ancient writers.

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The Alexandrine masters. - Plotinus,

Proclus. Plato. Aristotle.

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Iamblichus.

Heraclitus.

Xenophanes the Eleatic.

Pythagoras. Hylozoists and others. - The Orientals.

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Egyptian specula-

tion. Primitive monotheism. - The Chinese. The Greeks. —'

- Testimony

from Egypt. - Conclusion of Naville. — Origin of Fetichism. - The Totem of
the Indians. Spinoza our starting-point. - Vagueness before him. — Course

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of religious thought sketched. - Spinoza's system the receptacle. - Claims
of Bruno. - Intellectual activity of the age favorable to Spinoza. — The Ref-
ormation. — Bacon. -The Pilgrim Fathers.-Richelieu and Cromwell.
The Dutch. - Locke. -Newton. - Triumphs of science. Mathematics.
Astronomy. - Optics.― Literature of the seventeenth century. — Theology.—
Religious writers. - Divine purpose.
37-73

LECTURE II.

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Definition of pantheism. - How it differs from theism and atheism. - Wherein

atheism and pantheism agree. — Language of pantheists often ambiguous. -

Many names for one thing. - Knowledge of Spinozism which the purpose

of this work requires. — Descartes was Spinoza's guide. This doubted. —

Opinion of Saisset. - Parentage of Descartes. Early purpose. Criterion

of truth. Not original with Descartes. - Testimony as to Descartes' posi-

tion. Four main points in Cartesianism." I think, therefore I am.”— Crit-

icism of Gassendi and Huxley. Descartes to be taken as he understood

himself. The Cartesian method. - - Descartes' first step. - A foothold for

Spinozism. The recognition of Reid's doctrine of necessary truths would

have saved Descartes. The Cartesian argument for the divine existence

favors Spinozism. The argument for a God which now tends to prevail. -

Descartes only seems to anticipate this. How his argument legitimates

pantheism.-

. — The Cartesian method aids the tendency to pantheism. - The

tendency further strengthened by his denial of second causes. - Spinoza's
logic faultless. - The premises of pantheism untenable. The central posi-
tion of Spinozism. The dogmatic result. - Three kinds of knowledge.—
Some account of the Ethics.- Subject of the Second Part. - Of Part Third.
Of Part Fourth. Of Part Fifth. Of the First Part. - Definitions.
Axioms. - A demonstration. - Perfection of superstructure.

butes of substance. - Bearing on question of immortality.

The a priori philosophy not to be judged by Spinozism.

Leibnitz.-

-The safeguard.

to the new movement. - The Leibnitz-Wolfian philosophy. — Kant's earlier
The need of a critic suggested by Hume. Critique of the pure

views.

reason. -

- Relation of the reason to the understanding. - Space and time

forms of the reason. The categories of the understanding. — Ideas of the
reason. - What they are. Their subjective nature. Where this critique
leaves us. - Kant's plan broader than this sphere of the reason. - Another
Result not satisfactory. — Cri
The object not attained. — Three distinct tendencies

faculty. Function of the practical reason. -

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tique of the judgment.

in Kant. - Reinhold.

Kant's first critique.

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Jacobi. His mystical tendency. - Argues against
The thinkers of his time not with him. The inter-

view with Lessing. Character of Jacobi. — Hegel's criticism. - Fichte. —

Thought-activity the only knowable thing. - The non-ego. · A product of

the ego.

The alternative of atheism or pantheism. - Accused of atheism. —

Becomes a pantheist. - Unlike Spinoza. - The true wisdom. - Fichte's pan-

theism considered defective.

Grand objection to Fichte. —

Schellingian doctrine of knowledge. — How Schelling reaches the position

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Schelling.

