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Lateran Council of 1059.-Order of Cardinals.-Meaning of the Term.-
First Traces of a Collegiate Body of Cardinals.-Number of the
Cardinals.-Variations in this respect under different Popes.-"Titles
of the Cardinals.-Three Orders of Cardinals.-Numbers of Cardinals
created by different Popes.-Motives for keeping up the Number in the
Sacred College.-Cardinals in petto.-Anecdote of Alexander VIII.
CHAPTER III.
Ceremonial connected with the Creation of Cardinals.-Practice in the
Earliest Ages.-Consultation of the College on the Subject.-Modern
Practice. Communication of his Creation to the new Cardinal.-His
customary Duties thereupon.-Costume.-New Cardinal's Visit to the
Vatican.-Patronage.-Ceremonial at the Apostolic Palace.-Speeches
on the Occasion.-The "Beretta."-The new Cardinal's Reception.-
Shutting and Opening of the new Cardinal's Mouth.-Cardinalitial
Ring.-Fees.-Ages at which Cardinals have been made.-Anecdotes of
Odet de Coligny, the Heretic Cardinal.-Laws restricting Popes a Dead
Letter
CHAPTER IV.
13
. 29
Steps by which the Papal Election was attributed exclusively to the Sacred
College.-Gradual Progress of Encroachment.-Abnormal Elections.
Early Requisites for the Validity of an Election.-Earliest Examples
of the Conclave.-Notable Conclave at Viterbo in the thirteenth
century. First example of Election by "Compromise."-The Fifteen
Rules for a Papal Election made by Gregory X.-Basis of Conclave
Legislation ever since . 54
BOOK II.
NOBLE BOYS AT PLAY.
CHAPTER I.
Latter Years of the Middle Ages, from Gregory X. to Pius IV.-Contrast
of the Ecclesiastical World of those Days with Present Times.—Where
Modern History commences in the Annals of the Papacy.-Variability
of the Church.-Papal History falls into Groups of Popes.-Causes of
this Phenomenon.-Paul III. the last of a Group of Popes.-Paul IV.
the first of a different Group.-List of Popes from 1271 to 1549
PAGE
. 75
CHAPTER II.
Election of Innocent V.-Anecdote of his Achievements as a Preacher.-
Election of Adrian V.-Popes in the Thirteenth Century elected without
Conclave.-Conclave in which Nicholas IV. was elected.-Mortality of
Cardinals in Conclave.—Strange Inconsistency of the Anecdotist Can-
cellieri. Superstition respecting the Duration of St. Peter's Reign.-
Anecdote of the papal Physician Matthew Corte.-Election of Celestine
V.-Modern Exception to the Rule requiring a Conclave to be held.—
Modifications of the early Conclave Rules.-Boniface VIII.-Benedict
IX.-Anecdote respecting his Death.-Conclave held at Perugia.-
Grossly Simoniacal Election.-Monstrous Assertion of the Historian
Spondanus.Morone, Gregory XIV.'s Barber. - The Babylonish
Captivity of the Church.-Conclave at Avignon in 1334.—And again
in 1342. And in 1352.-And in 1362.-Division between the Gascon
Cardinals Subjects of England, and those subject to France.- Election
of Urban V. not a Member of the College.-Tentatives for restoring
the Papacy to Rome.-Petrarch.-St. Bridget.-Conclave in 1370, the
last at Avignon.-Gregory XI.-Difficulties of the Restoration of the
See to Rome.-Return of Gregory XI. to Rome.-His Death in 1378. 82
Sacred College at the Death of Gregory XI.-Anecdotes of the Conclave
that elected Urban VI.-Turbulence of the Roman People.-Alarm of
the Cardinals.-Circumstances which led to the great Schism.-Doubts
respecting the Canonicity of the Election of Urban VI.-Other Causes
leading to the Schism.-Irregular Election of Robert of Geneva by the
dissenting Cardinals as Clement VII., who has always been held to be
an Antipope.-Schism of thirty-nine Years.
Conclaves during the Period of the Schism.-Council of Pisa.-Abnormal
and Irregular State of things in the Church.-Council of Constance.-
Decrees which put an end to the Schism, by the Election of Martin V.
