whether the number of them is equal to that of the cardinals in Conclave.

12th. He who does not observe these rules shall be excommunicated.

13th. Three cardinals chosen out of the whole body by lot, previous to the scrutiny, shall together with the scrutators go to the cells of such cardinals as are prevented by illness from going into the chapel to receive their schedules in the urn.

14th. The scrutiny shall take place twice every day without exception, once in the morning and once in the afternoon, at a convenient hour.

15th. Let the cardinals abstain, under pain of excommunication, from any agreement, signal, or threat having reference to the election.

16th. Those, whether electors or elected, who contravene any of the above regulations are excommunicated with the greater excommunication. (But the same penalty had been enacted again and again for the same offence in the most solemn manner, with the result, probably, of rendering excommunicate every cardinal who ever took part in the election of any Pope!)

17th. The most rigorous secrecy respecting the election of the Pontiff is enjoined.

18th. Let the three cardinals who are the heads of the monastic orders, together with the Cardinal Camerlengo, be the executors of this Bull.

19th. Every cardinal must swear to observe these rules at the time of his promotion to the purple, a second time on the first day after the death of the Pope, and a third time after his entry into Conclave.

20th. Cardinals under ecclesiastical censures are not on that account to be excluded from taking part in the election of the Pontiff.

A Commission was appointed by Gregory XV. to draw up a manual of the ceremonial of the Conclave based on these rules; and a few minor regulations may be gleaned from the completed document put forth by the Commission. The expenses of the obsequies of the deceased Pope shall not exceed ten thousands ducats. This has nothing to do with the monument which may be raised to any Pope by the members of his family or others, but is merely the expense of the ceremonial of the funeral.

When their Eminences have entered the Conclave, after three signals on a bell, with the interval of an hour between each, nobody shall be permitted to leave the Conclave.

Clement XII. reconfirmed these provisions in a Bull, which adds nothing of importance to them, but establishes by a subsequent document, which he declared to have the same force as if it had made part of the Bull, the following scale of payments. Besides the hundred crowns a month which are customarily paid to the two physicians and the surgeon of the Conclave, a similar sum shall be paid to the secretary of the Conclave, with the onus, however, of maintaining two assistants, whom he may bring into Conclave with him. The six masters of the ceremonies in ordinary, and likewise such supernumerary masters of the ceremonies as may have received permission to come into Conclave, shall receive twenty-five crowns a month each. The confessor of the

Conclave and the under-sacristan shall receive thirty crowns a month; and the person whom the undersacristan may bring with him to serve at the mass shall have six crowns a month. If the first master of the ceremonies be a bishop, he may have an attendant to serve at the mass, as also the sacristan, and to each of such attendants ten crowns a month shall be given. And it shall be the duty of the first master of the ceremonies to keep the keys of the Conclave. No article that can be useful for future Conclaves shall be taken away by the thirty-five sweepers, except the bed that shall be given to cach of them. The cardinals must take care that the doors of communication between the Conclave and the remainder of the Vatican be walled up. The wood that has been used for the construction of the Conclave shall not be taken away without the permission of the cardinals who are heads of the religious orders. If there is any remainder it shall be used for the Apostolic Palace. No mourning garments for the deceased Pope shall be given to the Camerlengo, the Treasurer, to the Auditor-General, and two Clerks of the Chamber, or to the President of the Apostolic Chamber.* No profit of any kind shall be given to any official who has not bought his office. The servants of the Conclave shall not demand new clothes under pretext of a change

* This prohibition of giving mourning clothes to some of the highest placed and richest men in Rome is a curious indication of the universal greed, which was absolutely insensible to any sense of shame, and shrunk from no depth of meanness. It would probably be found on inquiry that the custom of giving mourning to these high officials had degenerated into a recognised job, by virtue of which the Cardinal Camerlengo's valet put a certain considerable sum of cash into his pocket, the enjoyment of which the Camerlengo grasped at as improving the value of his patronage.

of season unless when the Conclave has lasted over two

months.

If a cardinal should die in Conclave all his attendants shall go out of it.*

In the first meeting of the cardinals after the death of a Pope the constitutions of Gregory X. respecting the Conclave, those of Julius II. on simoniacal election, those of Pius IV. and Gregory XV. as to the ceremonial of the Conclave, shall be read. At the second meeting the officials of Rome and the State shall be confirmed in their places. In the third meeting the confessor of the Conclave shall be elected, and the deceased Pope shall be buried, the cardinals, his creatures, being present. In the fourth meeting the physicians and the surgeon of the Conclave shall be elected. In the fifth the barbers and the apothecary shall be elected. In the sixth meeting the junior cardinal deacon shall draw lots for the cells of the cardinals in the Conclave, and the masters of the ceremonies shall show the brief by virtue of which each of them is to enter the Conclave. In the seventh meeting those cardinals who, being in Rome, shall wish to have a third conclavist, shall prefer their petitions to that effect. In the eighth meeting two cardinals shall be appointed, who shall have the duty of scrutinizing all those who shall enter into Conclave, and to whom all who are to enter as conclavists shall present their names, and the names

* It might have been expected that the rule should have been that the attendant conclavists and others should in such case not have quitted the Conclave. What becomes, under the rule as given, of the absolute non-communication to the outside world of what has passed and is passing in Conclave ?

of the countries from which they come, and of the cardinal to whom they are attached. In the ninth meeting three cardinals shall be elected who shall watch over the due closing of the Conclave. In the tenth and last meeting those cardinals who are not in deacon's orders shall present the brief of dispensation by virtue of which they propose to enter into Conclave. On the following day, when the mass of the Holy Ghost has been celebrated, and the prayer respecting the election of a Pope has been recited, all the cardinals shall proceed processionally to the Conclave, where the various constitutions of the Pontiffs respecting the mode of election, and at the end of them these present rules of Clement XII., shall be read.

When Pius VI. determined to go to Vienna in 1782, he left a Bull by which the Sacred College was enjoined in case of his death while absent to hold the Conclave in Rome, the same as if he had died there. But when in 1798 the same Pope was driven from Rome by the French, and taken prisoner to the monastery of the Certosa, near Florence, in view of his probable death at a time which should find all the cardinals dispersed or imprisoned, he gave a Bull to his nunzio at Florence, Cardinal Odescalchi, empowering the College to elect his successor in whatsoever place the greatest number of them could meet together. This Bull, commencing with the words, "Attentis peculioribus et deplorabilibus circumstantiis," suspends by Apostolical authority all the ancient laws for the election of the Pontiff and for the

holding of the Conclave. It further empowers the cardinals to dispense with the usual forms and solem