In being crucified to the world, broken off from that friendship which is enmity with God, and dead to the customs and fashions which have not their foundation in the truth, the way is prepared to lowliness in outward living, and to a disentanglement from those snares which attend the love of money; and where the faithful friends of Christ are so situated that merchandize appears to be their duty, they feel the necessity of proceeding no further than he owns their proceeding; being convinced that we are not our own, but are bought with a price; [“that none of us may live to ourselves, but to him who died for us." II Cor. v: 15]. Thus they are taught, not only to keep to a moderate advance and uprightness in their dealings; but to consider the tendency of their proceeding; to do nothing which they know would operate against the cause of universal righteousness; and to keep continually in view the spreading of the peaceable kingdom of Christ amongst mankind.

The prophet Isaiah spake of the gathered Church in the similitude of a city where many being employed were all preserved in purity. "They shall call them the holy people, the redeemed of the Lord; and thou shalt be called sought out, a city not forsaken" [lxiii: 10]. And the apostle after mentioning the mystery of Christ's sufferings, exhorts, "Be ye holy in all manner of conversation" [1 Pet. i: 15]. There is a conversation necessary in trade; and there is a conversation so foreign from the nature of Christ's kingdom, that it is represented in the similitude of one man pushing another with a warlike weapon: "There is that speaketh like the piercings of a sword" [Prov. xii: 18]. Now in all our concerns it is necessary that the leading of the spirit of Christ be humbly waited for and faithfully followed, as the only means of being preserved chaste as an holy people, who in all things are circumspect [Exod. xxiii: 13]; that nothing we do may carry the appearance of approbation of the works of wickedness, make the unrighteous more at ease in unrighteousness, or occasion the injuries committed against the oppressed to be more lightly looked over.

Where morality is kept to, and supported by the inhabitants of a country, there is a certain reproach attends those individuals amongst them, who manifestly deviate therefrom. Thus if a person of good report is charged with stealing goods out of an open

no offense to any, however distant, or unable to plead their own cause. *** "

With the original title, Considerations on the True Harmony of Mankind and How It Is to Be Maintained, the book appeared as an imprint of The Overseers of the Press, Society of Friends, Philadelphia, 1770, and on public sale by the Printing House of Joseph Crukshank, Philadelphia, 1771. The text is that of

The Journal and Essays edited by Amelia Mott Gummere, with reference to three manuscript drafts. Interpolations in the later manuscripts are shown in square brackets. We have normalized archaic typography.

The last essay, from "Conversations,' is in the classic form of dialogue and discusses similar aspects of economic life.

shop in the day time, and on a public trial found guilty, and the law in that case put in execution, he therein sustains a loss of reputation: but if he be convicted a second and third time of the like offence, his good name would cease amongst such who knew these things. If his neighbour, reputed an honest man, being charged with buying goods of this thief, at a time when the purchaser knew they were stolen; and on a public trial is found guilty, this purchaser would meet with disesteem: but if he persisted in buying stolen goods, knowing them to be such, and was publicly convicted thereof a second and third time, he would no longer be considered as an honest man by them who knew these things; nor would it appear of good report to be found in his company, buying his traffick till some evident tokens of sincere repentance appeared in him. But where iniquity is committed openly, and the authors of it are not brought to justice, nor put to shame, their hands grow strong. Thus the general corruption of the Jews shortly before their state was broke up by the Chaldeans, is described by their boldness in impiety; for as their leaders were connected together in wickedness, they strengthened one another and grew confident. "Were they ashamed when they had committed abominations? nay, they were not at all ashamed, neither could they blush" [Jer. vi: 15]. On which account the Lord thus expostulates with them; "What hath my beloved to do in my house, seeing she hath wrought lewdness with many, and the holy flesh is passed from thee? When thou doest evil, then thou rejoicest" [Jer. xi: 15].

