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of the aforesaid Hugh McMahon, underwent the same butchery about two months after the execution of McMahon.

"III. The illustrious Felix O'Neill (captured by Protestant device) was half hanged in Dublin, A. D. 1652, and, while yet alive, was quartered. His head was stuck on a great spike, at the western gate of Dublin, and his quarters were sent to be stuck on spikes in four different parts of the kingdom.

"IV. Henry O'Neill, son of Eugene O'Neill, taken prisoner in battle, and, notwithstanding plighted faith, slaughtered in Ulster, A. D. 1651.

"V. Thaddeus O'Connor (Sligo), descended from the royal race of the last and most powerful monarchs of Ireland, a man of great goodness and innocence, hung in the town of Boyle, in Connaught, A. D. 1652, after the general amnesty had been made.

"VI. Constantine O'Ruairk, taken prisoner in battle, murdered in 1652, notwithstanding plighted faith.

"VII. Theobald de Burg, Lord Viscount Mayo, after a truce had been made with all such persons in the kingdom as were not actually in arms against the Protestants, and a general amnesty promised, was shot in Galway, in 1651.

"VIII. Charles O'Dowd, of a most high and noble race, was hanged A. D. 1651.

"IX. James O'Brien, of illustrious lineage, maternal nephew of the brave Donatus O'Brien (of whom see account, page 309), a youth of high hopes and prospects, was murdered at Nenagh, in the Ormonds. They cut his head off, and sent it to his brother, Moriarty O'Brien, then their prisoner.

"X. Bernard O'Brien, of the same noble family, a youth of equally fair prospects, was hanged in 1651. "XI. Daniel O'Brien, first cousin of the said Bernard, was hanged, and his head cut off at Nenagh, 1651.

"XII. The illustrious Colonel John O'Kenedy, a man of the utmost integrity, was slain by the swords of the Protestants, after their faith had been pledged to him in battle. His head was then cut off, and fastened on a spike in the town of Nenagh, A D. 1651.

"XIII. James O'Kenedy, son of the aforesaid illustrious gentleman, a youth of great hopes, being deluded with a similar pledge of good faith, was hanged also at Nenagh, A. D. 1651.

"XIV. The illustrious Sir Patrick Purcell, Vice-general of all Munster, noble-hearted and a most accomplished warrior (renowned for his services in Germany, against Sweden and France, under Ferdinand III, of august memory), was hanged after the taking of Limerick, his head cut off, and exposed on a stake over the southern gate (called John's Gate) of the city of Limerick, A. D. 1651.

"XV. The illustrious and most generous Sir Godfrey Barron, a sincere Catholic, of the highest fidelity, and of singular eloquence, who had been deputed by the confederated Catholics of Ireland as their envoy to his most Christian majesty, Louis XIV, was also hanged at Limerick.

"XVI. The noble Sir Godfrey Galway was likewise hanged at Limerick, 1651.

"XVII. The noble Thomas Stritch, Mayor of Limerick, and alderman, was, with the like cruelty, hanged at the same time with the rest. His head was then cut off, and fastened to the city gate.

"XVIII. The noble Dominic Fanning, ex-Mayor of Limerick, and alderman, a well-known man, and of the highest integrity, who had been of great service to the confederated Catholics, and had laudably conferred much benefit on the kingdom, as well as on the city, was hanged at Limerick along with the rest, A. D. 1651. His head was cut off and affixed to the gate.

“XIX. Daniel O'Higgins, medical doctor, a wise and pious man, was hanged at the same time at Limerick, 1651.

"XX. The illustrious John O'Connor, Lord of Kerry and Tracht, on account of his adhesion to the Catholic party, and his efforts to draw to it not only his personal followers, but all with whom he had friendship, was, after naving been seized upon by stratagem by Protestants, brought to Tralee, in that county, and there half hanged and then beheaded, A. D. 1652.

"XXI. The illustrious Lord Edward Butler, son of Lord Mountgarret, an innocent man, who had never taken arms, was hanged at Dublin after the truce had been commenced and amnesty proclaimed throughout the whole kingdom, A. D. 1652."