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of the pantheist. His system described. - Agreement with Spinoza. -
Three potences. How they work in the evolution of spirit. - Distinction
between nature and spirit. · - How Schelling would account for Christianity.
-The spirit of Schelling's system. - Short continuance of this school of
pantheism. Schelling and Edgar A. Poc. - Culminated in Hegel. — The
best refutation of error its clear statement. - An anachronism. Hegel.—
The absolute idea. - Use of Kant's antinomies. The logical movement. —
Natural philosophy. - Philosophy of spirit. Its theological result. - Hegel
and Kant. Consequences of the system. Strauss. - Schleiermacher. - Net
result. Lesson of the survey now taken. - Testimony of Müller. 111-149

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LECTURE IV.

THE PANTHEISTIC CHRISTOLOGY.

Philosophy and religion inseparable.

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This more manifest in the a-priori
philosophy. Two uses of the word "religion."- When pantheism is a
religion. Religions to which pantheism may be applied.- Re-statement of

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Hegelianism. The absolute idea.

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A triplicate process.- Compared with
Comte's "three states."- Illustrated in history of civilization. In art. —
Progress and conservatism. The absolute idea in religion. -- Christianity a
form of the absolute idea. Different views of Hegelianism. The "right."
The "left.". -The "centre."- Strauss. - His Life of Jesus.- -The idea
in religion alone important. - The question of historic truth trivial. Essen-
tial Christianity. How the idea produced the so-called record. -
-Criticism
deals with the non-essential. - Evidence that Strauss was a pantheist. — His
view of the incarnation. — The origin of the Gospels.- Accepts Spinoza's
view of Christ.-Thinks his criticism true to the spirit of the narrative. —
The gospel record a piece of cloud scenery. Advantage of this pantheistic
position. The Paulists. Evemerus. - His method revived by Lessing in
Wolfenbüttel fragments. - How used by Paulus. - Results of the theory. —
Regarded as a failure. Eichhorn. - De Wette. Strauss finds germs of his
theory in them. Also in Origen and Philo. - Relation to other schools of
criticism. Secret of popularity. Three principles of interpretation. - The
position of Strauss. The myth. How he makes room for it. The idea
produces the story. - What follows if the Gospels are post-apostolic. - In-
ternal evidence against Strauss. Also external evidence. How he would
evade it. The argument against him overwhelming. — Baur. — Differs from
Strauss. - How he accounts for the Gospels. - Traces of a conflict. - Pauline
party favored. - Peter overborne. - Paul triumphs. - -The reasoning of Baur
not admissible.-
.- No special refutation needed. - There were parties in the
early church. - Baur's treatment unfair. — An argument for inspiration.
Renan. Requires no special treatment. - Spirit of his criticism pantheistic.
-An irreverent comparison. - Free religion. - Its peculiarity. - May be

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traced to Hegel. - Christianity triumphant.

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150-182

LECTURE V.

THE CULTURE WHICH PANTHEISM LEGITIMATES.

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A feature of modern thought. Spontaneity. - Authority. - New theory un-
tenable.- Relation to pantheism. - Goethe. Why chosen. Viewed only
in one aspect. - Relation to other thinkers of his age. - Ignorance of his
speculative views. - Early scepticism. - Proofs that he was a pantheist.—
Meets with Jacobi. - Wished to be known as a Spinozist. — Fatalism. - Di-
vineness of nature. Free necessity.. -Tone of his writings. - The two
Goethes. As a student of nature. Works in which he shows to advantage.
Shorter poems. — Iphigenia in Tauris. - Egmont. Hermann and Doro-
thea. Wherein his theory works evil. —

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-False theory of morals. Popularity of Goetz. - Sorrows of Werther.-

Its influence. Origin of the work. — Complaints of his friends. — Wilhelm

Meister. The Fair Saint.-Philina. -- Mignon. - Other characters. — Elec-

tive affinities. - Natalia and Wilhelm. - Goethe's theoretical views carried

into his life. His faults not to be passed over. - Had noble traits. - Was

not a patriot. - Goethe not consistent with his theory of culture.

Would

have been better as a man if more inconsistent. Allowance to be made to

art. The obligations of the artist. - Christianity teaches the only adequate

theory of human culture.

183-226

LECTURE VI.

PANTHEISM IN THE FORM OF HERO-WORSHIP.

