134-Reception of the proclamation in America, 134-Opinion of the wife of

John Adams, 135-Massachusetts institutes an admiralty court, 136—Opin-

ion of James Warren, 136—Joseph Hawley advises a national parliament of

two houses, 136-Effect of the proclamation on Congress, 137—New Hampshire

encouraged to establish a government, 137-And South Carolina, 137-The

legislature of Pennsylvania in alarm, 138-Dickinson reports a set of in-

structions to the Pennsylvania delegates, 138-Mischievous consequences of the

act, 139—Concessions to the patriot party, 140-Thomas Paine encouraged

by Franklin to write, 140-General disinclination to separate from Great

Britain, 140—Zubly of Georgia falls off, 141-Courage of John Adams, 141–-

His advice, 141-Progress of measures in the continental congress, 142–

Appointment of a committee for foreign correspondence, 142-Clear sighted-

ness of Jefferson, 143-Delusion of Dickinson, 143.

CHAPTER L.

HOW GEORGE THE THIRD FARED IN HIS BID FOR RUSSIANS. September, Oc-

tober, 1775.

Exasperation of parties in England, 144-Language of Wilkes, 144-Forti-

tude of George the Third, 145-One person sent to the tower, 145—Loyal

addresses, 145—But no enlistments, 145-Wariness of Vergennes, 146—

Beaumarchais in London, 146-Hastens to Paris, 146-His memorial to the

king, 146—Receives a new commission, 146-Reasonings of Vergennes, 147—

Henry the Fourth of France refuses foreign troops, 147-The hereditary prince

of Hesse Cassel offers a regiment, 147-His meanness, 148-Application to

Holland for the Scottish brigade, 148-Neutrality of Holland, 148-Germany

a recruiting ground, 148—The King writes for troops to Catharine of Russia,

148—The letter, 149-Gunning is to ask for twenty thousand men, 149—A

project of a treaty is prepared, 149–Timely coolness of the empress, 150-

Her excellent advice, 150-Gunning put upon the defensive, 150-The em-

press recommends unity and concession, 150--Gunning applies for troops to

Panin, 151-He is deceived by Panin's manner, 151-A question of veracity

between the king and the empress, 151-The empress refuses her troops, 152

-Gunning argues the case at large to Panin, 152-He offers to take fifteen

thousand, 152-The empress will not give him an audience, 153-Debate in the

Russian council, 153-Her policy and her honor implicated, 153—The em-

press is both flattered and offended, 154-Her sarcastic answer, 154-Her let-

ter to the king not an autograph, 155—Gunning comes down to ten thou-

sand men, 155—Panin declines a further discussion, 155--Curiosity of

Europe, 155-False reports, 155-Panin sets them at rest, 155-Gunning

takes his leave of the empress, 156.

CHAPTER LI.

PARLIAMENT IS AT ONE WITH THE KING.

October-December, 1775.

Gibbon proposes to go and see the Russian camp, 157-The king sur-

prised at the refusal and its manner, 157-Ile maintains his fortitude, 157--

War to be transferred to New York, 158-Expedition against the southern colo-

nies, 158—Barrington's caution, 158—The king is the champion of parliament,

159-The Duke of Grafton advises concessions and reconciliation, 159—His

remonstrance unheeded, 160-Grafton's interview with the king, 160—The

king's speech on the opening of the session of parliament, 160-He calls the

Americans rebels, 160-He makes a false issue, 161-Speech of Adams in

the house of commons, 161-Of Lyttelton, 161-The house sustain the king,

161—Lord North wavering, 162-Speech of Fox, of Adair, 162—Of Elliot,

162-Of Rigby, 163-Shelburne on Franklin, 163-Address from the Universi-

ty of Oxford, 163-Lord Stormont and the king of France, 163-Stormont

and Vergennes, 164–Speech of the Duke of Manchester, 164—Grafton quits

office, 165-Richard Penn's examination, 165—Richmond's motion rejected,

165-Changes in the ministry, 165-Character of lord George Germain, 166—

Burke brings forward a bill for composing troubles, 167-Germain's reply, 167

-The ministers look for support to German princes, 167-The ministry not

popular in England, 167-Not the true representative of England, 168—The

Irish house of commons and America, 168–Debate 168-The ministry ob-

tain four thousand men from the Irish parliament, 169-Lord North brings

forward a bill prohibiting American commerce, 169--Commissioners to be ap-

pointed with powers to grant pardons, 170-Atrocious speech of Mansfield,

170-The bill adopted, 170-The king prefers American independence to a

recognition of American principles, 171-Position of the Rockingham party,

171—Opinion of Robertson, 171–Of Millar, 172–Of David Hume, 172—Of

Adam Smith, 173–Of Josiah Tucker, 174-Of Soame Jenyns, 174—The au-

thor of American independence, 175.