That no mistake may be made as to the real sentiment which animated the English race in their relentless fury against the Irish Catholics, we add an extract from a pamphlet entitled, "The Simple Cobbler of Aggavam in America," by Theodore de La Guard, which was first published in London in 1647, and passed through several editions:

"A word of Ireland: not of the nation universally, nor of any man in it, that hath as much as one haire of Christianity or humanity growing on his head or beard; but only of the truculent cutthroats, and such as shall take up arms in their defence.

"These Irish, anciently called Anthropophagi, maneaters, have a tradition among them, that when the devil showed our Saviour all the kingdomes of the earth and their glory, that he would not show Him Ireland, but reserved it for himself. It is most probably true, for he hath kept it ever since for his own peculiar; the old fox foresaw that it would eclipse the glory of all the rest; he thought it wisdom to keep it for a bog-gard for himself. and all his unclean spirits employed in this hemisphere,

and the people to do his son and heire, I mean the Pope, that service for which Lewis II kept his barber, Oliver, which makes them to be so bloodthirsty. They are thevery offal of men, dregges of mankind; reproach of Christendome; the bots that crawl on the beastes tail. I wonder Rome itself is not ashamed of them.

"I beg, upon my hands and knees, that the expedition against them may be undertaken while the hearts and hands of our soldiers are hot, to whome I will be bold to say briefly Happy is he that shall rewarde them as they have served us, and cursed is he that shall do the work of the Lord negligently. CURSED BE HE THAT HOLDETH BACK HIS SWORD FROM BLOOD; YEA, CURSED BE HE THAT MAKETH NOT HIS SWORD STARKE DRUNK WITH IRISH BLOOD; that doth not recompense them double for their hellish treachery to the English; that maketh them not heaps upon heaps, and their country a dwelling-place for dragons, an astonishment to nations! Let not that eye look for pity, nor that hand be spared, that pities or spares them, and LET HIM BE ACCURSED THAT CURSETH THEM NOT BITTERLY."

In 1659 came the Restoration, and Charles II was safely seated on the throne of England. Of all who had supported the cause of his father, none had fought harder. or bled more freely than the natives of Ireland, whom nis advent found in worse than captivity, amid the wilds of Connaught. What more natural than the anticipation that they, who had been so true and so faithful, would share part and parcel in the restoration of rights? Aside from all thoughts of honors and titles, were they not authorized at least to expect their own estates and possessions? And yet Charles II, by a direct act of settlement, confirmed the Cromwellians in the lands they had seized, in the very wealth and influence which they had used against their lawful possessors, and by means of

which they had labored so successfully to destroy his own father's life and kingdom.

There was, indeed, a court of claims organized, but it was only intended for the benefit of such Englishmen as had suffered from the revolution; and as soon as it was perceived that Irish gentlemen also were advancing their claims likewise, and opening their cases, the court was at once closed, leaving, as Nugent writes, over five thousand parties who, although never outlawed, had been deprived of their property, and were now prevented from even legally seeking to recover it.

The negation of rights was not all the evil that Charles II inflicted on the unhappy race, for, beginning in 1673, he repeatedly affixed his signature to most infamous laws, framed for the very purpose of abolishing and rooting out every vestige of Catholicity from Irish soil. Bishops and priests were denied all right of residence, and even the laity had to obtain a license in order to breathe freely their native air. Edmond O'Riley, the Primate, was banished; Archbishop Talbot, to whom permission had been given to return home to die, was seized at Maynooth, and ended his days in a dungeon. In 1679 Bishop Plunket was seized by Ormond, carried to London, away from ail danger of a possibly honest jury in Ireland, and executed at Tyburn, in 1681.

Four years later came James II; and when, but three years later, his own daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, landed to establish a Protestant succession, James was very glad to have the loyal Irish to fall back upon as his supporters, and the only supporters of the legitimate king of England. The Irish parliament of 1689, summoned by James, declared "that there should be no more religious persecution in Ireland, and that no man, from that day forward, should suffer for his conscience or his faith." The only bill of attainder they passed was against the enemies of the crown, against

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