Now the faithful friends of Christ, who hunger and thirst after righteousness, and inwardly breathe that His kingdom may come on earth as it is in heaven, he teacheth them to be quick of understanding in his fear, and to be very attentive to the means he may appoint for promoting pure righteousness in the earth, and as shame is due to those whose works manifestly operate against the gracious design of the sufferings of Christ for us, a care lives on their minds that no wrong customs, however supported, may bias their judgments, but that they may humbly abide under the cross, and be preserved in a conduct which may not contribute to strengthen the hands of the wicked in their wickedness, or to remove shame from those to whom it is justly due.

The coming of that day is precious in which we experience the truth of this expression; "The Lord our righteousness"; and feel him to be "made unto us wisdom and sanctification."

The example of a righteous man is often looked at with attention. Where righteous men join in business, their company gives encouragement to others. And as one grain of incense deliberately offered to the prince of this world, renders an offering to God in that state unacceptable; and from those esteemed leaders of the

people may be injurious to the weak; it requires deep humility of heart to follow Him faithfully, who alone gives sound wisdom and the spirit of true discerning: and O how necessary it is to consider the weight of a holy profession!

The conduct of some formerly, gave occasion of complaint against them: "Thou hast defiled thy sanctuaries by the multitude of thine Iniquities; by the iniquity of thy traffick" [Ezek. xxviii: 18]. And in several places it is charged against Israel, that they had polluted the holy name.

The prophet Isaiah represents inward sanctification in the similitude of all that being purged from it which is fuel for fire; and particularly describes the outward fruits, brought forth by those who dwell in this inward holiness. "They walk righteously, and speak uprightly." By walking he represents the journey through life, as a righteous journey; and by speaking uprightly, seems to point at that which Moses appears to have had in view, when he thus expressed himself: "Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil; nor speak in a cause to decline after many to wrest judgment" [Exod. xxiii: 2].

He goes on to show their firmness in equity; representing them as persons superior to all the arts of getting money, which have not righteousness for their foundation: "They despise the gain of oppressions." And further shows how careful they are that no prospects of gain may induce them to become partial in judgment respecting an injury: "They shake their hands from holding bribes."

Again, where any interest is so connected with shedding blood, that the cry of innocent blood goes along with it, he points out their care to keep innocent blood from crying against them, in the similitude of a man stopping his ears to prevent a sound from entering into his head. "They stop their ears from hearing of blood." And where they know that wickedness is committed, he points out their care, how they do not by an unguarded friendship with the authors of it, appear like unconcerned lookers on, but as people so deeply affected with sorrow, that they cannot endure to stand by and behold it. This he represents in the similitude of a man "shutting his eyes from seeing evil.”

"Who amongst us shall dwell with the devouring fire? Who amongst us shall dwell with everlasting burnings? He that walketh righteously and speaketh uprightly. He that despiseth the gain of oppressions, that shaketh his hands from holding of bribes, that stoppeth his ears from hearing of blood, and shutteth his eyes from seeing evil" [Isaiah xxxiii: 14–15].

He proceeds in the spirit of prophecy, to show how the faithful being supported under temptations would be preserved from that defilement there is in the love of money; that as they who in a reverent waiting on God, feel their strength renewed, are said to

“mount upward"; so here their preservation from the snares of unrighteous gain, is represented in the likeness of a man, borne up above all crafty, artful means of getting the advantage of another. "They shall dwell on high": and he thus points out the stability and firmness of their condition: "His place of defence shall be the munitions of rocks." And that, under all the outward appearances of loss in denying himself of gainful profits for righteousness sake, yet through the care of him who provides for the sparrows, he should have a supply answerable to infinite wisdom. “Bread shall be given him, his waters shall be sure." And as our Saviour mentions the sight of God to be attainable by the pure in heart, so here the prophet pointed out how in true sanctification the understanding is opened to behold the peaceable, harmonious nature of his kingdom; “thine eyes shall see the king in his beauty.” And that looking beyond all the afflictions which attend the righteous, to a habitation eternal in the heavens, they, with an eye divinely open, “shall behold the land that is very far off."

