On the subject of this great man, the opinions of Dr. Smith and Mr. Mackintosh perfectly coincide. The former learned writer says: "Grotius seems to have been the first who attempted to give the world any thing like a system of those principles which ought to run through and be the foundation of the laws of all nations; and his treatise of the laws of war, and peace, with all its imperfections, is perhaps at this day the most complete work that has yet been given upon this subject." In enumerating the advantages enjoyed by a writer of the present day, which were not possessed by Grotius and other celebrated jurists, Mr. Mackintosh mentions that there has been. introduced into the schools a more simple and intelligible philosophy than that which prevailed in the last century. He then points out the benefit resulting from the investigations of historians, and from the various accounts of travellers and navigators; which he has performed with so much eloquence and discrimination, that we shall lay the passage before our readers, and thus enable them to judge of the high literary merit of the present discourse. Since that time, vast additions have been made to the stock of our knowledge of human nature. Many dark periods of history have since been explored. Many hitherto unknown regions of the globe have been visited and described by travellers and navigators not less intel-, ligent than intrepid. We may be said to stand at the confluence of the greatest number of streams of knowledge flowing from the most distant sources, that ever met at one point. We are not confined, as the learned of the last age generally were, to the history of those re nowned nations who are our masters in literature. We can bring! before us man in a lower and more abject condition than any in which he was ever before seen. The records have been partly opened to us of those mighty empires of Asia, where the beginnings of civilization are lost in the darkness of an unfathomable antiquity. We can make human society pass in review before our mind, from the brutal and helpless barbarism of Terra del Fuego, and the mild and voluptuous savages of Otaheite, to the tame, but ancient and immoveable civiliza. I cannot prevail on myself to pass over this subject without paying my humble tribute to the memory of Sir W. Jones, who has laboured, so successfully in Oriental literature, whose fine genius, pure taste, unwearied industry, unrivalled and almost prodigious variety of acquirements, not to speak of his amiable manners and spotless integrity, must fill every one who cultivates or admires letters with reverence, tinged with a melancholy which the recollection of his recent death is so well adapted to inspire. I hope I shall be pardoned if I add my applause to the genius and learning of Mr. Maurice, who treads in the steps of his illustrious friend, and who has bewailed his death in a strain of genuine and beautiful poetry, not unworthy of hap pier periods of our English literature.' 0 3 tion tion of China, which bestows its own arts on every successive race of conquerors; to the meek and servile natives of Hindostan, who preserve their ingenuity, their skill and their science, through a long series of ages, under the yoke of foreign tyrants; to the gross and incorrigible rudeness of the Ottomans, incapable of improvement, and extinguishing the remains of civilization among their unhappy subjects, once the most ingenious nations of the earth. We can examine almost every imaginable variety in the character, manners, opinions, feelings, prejudices and institutions of mankind, into which they can be thrown, either by the rudeness of barbarism, or by the capricious corruptions. of refinement, or by those innumerable combinations of circumstances, which, both in these opposite conditions and in all the intermediate stages between them, influence or direct the course of human affairs. History, if I may be allowed the expression, is now a vast muscum, in which specimens of every variety of human nature may be studied. From these great accessions to knowledge, lawgivers and statesmen, but, above all, moralists and political philosophers, may reap the most important instruction. They may plainly discover in all the useful and beautiful variety of governments and institutions, and under all the fantastic multitude of usages and rites which have prevailed among men, the same fundamental, comprehensive truths, the sacred master-principles which are the guardians of human society, recognised and revered (with few and slight exceptions) by every nation upon earth, and uniformly taught (with still fewer exceptions) by a succession of wise men from the first dawn of speculation to the present moment. The exceptions, few as they are, will, on more reflection, be found rather apparent than real. If we could raise ourselves to that height from which we ought to survey so vast a subject, these exceptions would altogether vanish; the brutality of a handful of savages would disappear in the immense prospect of human nature, and the murmurs of a few licentious sophists would not ascend to break the general harmony. This consent of mankind in first principles, and this endless variety in their application, which is one among many valuable truths which we may collect from our present extensive acquaintance with the history of man, is itself of vast importMuch of the majesty and authority of virtue is derived from their consent, and almost the whole of practical wisdom is founded on their variety.' ance. The proposed course of lectures will open with à very short, and (as Mr. M. expresses, the hope) a very simple and intelligible account of the powers and operations of the human mind.' He will then proceed to a consideration of the relative duties of human life, especially of those which arise out of the two great institutions of property and marriage; and having established the principles of private duty, he proposes to consider man under the important relation of subject and sovereign, or, in other words, of citizen and magistrate. In this division of his subject, the author will examine the general frame of the most celebrated governments of antient and modern times, and especially of those which have been most renowned 45 nowned for their freedom; concluding with an account of the constitution of England. The general principles of civil and' criminal laws will then be discussed, with a comparative review of the codes of Rome and of England. The next great division will be the law of nations, strictly and properly so called; the Jus Feciale of the Romans, and what the Chancellor. d'Aguesseau accurately terms Droit entre les Gens.' As an important supplement to his plan, or rather as a necessary part of it, Mr. M. will conclude with a survey of the diplomatic and, conventional law of Europe, and an account of the treaties of Westphalia, of Oliva, of the Pyrenees, of Breda, of Nimeguen, .of Ryswick, of Utrecht, of Aix-la-Chapelle, of Paris (1763), and of Versailles (1783). Such is the outline of the vast, arduous, and magnificent. undertaking which Mr. Mackintosh has here delineated; and for which his nice talent of discrimination, his accurate and extensive knowlege, his fine taste, and his fertile powers of illustration, seen eminently to qualify him. He concludes his pamphlet with the following just and eloquent passages: Though the course, of which I have sketched the outline, may seem to comprehend so great a variety of miscellaneous subjects, yet they are all in truth closely and inseparably interwoven. The duties of men, of subjects, of princes, of lawgivers, of magistrates, and of states, are all parts of one consistent system of universal morality.; Between the most abstract and clementary maxim of moral philosophy, and the most complicated controversies of civil or public law, there subsists a connexion which it will be the main object of these lectures to trace. The principle of justice, deeply rooted in the nature and interest of man, pervades the whole system, and is discoverable in every part of it, even to its minutest ramification in a legal formality, or in the construction of an article in a treaty. I know not whether a philosopher ought to confess, that in his inquiries after truth he is biassed by any consideration; even by the love of virtue. But I, who conceive that a real philosopher ought to regard truth itself chiefly on account of its subserviency to the happiness of mankind, am not ashamed to confess, that I shall feel a great consolation at the conclusion of these lectures, if, by a wide survey and an 'exact examination of the conditions and relations of human nature, I shall have confirmed but one individual in the conviction, that justice is the permanent interest of all men, and of all commonwealths. To discover one new link of that eternal chain by which the Author of the universe has bound together the happiness and the duty of his creatures, and indissolubly fastened their interests, to each other, would fill my heart with more pleasure than all the fame with which the most ingenious paradox ever crowned the most eloquent sophist. I shall conclude this Discourse in the noble language of two great orators and philosophers, who have, in a few words, stated the substance, the object, and the result of all morality, and politics, and law. 04 "Nihil "Nihil est quod adhuc de republicâ putem dictum, et quo possim longius progredi, nisi sit confirmatum, non modo falsum esse illud, sine injuria non posse, sed hoc verissimum, sine summâ justitia rempublicam regi non posse."