added more than fifty-two thousand in Georgia and Florida, subject to Johnston's orders. The last force to surrender was General Kirby Smith's at Shreveport, Louisiana, May 26th.

When General Grant forbade the firing of salutes he added his reason: "The war is over; the rebels are again our countrymen, and the best sign of rejoicing after the victory will be to abstain from all demonstrations in the field."

The number of Confederate soldiers immediately paroled was 28,356. There were about 30,000 others that had been captured that week or that came in and surrendered themselves. The losses on both sides had been heavy. Grant's total losses in the entire campaign, including those of the Army of the James, were 82,720. His captures numbered 66,512. It was characteristic of him that his chief rejoicing always was, not over the disabled, but over the captured. After nearly every battle his first inquiry was, "How many prisoners have we taken?" There are no accurate reports of the Confederate losses.

Those who are disposed to disparage General Grant's achievement may compare this campaign with a famous European campaign and siege only ten years earlier. In that, there were four nations against one; the troops on each side numbered between 140,000 and 150,000; the besiegers got Sebastopol, but no surrender of an army; and the siege had occupied eleven months. Grant's entire campaign-the Wilderness to Appomattox-had exactly the same duration.

GENER

The Grand Review

May 23-24, 1865

ENERAL GRANT did not remain to witness the surrender and paroling of the Army of Northern Virginia, nor did he enter Richmond. He went to Washington as soon as possible, to facilitate the disbandment of his own armies and the return of the soldiers to their homes and the pursuits of civil life, both as due to them and as an economy for the Government in saving further war expenses.

On May 18th orders were issued for a grand review in Washington of the armies commanded by Meade and Sherman. This was held on the 23d and 24th. On the grand stand in front of the White House were the President and his cabinet with officers of high rank and others. The first day was given to the Army of the Potomac, which marched in close column around the Capitol and down Pennsylvania Avenue, their colours displayed, their bands playing, and their arms glistening in the sunlight. The march occupied more than six hours. As they came to the stand the officers saluted the President with their swords, and commanders of divisions dismounted and went upon the stand.

Sherman's army, waiting for its turn, was in camp on the south side of the Potomac. In the night it crossed over and bivouacked near the Capitol; and next

day it made the same march, in the same style, as the Army of the Potomac.

This was at once the grandest and most significant pageant ever seen in our country, before or since. But amid all the rejoicing, all the patriotic pride, all the thankfulness, there was consciousness of one great shadow. For in the hour of triumph the head of the nation, sprung from the rude life of the West, who had progressed steadily to the proudest place on earth, where he lost none of his native humility and gained the love as well as the admiration of his people, had been struck down by a cowardly assassin. In the seat that he should have occupied was an untried man, whose future was problematical.

General Grant wrote in his Memoirs:

Sherman's army made a different appearance from that of the Army of the Potomac. This army was a body of sixtyfive thousand well drilled, well disciplined, and orderly soldiers, inured to hardship, but without the experience of gathering their own food and supplies in an enemy's country, and of being ever on the watch. Sherman's army was not so well dressed as the Army of the Potomac, but their marching could not be excelled. They gave the appearance of men who had been thoroughly drilled to endure hardships, either by long and continuous marches or through exposure to any climate, without the ordinary shelter of a camp. They exhibited also some of the order of march through Georgia. In the rear of a company there would be a captured horse or mule loaded with small cooking utensils, captured chickens, and other food picked up for the use of the men. Negro families who had followed the army would sometimes come along in the rear of a company, with three or four children packed upon a single mule, and the mother leading it. . . . The National flag was flying from almost every house and store; the windows were filled with

spectators; the doorsteps and sidewalks were crowded with coloured people and poor whites who did not succeed in securing better quarters from which to get a view of the grand armies.

Whatever anticipations there had been-and certainly there were some-that the thousands of men who had spent four years in the field waging vigorous warfare could not at once return to peaceful and orderly civil life, were most happily disappointed. These men were only too glad to return to their homes and legitimate occupations. At the North, very soon the only remaining indications of the great contest were the battle-flags in the State-houses and arsenals, the framed portraits of President Lincoln and his ablest Generals, the occasional cannon-trophies in village greens and city squares, and the more than occasional crutches and empty sleeves. These outwardly; but within thousands of homes there were vacant chairs and sacred memories of those that came no more. Not all the consciousness of established freedom, nor all the glory of great victories, could restore the slaughtered sons and banish the domestic sorrow. At the South were equal bereavements, with trampled fields, bridgeless streams, ruined mills, homes in ashes, worthless money, and universal poverty, without any immediately apparent compensation; for years had to pass before most of that people comprehended and acknowledged that the result of the war was exactly what it should have been; that they were immeasurably benefited by losing that for which they had fought so devotedly; and that the great Republic, strengthened and made perpetual, was their own most precious heritage.