CHAPTER LII.

THE CAPTURE OF MONTREAL. August-November, 1775.

Carleton proclaims the Americans as traitors, 175-Acquiescence of the

French nobility, 175—Of the Canadian clergy, 176—Instincts of the peasantry,

177—Interposition of the bishop, 177-Schuyler sends Brown into Canada,

177-Seth Warner promoted, 177—Schuyler hesitates about invading Canada,

178-Brown returns and reports, 178-Richard Montgomery, 178- His pre-

vious career, 178-The Livingstons, 179--Montgomery in the New York con-

vention, 179-Accepts the office of brigadier, 179-His advice, 180—His part-

ing from his wife, 180-Washington urges on the invasion of Canada, 180—

Montgomery moves forward without Schuyler's orders, 181-Schuyler em-

barks for St. John's, 181-Schuyler retreats, 181-His letter to congress, 182

-Montgomery invests St. John's, 182-Rashness of Ethan Allen, 183-He

attempts to surprise Montreal, 183-Is defeated and taken prisoner, 184-

He is put in irons and sent to England, 184-Montgomery in want of good

officers, 184—Macpherson, 184-Complaint of the New Englanders, 185—Of

the Yorkers, 185—General insubordination, 185—Carleton unable to relieve

St. John's, 186—His humanity, 186-The Americans capture the fort in

Chambly, 186-Gain of powder, 187-Siege of St. John's, 187-Vain attempts

to raise the siege, 187—The place surrenders, 188—Montgomery enters Mon-

treal, 188-His political plans for Canada, 188-He resolves to go down to

Quebec, 189.

CHAPTER LIII.

THE MARCH TO QUEBEC. September-November, 1775.

Arnold and the expedition against Quebec, 190-His character, 190-

Roger Enos, 190-Other officers, 191-Washington and Lord Chatham, 191

-Washington's address to the Canadians, 191-The party reach the Kenne-

bec, 191―Their manner of travelling, 192-The difficulty of their march, 192

―Their progress, 183-Enos deserts, 193-They reach the portage, 194—Their

sufferings, 194-Want of food, 194-They reach the Chaudière, 195-The

parish of St. Mary, 195-Arnold's coming known at Quebec, 196—Arnold at

Point Levi, 196-Quebec prepared to resist him, 196-His party crosses the

river, 197—His feeble condition, 197—He is too weak to attack Quebec, 197—

No hope unless from a rising of the townspeople, 198-He retires to Point

aux Trembles, 198.

CHAPTER LIV.

THE SIEGE OF QUEBEO. November, December, 1775.

Carleton escapes to Quebec, 199-Prescott and the flotilla captured, 199—

Carleton orders off all the doubtful, 200-His means of defence, 200-Mont-

gomery's army, 200—Congress neglects him, 201—His junction with Arnold

201-He appears before Quebec, 201-He hopes to carry it by storm, 202–

He summons Carleton to surrender the city, 202--His batteries, 202—Carle-

ton's resoluteness, 203—Montgomery's desperate situation, 203—He visits the

spot where Wolfe fell, 204-Dissension among his men, 204-Council of war

decide on attacking the lower town, 205-Preparation for the assault, 206-

Plan of the attack, 206—Montgomery leads on his men, 206-Roughness of

the path, 206-They are separated, 206-Montgomery is stopped by a block-

house, 206-Its garrison on the alert, 207-Montgomery leads the attack, 207-

The death of himself and others, 208-Campbell orders a retreat, 208—Arnold

leads the attack on the Northeast, 208-He is wounded, 209-Morgan's com-

pany carry a barricade, 209—Effect of the cold, 209—Fighting in the street,

209––The Americans retire to stone houses, 210-Death of Hendricks, 210—

A sally, 210—The party surrender, 210-Loss of the Americans, 210--Mac-

pherson, 211-Montgomery, 211-His character, 211-Grief at his death, 211

-Eulogies on him in the British parliament, 212.

CHAPTER LV.

THE ROYAL GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA INVITES THE SERVANTS AND SLAVES TO

RISE AGAINST THEIR MASTERS. November, December, 1775.

