind, the lame, and the diseased; the poor by casualty, including the wounded soldier, the decayed householder, and persons suffering under acute bodily ailments; and the thriftless poor, including rioters, vagabonds, and idlers. To the first class, or rather, as it would appear, to the orphan children only, it was resolved to assign the house of the late Grey Friars; to the second class, the hospital of St. Thomas in Southwark, and St. Bartholomew in West Smithfield; and to the third, the ancient royal palace of Bridewell, in the city. The King at once assented to these arrangements; and only two days before his death had the happiness of affixing his signature to the foundation charter of the institution, to which the present notice relates. Every Londoner is familiar with the peculiar dress of the boys of this school, or the Blue-coat boys, as they are commonly called. It is the "nearest approach, says Mr. Brayley, "to the monkish costume which is now worn. What is called the coat was the ancient tunic; this is of a dark blue cloth, fitted close to the body, but with loose skirts. The under-coat, or yellow, as it is technically termed, was the sleeveless or under tunic of the monastery. The girdle round the waist was likewise a monastic appendage; but the breeches are a subsequent addition. Yellow worsted stockings, a very small, round, flat cap, of black worsted, and a neckband, complete the dress." Of the buildings most have been renewed since the foundation of the hospital, and scarcely any part of the old monastery now remains. The spacious old church was destroyed in the great fire, and the present, which occupies only the site of the ancient choir, is the work of Sir Christopher Wren. The recent splendid additions to the edifice of Christ Church will be noticed in the Supplement. It would far exceed our limits to give any account either of the numerous benefactions by which the revenues of Christ Church have been augmented since the time of its royal founder, or of the successive modifications which have been introduced into the plan of the establishment. The annual income of this hospital is supposed to be now above £40,000. Its management is vested in the body of governors, composed of the lordmayor and the court of aldermen in right of their offices, of twelve common councilmen chosen by lot, and of all benefactors to the amount of £400 and upwards. Besides the house in London, the society possess another large edifice at Hertford, to which many of the children are sent to receive the earlier part of their education. The whole number of the young people maintained on the foundation usually exceeds a thousand. They are for the most part admitted on presentations from the governors, to the number of about 150 annually. After instruction in the usual elementary branches of education, the greater number leave the seminary at the age of fifteen, those only remaining longer who intend to proceed to the university, or to go to sea after completing a course of mathematics. There are seven exhibitions at Cambridge, and one at Oxford, belonging to Christ's Hospital. [South front of the Ward facing the Church-yard.] AUGUST 29.-The anniversary of the birth of John Locke, the eminent author of the Essay on the Human Understanding. This event took place in 1632, exactly two hundred years ago, at Wrington in Somersetshire. Locke's father had been bred a lawyer, and when the civil war broke out he evinced the character of his poli tical principles by heading a company in the service of the Parliament. Locke himself received his education first at Westminster, and afterwards at Christ Church College, Oxford, where he took the degree of Master of Arts in 1658, and then proceeded to prepare himself for the medical profession. With the exception of about twelve months which he spent on the Continent, in the capacity of Secretary to the British Envoy at the Court of the Elector of Brandenburg, he continued his medical studies without interruption till the year 1666, when he became known to the celebrated Earl of Shaftesbury, then Lord Ashley, of whom we gave a short account in a recent number of the Magazine. From his acquaintance with this nobleman the future life of Mr. Locke took much of its complexion; and it is among the most honourable facts which belong to the mixed fame of Lord Shaftesbury, that to the end of his life he conti receive a salary for which he was able to do no work. He then retired altogether from public life, and devoted himself entirely to the study of the Scriptures. In this manner he passed about two years; and then expired on the 28th of October, 1704, in the seventy-second year of his age. His Essay on the Human Understanding has given Locke an immortal name in English Literature and in the history of Philosophy. It has, undoubtedly, contributed more than any other book to render popular the study of the important subject of which it treats; and, whatever difference of opinion may be entertained with regard to some of its fundamental doctrines, it will be acknowledged by every candid judge to have thrown much new light on many of the operations of the human mind. As for the private character of this admirable man, it was one of the most beautiful and stainless that ever adorned human nature; and rarely has there been seen a nobler example than he exhibited of the union of high intellect and equally elevated virtue. PIGTAILS AND POLITICS. [From a Correspondent.] Ar the counter-revolution of Naples in 1799, which was chiefly effected by the brigands of Calabria and the lazaroni of the capital, headed by a cardinal, the French republican army was expelled the kingdom, and sanguinary vengeance taken on all the Neapolitans guilty or suspected of republicanism or jacobinism. For several days the partisans of royalty, or, as they called themselves, the Santa-fedista (Men of the faith) took the business of vengeance in their own hands, and performed it in a very summary manner. Their way of deciding as to a man's politics was the most simple