"He shall dwell on high: his place of defence shall be the munitions of rocks: bread shall be given him; his waters shall be sure. Thine eyes shall see the king in his beauty: they shall behold the land that is very far off" [Isaiah xxxiii: 16–17].

[There is a tender sympathy in my heart with such, who by their education and condition in life, are under greater difficulties than some others, and I feel pure love, in which desires prevail for the health and soundness of the family.]3

I often remember, and to me the subject is awful, that the great judge of all the earth doeth that which is right; and that he “before whom the nations are as the drop of a bucket," is "no respecter of persons." Happy for them, who, like the inspired prophet, “in the way of his judgments wait for him" [Isaiah xxvi: 8].

When we feel him to sit as a refiner with fire, and know a resignedness wrought in us to that which he appoints for us; his blessing in a very low estate, is found to be more precious than much outward treasure in those ways of life, where the leadings of his spirit are not followed.

The prophet, in a sight of divine work amongst many people, declared in the name of the Lord; "I will gather all nations and tongues, and they shall come and see my glory" [Isaiah lxvi: 18]. And again, "From the rising of the sun to the going down of the same, my name shall be great amongst the Gentiles; and in every place incense shall be offered to my name, and a pure offering" [Malachi i: 11].

Behold here how the prophets had an inward sense of the spreading of the kingdom of Christ; and how he was spoken of as one

3. Omitted in the first and succeeding editions [Gummere's note].

who should "take the heathen for his inheritance, and the utmost parts of the earth for his possession" [Psal. ii: 8]. That "he was given for a Light to the Gentiles; and for Salvation to the ends of the earth" [Isaiah xlix: 6].

When we meditate on this divine work, as a work of ages; a work that the prophets felt long before Jesus Christ appear'd visibly on earth; and remember the bitter agonies he endured when he poured out his soul unto death, that the heathen nations as well as others, might come to the knowledge of the truth and be saved:

When we contemplate on this marvellous work, as that which the angels desire to look into [1 Pet. i: 12]; and behold people amongst whom this light hath eminently broken forth, and who have received many favours from the bountiful hand of our Heavenly Father; not only indifferent with respect to publishing the glad tidings amongst the Gentiles, as yet sitting in darkness and entangled with many superstitions; but [who,] aspiring after wealth and worldly honours, take hold of means to obtain their ends, tending to stir up wrath and indignation, and to beget an abhorrence in them to the name of Christianity: When these things are weightily attended to, how mournful is the subject?

It is worthy of remembrance that people in different ages, deeply baptised into the nature of that work for which Christ suffered, have joyfully offered up their liberty and lives for the promoting of it in the earth.

Policarp who was reputed a disciple of St. John having attained to a great age, was at length sentenced to die for his religion, and being brought to the fire, prayed nearly as follows: "Thou God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom I have received the knowledge of thee! O God of the angels and powers, and of every living creature, and of all sorts of just men which live in thy presence, I thank thee, that thou hast graciously vouchsafed this day and this hour to allot me a portion among the number of martyrs, among the people of Christ, unto the resurrection of everlasting life; among whom I shall be received in thy sight, this day, as a fruitful and acceptable sacrifice. Wherefore for all this, I praise thee, I bless thee, I glorify thee through the everlasting high priest, Jesus Christ, thy well beloved son; to whom, with thee and the Holy Ghost, be all glory, world without end. Amen."

The ancient Bishop Latimer, when sentence of death by fire was pronounced against him, on account of his firmness in the cause of religion, said, "I thank God most heartily! that he hath prolonged my life to this end, that I may in this case glorify him by this kind of death" [Fox's Acts and Monuments, 936].

William Dewsbery, who had suffered much for his religion, in his last sickness, encouraging his friends to faithfulness, made mention,