-Difficulties arising from the Action of the Council of Constance.-
Their Effect as regarding Modern Theories of Infallibility
106
125
CHAPTER V.
Otto Colonna Pope as Martin V.-Conclave for the Election of Eugenius IV.
-Contest between Pope and Council.-Anecdote of the Deathbed of
Eugenius IV.-Anecdotes of the Conclave that elected Nicholas V.-
Violence of the Roman Barons.-Prospero Colonna.-Cardinal Nephews.
Election of Nicholas V.-Condition of Italy.-Failure of the Attempt
to unite the Latin and Greek Churches.-Nicholas a Patron of the new
learning-Other Doings of Nicholas.-Anecdote of his Mother.-Con-
clave which elected Calixtus III.-Cardinal Bessarion.-Conclave which
elected Eneas Sylvius Piccolomini as Pius II.-Efforts of the Cardinal
of Rouen to prevent the Election, and to secure his own.-Mode of
Pius II.'s Election
132
CHAPTER VI.
Death of Pius II.-Decision to hold the Conclave in the Vatican.-Election
of Paul II.-The Handsome Pope.-Election of Sixtus IV.-His
Character.-Effect on the Church of the first menaces of Protestantism.
-The all-devouring nepotism of Sixtus IV.-Peter Riario, his Nephew.
-Sixtus dies of a Broken Heart.-Epigrams on Sixtus.-Interregnum
after the Death of Sixtus.-Conclave which elected Innocent VIII.-
Anecdotes
154
CHAPTER VII.
Interregnum after the Death of Innocent VIII.-Tumults.-Conclave which
elected Borgia, Alexander VI.-His Reign and Death.-Scandalous
Scene at his Burial.-Effect of his Papacy on the Church.-Interregnum
after his Death.-Terrible Condition of Rome.-Conclave, and Scan-
dalous Election of Pius III.-Another Conclave sixteen Days later.-
Anecdotes of the Death of Pius III.-Simoniacal Arrangements for the
Election of Julius II., Della Rovere.-Character of Julius II.-Con-
clave which elected Leo X.-Meeting and Demands of the Conclavists.
-A Surgeon in the Conclave.-Anecdotes of this Conclave.-Election
of De Medici as Leo X.-His Simoniacal Dealings.-Exhaustion of the
Papal Treasury at his Death.-Difficulties of the Cardinals.-Election
of Adrian VI.-Dismay produced in Rome by his Election.-Character
of Adrian
. 170
CHAPTER VIII.
Conclave which elected Clement VII.-Change in the Characteristics of the
Conclaves.-Anecdote of Adrian's narrow Escape from being killed, and
of the hatred felt by the Roman Clergy against him.-Roman and
Florentine rivalry in the Conclave.-Intrigues in the Conclave.-The
Plan of Making a Pope by "Adoration."-Crafty Trick of Giulio de'
Medici.-His Election.-And reign.-Conclave which elected Farnese
as Paul III.-Circumstances of his election.-His Character
190
BOOK III.
THE ZEALOUS POPES.
Remarks of Ranke on the Papal History of the Sixteenth Century.-Julius
III. His Character.-Conclave which elected him.-View of this Con-
clave by the Venetian Ambassador.-Delay in Assembling of the
Conclaves after Paul III.'s Death.-Reginald Pole.-The Expectation
that he would be elected.-Was all but elected.-His own scruples.-
His Election lost by them.-Anecdote of his behaviour in Conclave.-
Cardinal di San Marcello, afterwards Pope as Marcellus II.-Deter-
mined to elect Pole, if possible.-The Emperor appealed to by Letter.-
He vetoes Cardinal Salviati.-Election of Del Monte as Julius III.