Temper of the central colonies, 213-New Jersey assembly addressed by

Dickinson, 214-By Jay, 214-By Wythe, 215-Intrigues of Tryon, 215-Firm

ness of the New York convention, 215-John Morin, Scott and Macdougall,

215-Mutual attraction of France and the colonies, 215—Arthur Lee and

Dumas, 216-De Bonvouloir arrives in Philadelphia, 216-His interview with

the committee of congress, 216—His report to the French minister, 217—

Its importance, 217-Distress of the army for want of supplies, 217-Few

enlist, 218-The eagerness of the New England men for paltry gains, 218-

The Connecticut troops leave in December, 218-Washington complains, 219,

-Trumbull pleads for the deserters, 219-Militia called out, 219-Lee still

corresponding with Burgoyne, 220-He visits Newport, 220-Dunmore

plunders Holt's printing office, 220-Blockade of Hampton, 221-Virginia re-

sists by force, 221—George Nicholas fires the first gun, 221–The British are

not able to land, 221-They renew the attack, 222--And are driven off, 222—

The Great Bridge, 222-Dunmore's foray, 222-Orders a fort at Great Bridge,

223-Dunmore proclaims martial law, 223-Invites servants, negroes, and

others to rise against their masters, 223-State of the negro population, 223

-Dunmore's extensive plans, 224-Excitement in Virginia, 224-Congress

invites Virginia to form a government, 224-Wrath of Washington, 224—Plea

of the Virginians, 225-Why the slaves did not generally rise, 225-Many

people join the British standard, 226-Norfolk left to the tories, 226—Patriots

resolve to take it, 226-They approach the great bridge, 226-Dunmore

sends a party to attack them, 227-Desperate courage of Fordyce, 227-The

British are repulsed with great loss, 227—Humanity of the victors, 228—

Consternation of the Scotch in Norfolk, 228-Crowds of people and runaway

negroes fly to the British ships, 228—The Americans take possession of Nor-

folk, 228-Dunmore receives arms for the negroes, 229-Demands provisions

of the town, 229-Is refused, 229-Purposes vengeance, 229.

CHAPTER LVI.

THE NEW YEAR. 1776. January, 1776.

Bombardment of Norfolk, 230-The town is burnt by Dunmore's order

230-Progress of the flames, 231-Dunmore alarmed at what he had done

231-Insinuation against the people in the town, 232-Washington's anger,

232-The American banner with stripes, 232-Free negroes retained in the

continental service, 232-Committee of congress on the subject, 232-Decision

of congress, 233-Washington left without money, 233-His diligence, 234–

His trials and secret thoughts, 234-His difficulties, 235-His opinion in favor

of independence, 235-Opinion of Greene, 235-Change in the popular mind,

236--Thomas Paine, 236-He publishes Common Sense, 236-His argument

from Scripture against monarchy, 236-Majority of kings bad ones, 237-

Kings multiply civil wars, 237-Kings of no use, 237-The appeal to arms,

237-The worth of the cause, 237—Great Britain of no use as a protector,

238-Britain not the parent country, 238-The connection of no advantage.

238—America should steer clear of European wars, 238-Plea for separation,

239-The territory too vast to remain dependent, 239-Independence neces-

sary for peace, 240-And for prosperity, 240-The proper time for it, 240-

France and Spain cannot aid British subjects, 241-Independence a necessity,

241—A natural right, 241-Paine's pamphlet opportune, 242-Samuel Adams

and Wythe for confederation, 242-Opposition of the proprietary party, 242-

Wilson against independence, 242-Samuel Adams counteracts him, 242-

Cushing superseded by Gerry, 243—Zeal of Samuel Adams, 243—He is sec-

onded by Franklin, 243—Hesitancy of New Hampshire, 243-Of the council

of Massachusetts, 244-Maryland convention against independence, 244-In-

trigues of Lord Drummond, 244-Commissioners expected, 244-Franklin

brings up his plan of a confederation, 245-Is outvoted, 246-Testimony of

the Quakers, 245-Votes of congress, 215-New Jersey governor arrested,

245-Georgia governor arrested, 246-He escapes, 246-Measures of the Vir-

ginia convention, 246-Muhlenberg and his regiment, 246-The restrictive

system, 247—Virginia demands the opening of the ports, 247—Progress to-

wards independence, 247-It sprung from the people, 247-Agency of the

people in all reforms, 248-The criterion of common sense, 248-Its decision.

249.

CHAPTER LVII.

BRITAIN ENGAGES FOREIGN TROOPS. November, 1775-February, 1776.

The king cannot carry on the war with British troops, 250-He asks of

Holland the Scottish brigade, 250-Its origin, 251-Arguments for the loan,

251-States general divided, 251-Opinion of Van der Capellen, 251—The

connection with England an injury to Holland, 251-The republic of Holland

should not war on the free, 252-Unwillingness to offend England, 252—

Form of the refusal of the brigade, 253-State of Germany, 253-War made a

profitable trade, 253-Offers of adventurers, 253-Scruples of the king about

kidnapping, 254-He contracts for German recruits, 254-In violation of the

law of the empire, 254-His success, 254-His recruiting stations, 255¬~He re-

solves to apply to Brunswick and Hesse Cassel, 255-Unnecessary anxiety, 255

-Eagerness of the Prince of Waldeck, 256-Faucitt goes to Brunswick, 256–

Character of Duke Charles, 256-Prince Ferdinand, 256-His character, 256

-He approves the British proposal, 257-The reigning duke concurs, 257—