-Cic. Frag. lib. ii. de Repub. 66 Justice is itself the great standing policy of civil society, and any eminent departure from it, under any circumstances, lies under the suspicion of being no policy at all."—Burke's Works, vol. iii. p. 207.' With this extract we close our account of this preliminary Discourse; and we trust that our readers will be grati fied with the length of our quotations, when they consider the great ability which they manifest, and the very comprehensive and important matter to which they are introductory. ART. XIII. EYPINIAOY EKABH. Euripidis Hecuba, ad fidem Manuscriptorum emendata, &c. ART. XIV. IN EURIPIDIS HECUBAM Londini nuper publicatam Diatribe extemporalis. Composuit Gilbertus Wakefield. ART. XV. ΕΥΡΙΠΙΔΟΥ ΟΡΕΣΤΗΣ, Euripidis Orestes, [Continued from p. 101.] ad fidem TH 165. Ποῖ δ' ἥσω; ποῦ τις θεῶν—ἔστ' ἐπαρωδός ; R. P. Pro no Musgravius móda conjecit; recepit Brunckius. G. W. Illud & otiosum est; ut oratio manca insuper, et ne Græca quidem.Si rescribas, no M'ow; Quo me immittam? habebis id, quo nihil purius, &c. &c.-sed quoniam cessat in hoc systemate subinde anapasticorum lex, malim equidem rescribi :-ποι ΠΟΔ' ήσω ; - Some part of the honour supposed to be derived from this emendation should have been given to Musgrave; whose correction we deem preferable to that of Mr. W, Legendum, ni faller old now πoda; T ́S BEWV- says the former, in his note; which led the way to moda-the position of which word, in the variation of the conjecture proposed by the latter, totally destroys the anapestic form; and though, as Mr. W. justly observes, the verses are irregular, yet we are of opinion that all emendations, founded on possible anomalies, whether in construction or metre, are hazardous, and ought to be carefully avoided. The S.R. The insertion of roda, the correction of Musgrave in the text of this line, by Brunck, seems to us right: the alteration itself is commended by the authors of the Bibliotheca Critica. 167. ὦ κάκ' ἐνεγκούσαι πήματ' Here Mr. Porson is silent. Mr. Wakefield changes rμal, into 'PHMAT', which he defends by 107. ayyerías Baiços agapiva-by Helen. 1297. puas-iveynwv (Musgr. 1301.) and refers to Hecuba, 178. 668. To this alteration we cannot assent. We think that it is totally unnecessary, and that it even weakens the sentence. Are all figurative expressions to be banished from the antient poets? In this play, is v. 663 to be molested: 'Exábn, PEPN To AAгOE? What is to be done with Eschylus, Agamemn. 873? Καὶ τὸν μὲν ἥκειν, τὸν δ' ἐπεισΦΕΡΕΙΝ κακι Κάκιον ἄλλο ΠΗΜΑ.—And again, 647: "Όταν δ' απευία ΠΗΜΑΤ', ἄγελος πόλει Στυγνῷ προσώπω πλωσιμου στρατοῦ ΦΕΡΗΙ— To these passages others may be added, in which gégen πipata φέρειν bears the sense of φέρειν ἀγγελίαν πημαίων, οι αγ[έλλειν πήματα. We cannot here transcribe Mr. W.'s note, nor repeat his references; the curious reader may consult the Diatribe, p. 15. 180. Τί νέον Καρύξασ' όικων μ', ὥστ ̓ ὄρνιν 182. R. P. is silent. G. W. gives the following note: At enim expergiscimini, VV. DD. qui Euripidem nobis expolistis; atque edissertetis velim, quidnam sit hoc phraseos, exalnoσe Dixwv Tiva. Mussant, et nihil habent, quod respondeant. Forsan tamen, vir acutissime et moropadecals! amicus ille tuus, qui me subdole et minus candide in Eschylo Glasguensi recensendo nuper impetiverit ex latebris, Τυφλοις όρωλας ούλασας τοξεύμασι (homunculum, studiis improbissimis inter has temporum angustias victum difficilem sibi suisque vix, aut ne vix quidem, extundentem) hac et alia miracula speciosa mox in lucem prolaturus sit! Dixerim interea, et edixerim, in ultimam barbariem relegandum esse boc dicendi genus: nos adeo videndi ad Eur. H. F. 976. 987. Ion. 1299. Nimirum, vel capiendum est pro εξεπλασας, ο πίαω, πλημι, volo ; vel scribendum εξεπλασας, α , terreo, Utrum mavis accipe.' The whole of the note is transcribed. To whom Mr. Wakefield refers, and applies his quotation from the Hercules Furens 197. it would be presumption in us to attempt to determine."Let the gall'd jade wince, our withers are unwrung." Mr. W. cannot allude to the Monthly Reviewers' critique on the Glasgow Eschylus, which should have been Mr. Porson's edition. Some critic has probably brought forwards Schutz's remarks on |