His Character
Marcellus II.-His Character.-The Conclave which elected him.-The
Choice lies between him and Cardinal Caraffa.-Hostility of the Im-
perial Party to the Latter.-The Meaning and Practice of " Adoration,"
"Acclamation," or "Inspiration."-Anecdote of intrusive Conclavist at
a Scrutiny. Election of Marcellus II.-His Death, and Conduct at the
Council of Trent
. 201
213
The Conclave which elected Paul IV.-Imperialist Party.-Cardinal Pole.-
Results in practice of the requirement of a two-thirds majority.-
Cardinal Carpi excluded.—Cardinal D'Este.-Cardinal Morone.- Objec-
tions to him.-Cardinal Pozzi.-Management of Farnese.-Election of
Paul IV.-Anecdote of the feeling of Rome on the occasion.-Character
of Caraffa, Paul IV.-Imperial "Veto" disregarded in this election.-
Saying of Caraffa respecting his own elevation.-Estimate and descrip
tion of Paul by the Venetian Ambassador.-Giovanni Angelo Medici:
his Family, Brother, Early History.-Character and personal appear
ance of Medici, Pius IV.-The Inquisition.-Signs of the times.-
Practice of giving complimentary votes.-Anecdote of the craft of a
Conclavist.-Cardinal Carpi again.-Why he was objectionable to
D'Este.--Medici suddenly elected as a pis aller
Death of Pius IV.-Closing of the Council of Trent.-Ranke's Remarks on
the work of the Council.-Action of the work of the Council on the
Character of the Popes.-Anecdote of a plot to assassinate Pius IV.—
Michael Ghislieri: his antecedents and character.-Character of the
Election.-Conclave which elected Pius IV.-Rivalry between Cardinals
Farnese and Borromeo.-Representative of the old and of the new time.
-Cardinal Altemps.-Anecdote of Borromeo at Florence.-Conclavist's
View of Borromeo's character.-Moroni's imprisonment and acquittal
. 224
on Charge of Heresy held in Conclave to be sufficient reason against
his Election.-Borromeo wishes to elect him.-It is found impossible,
however, to elect him.-Duplicity of Farnese towards Borromeo.-
Cardinals Ferrara and D'Este hostile to Morone, and why.-Farnese
and Borromeo agree to the Election of Ghislieri.-Dismay in Conclave
at the result accomplished in the Election of Pius V.
Character and Disposition of Ugo Boncompagno is dominated by the Spirit
of the Age. Felice Peretti, Sixtus V.-Saying attributed to him.-
Urban VII.-Sfondrato, Gregory XIV.-His Character and Practices.
-Fachinetti, Innocent IX. Aldobrandino, Clement VIII. — His
Character.-Characteristics of the Conclaves that had elected these
Popes.-Camillo Borghese, Paul V.-Conclave which elected him.—
Principal Parties in it. Their relative Strength, and the Manner in
which it operated.-Attempt to elect Cardinal Saoli.-Anxiety of
Aldobrandino's Party.- First Scrutiny. Cardinal Bellarmine.
Cardinals Baronius and Borromeo.-Motives for putting forward Bellar-
mine.-Negotiation between Baronius and Aldobrandino.-Cardinal
Montalto at Supper.-Cardinal Camerino put forward, and dropped.-
Cardinal San Clemente put forward.-Threatened "Esclusiva."-
Cardinal Tosco put forward.-Meeting of Cardinals for the exclusion
of San Clemente
241
259
Continuation of the Conclave that elected Paul V.-Aldobrandino deter-
mines to elect Cardinal Tosco.-Points for and against him.-Attempt to
elect Tosco by "Adoration."-Montalto's Indecision.-Remarkable Scene
in the Cell of Cardinal Acquaviva.-Conference between Aldobran-
dino and Montalto.-The Latter unwillingly agrees to the Election of
Tosco, which appears all but certain.-Suspense of Tosco.-Remarkable
Step taken by Baronius.-He alone by the Ascendancy of his Character
prevents the Election of Tosco.-Baronius himself nearly elected.-The
"Sala Regia" in the Vatican.-Party Tactics thrown into Confusion.-
Tosco's Disappointment.-Extraordinary Scene in the Sala Regia and
the Sistine and Paoline Chapels.-Borghese at length proposed by
common Accord, and elected as Paul V.
BOOK IV.
THE PRINCE POPES.
Close of the Era of the Zealous Popes.- Characteristics of the Group which
succeeded them.-Death of Paul V.-Alexandro Ludovisi elected as
. Ludovico
Gregory XV. by the influence of Cardinal Borghese.
Ludovisi, the Cardinal Nephew.-Regulations of Gregory XV. for the
holding of the Conclave.-Father Theiner's Remarks concerning them.
274