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The representative name. Method of treatment. - Carlyle's position in Eng-
lish literature. His style..
Ethical tendency. A political reformer. —
Was he a pantheist? Not in the dogmatic sense. - Proofs of a pantheistic
His idea of history. Of the individual. Views of nature panthe-

spirit.

istic.

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blies.

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- His doctrine of necessity. — Of space and time. — Religious views.-
Bibles. - Origin of worship. - Sincerity alone essential. - Accepts Goethe's
definition of religion. Result. How his pantheism affects his political
views. 1 Makes him revolutionary. - French Revolution.
Laws and com-
pacts not the basis of true government. Function of representative assem-
Hates democracy as much as constitutional monarchy.- Eulogy of

the Pilgrims.- Mahometanism as good as Puritanism. - No love for free

government in any case. - Scorn of moral and social reforms. - Origin of his

contempt for democracies. — Negative side of his political creed.— His polit-

ical and social creed positively stated.- Hero-worship. This the basis of

primitive governments. - Urged as the only real basis. — Great men a the-

ophany. Carlyle's ideal of a great man. - Plea for his theory of govern-

ment. The result of the theory is anarchy. - Hero-worship contrasted with

Christianity.

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227-267

LECTURE VII.

PANTHEISM IN THE FORM OF SELF-WORSHIP.

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Con-

Individualism. Represented by Emerson. - Method of treatment.
trasted with Carlyle. His excellent temper. — Of purer tone than Goethe.
Monotony. - Nomenclature. - -"Old Two-Face." - Comprehensive state-

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God a

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Knowledge of

ments of pantheism. - All things are God. — History. — Literature.
gentleman. Love. - Prayer. - What Emerson has to say of personality.-
An ignis fatuus. - God impersonal. - - But one conclusion possible. — Emer-
son's method. - Consciousness the way to all truth. No mean egotism. -
Definition of man. - The varieties of genius forms of the divine conscious-
ness. Teaches the pantheistic fatalism. — All things subject to fate. — No
one can do otherwise than he does. -All life natural. - Emerson's use of
words literal rather than rhetorical. - - Even fate a mystery. The objective
world in the light of Emerson's philosophy. — History absorbed into the
soul. All literature the biography of each man. — - A practical result. — Na-
ture an evolution of the soul. The world man externized.
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nature but self knowledge. — Emerson's theory of nature that of every sub-
jective idealist. - More specific injunctions. - Duty of self-reverence. — - Self-
reliance. Self-assertion. - The moral law wholly subjective. - Duty of
self-isolation. -To be wholly self-absorbed the highest blessedness." Men
descend to meet."- Misanthropy. Attitude towards the Bible and Christian-
ity. .- Insinuates that Christ was a pantheist. — Spirit of the two contrasted.
- Emerson would unsettle all things. No philanthropist. Scorn of the
masses. No moral distinctions.. Better than his theory.- Inconsistency
recommended.-The good man forced to be a hypocrite. - Transcendentalism
not to be judged by Emerson.-Christian faith the grand safeguard. 268-316

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LECTURE VIII.

THEISM WITH A PANTHEISTIC DRIFT.

Theodore Parker. -

Disliked to be called an infidel.

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Unitarians denounced for

Did not bow to Christ as
the final authority in religion. - Affirms that Jesus was in error on many
subjects. Calls Christ and the Bible idols.
retaining them. - What Parkerism finds in Christ.
long since outgrown. His idea of religious progress.

of Parkerism. - Terms used to designate it. - Parker less original than he
supposed. -Three factors of the absolute religion. The sentiment. - The
idea. - The conception. - The conception alone varies. — Origin of religions.
- Their succession traced. — Parkerism to be superseded. - Theory of reli-
gious progress refuted by history. - Obscures the character of God. Weak-
ens our basis of hope for man. The doctrine of redemption rational. —
Parker not simply a theist. Was he a pantheist? - A re-statement of the
alternative of unbelief. — Parker could not be a positivist. - Pantheism may
be mistaken for positivism. - Parker not a materialist.- - Denies the possi-
bility of atheism. - Denied that he was a pantheist. But his definition is

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