imaginable. They merely examined whether he had a queue or pigtail, which was pretty generally worn by the old-fashioned people of the country, before the coming of the French; if he had that appendage he was suffered to pass on as a faithful subject to his majesty and a good Catholic, but if he had it not he was declared to be a jacobin-a foe to the king and the faith-and then woe unto him! It was in vain for him to protest that he was a peaceful and devout subject of his majesty, Ferdinand. The index of loyalty and religion, the pigtail, was not there, and he met the death of a rebel and traitor. nued the steady patron, and retained the friendship and intimacy of the philosopher. It is said to have been the advice and urgent exhortation of Shaftesbury which turned Locke from the further pursuit of his profession, to the study of politics and metaphysics. The first consequence of the patronage which he had thus obtained, was his introduction to many of the most distinguished persons in the literary and political world, and the general estimation in which his talents soon began to be held. An evidence of the last-mentioned circumstance is his admission, in 1670, as a member of the Royal Society, then recently incorporated. About this time also he began to sketch out in his mind the plan of his celebrated Essay. In 1672, Shaftesbury being made Lord-Chancellor, bestowed upon Locke the office of Secretary of Presentations; but this he lost, on the Chancellor's dismissal the following year. He subsequently obtained the appointment of Secretary to the Board of Trade; but the Board being dissolved, he was again without employment. In these circumstances he deemed it prudent to resume his medical studies, and accordingly having taken the degree of Bachelor of Physic, he went to France, and took up his residence at Montpelier. He did not return to England till 1679, when he again became a resident in the family of Lord Shaftesbury, whom, finally, he accompanied to Holland three years after, remaining there with his patron and friend till the death of the latter. His connexion with Lord Shaftesbury had made Locke very obnoxious to the government of his own country; and he found it advisable to remain an exile, till the Revolution of 1688 once more made the air of England fit for free spirits to breathe. During his residence abroad he was ejected, by the King's command, from his studentship at Christ Church; and being falsely accused of the authorship of certain publications, which had given offence to the government, as well as suspected of participation in the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion, he was exposed to great annoyance and danger, and was even obliged to conceal himself for about a year. It was while in Holland that he commenced his career as an author, by the publication of his first Letter on Toleration, in Latin. It produced a great sensation, and was immediately translated into Dutch, French, and English. On his return to England he was made a Commissioner of Appeals; and in the following year, 1690, he gave to the world the Essay on the Human Understanding. The masterly character of this performance was at once After those days of trouble the pigtail, as in all the attested by the attention which it excited both at home rest of Europe, went quite out of fashion in Naples, even and abroad, by the ardour with which it was read, and among old-fashioned people. It was, in short, only the numerous antagonists by whom it was attacked. seen here and there at a Baccia-mano, or court circle, Although a folio volume, and on no popular subject, it on the shoulders of Don Pepino Minutoli and a few had gone through four editions (besides being translated other ancients, who had an invincible attachment to all into French and Latin) by the year 1700. The fifth old usages, and protruding from the broad-brimmed hat edition (also in folio) appeared, after the author's death, of King Ferdinand himself, who cherished it with espein 1706; and the work has since been repeatedly re- cial care. Several old Neapolitans, however, still wore printed in various forms. The most formidable oppo- the tail in secret, snugly concealed within their high nent, by whom some of its opinions were controverted in coat collar. Some, I believe, did this from an attachthe lifetime of Locke, was the learned and eloquent ment to the index of loyalty, but others from prudential Dr. Edward Stillingfleet, bishop of Worcester. The motives, if I may judge from what I once heard from the same year in which his Essay appeared, Mr. Locke also old Duke who not only wore one himself, but gave to the world his second Letter on Toleration, and made his son, a youth of nineteen, do the same. his two Treatises on Government, in answer to an ab-"There's no knowing what may happen! In the ninetysurd book of Sir Robert Filmer, in support of divine right and passive obedience. These were followed by other publications, which we shall not stop to enumerate. In 1695 he was made a Commissioner of Trade and Plantations; but about six or seven years afterwards, finding that an asthma, with which he had long been afflicted, was become so much worse as to unfit him for performing the duties of his office, he very nobly insisted upon resigning it, declaring, although strongly urged by the King himself to consent to retain the emoluments of the place, that his conscience would not allow him to nine I saw many a man's life saved by a codino," said he to me, as I was wondering at the discovery that an ele gantly dressed young man should wear a secret pigtail. At last even the King cut off his tail! It was during some slight indisposition, in the summer of 1818, which affected his head, that his physicians with great difficulty induced him to sacrifice it. I never shall forget the sensation created by the news of this great event. I was at the opera of San Carlos when the Prince di his chamberlains, arrived fresh from the palace with the intelligence. "Il re s'è tagliato il codino" (the King has —, one of |