TOTAL FACTORIES NOT IN CONTINUOUS OPERATION AND TOTAL WORKERS, AND PER CENT OF FACTORIES AND OF WORKERS HAVING SPECIFIED NUMBER OF WORKING HOURS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1906.

According to the preceding table the investigation showed that there were in existence 12,188 establishments and parts of establishis not operating continuously and in these 930,930 workers

were employed. In 9.2 per cent of these establishments and parts of establishments, and for 8.8 per cent of the workers, the workingday was 9 hours or less; for 42.8 per cent of the establishments, etc., and for 45.9 per cent of the workers, the working-day was 10 hours or less, but over 9 hours; for 46.9 per cent of the establishments, etc., and for 43.8 per cent of the workers, the working-day was 11 hours or less, but more than 10 hours; for 2.7 per cent of the establishments, etc., 1.5 per cent of the workers, the working-day was longer than 11 hours or the length of the working-day was indefinite. For more than half of all the workers, therefore, or 54.7 per cent, the working-day was 10 hours or less. The percentages relating to the number of establishments just given when added together are slightly in excess of 100, this excess being caused by the duplication involved in computing parts of establishments.

The working-day of 9 hours or less is shown to be most extensive in the printing and publishing industries, where 94.2 per cent of the establishments and 95.2 per cent of all the workers in this group have this length of working time. The upholstering, etc., industries rank second in this respect, but the number of establishments and the persons employed is small. In the machinery industry 25.1 per cent of all the workers in this group have a working-day of 9 hours or less. In the other industry groups the workers engaged in paper, metal working, and woodworking establishments to the extent of 10 per cent or more have a working-day of 9 hours or less. In the textile industries less than 1 per cent of the employees have a 9-hour day, while in the smelting, etc., industries this working-day does not appear at all.

As a majority of the employees have a working-day of 10 hours and under, but over 9, the following summary is given to show what proportion of the employees in the various industry groups are employed over 10 hours, but not exceeding 11 per day:

PER CENT OF FACTORY WORKERS HAVING A WORKING TIME OF 10 HOURS AND UNDER, AND OF THOSE WORKING MORE THAN 10 HOURS BUT NOT EXCEEDING 11, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1906.

In 9 of the 16 industry groups more than a half of all the workmen are employed 10 hours or less. In printing and publishing 99.8 per cent of all workers fall in this group, though as a rule the working-day in this trade is usually 9 hours or less. The industry groups in which the 10-hour day is predominant may be mentioned the following: The machinery industries where 88 per cent of the workers have such a day, power plants with 76.1 per cent, leather industry with 73.9 per cent, clothing industries with 71.5 per cent, and metal working with 68.9 per cent. The industries where the working-day in excess of 10 hours predominates are textiles with 59 per cent of the workers having a day of this length, food products with 56.5 per cent, woodworking 53.9 per cent, and the chemical industry with 50.1 per cent. It should be mentioned that the industry of stones, earths, etc., which in the preceding table shows 45.3 per cent working in excess of 10 hours has, as is stated in the second table following, 2.9 per cent of its workers employed more than 11 hours; 4.8 per cent of its workers have the hours of labor unspecified.

As the law regulating the hours of labor restricts the working-day to 11 hours with certain exceptions, the following table shows what proportion of the establishments and workers avail themselves of the maximum working-day allowed. The first half of the table shows similar data for establishments in which the working-day is less than 9 hours.

NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND PARTS OF ESTABLISHMENTS NOT OPERATING CONTINUOUSLY AND OF WORKERS HAVING A WORKING TIME OF UNDER 9 HOURS AND NUMBER AND PER CENT OF THOSE HAVING A WORKING TIME OF EXACTLY 11 HOURS, 1906.

Of all noncontinuous establishments in the respective industry groups. Of males employed in the noncontinuous establishments in the respective industry, groups. (e noncontinuous establishments in the respective industry groups. he noncontinuous establishments in the respective industry groups.

* Of females employ

4 Of all persons ex

Less than on

NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND PARTS OF ESTABLISHMENTS NOT OPERATING CONTINUOUSLY AND OF WORKERS HAVING A WORKING TIME OF UNDER 9 HOURS AND NUMBER AND PER CENT OF THOSE HAVING A WORKING TIME OF EXACTLY 11 HOURS, 1906-Concluded.

1 Of all noncontinuous establishments in the respective industry groups.

2 Of males employed in the noncontinuous establishments in the respective industry groups. 3 Of females employed in the noncontinuous establishments in the respective industry groups. Of all persons employed in the noncontinuous establishments in the respective industry groups.

According to the preceding table, 30,615, or 3.3 per cent, of all workers employed in noncontinuous factory operations have a working-day of less than 9 hours, while 160,381, or 17.2 per cent, of all the workers engaged in noncontinuous factory operations, have a workingday of exactly 11 hours. The table shows that the printing and publishing trades are conspicuous for the high proportion of employees working less than 9 hours per day, and only one other industry group that of upholstering, etc., with 11.2 per cent-has more than 6 per cent of its employees with a working-day of less than 9 hours. The textile industries rank highest in the largest proportion of its employees working the full legal maximum of 11 hours per day, as 33.6 per cent of all textile employees in noncontinuous factory operations have a working-day of this duration. Four other groups have over 10 per cent of their employees employed the full maximum working-day. These are the woodworking industry, with 17.3 percent; the stones, earths, etc., industry, with 16.5 per cent; the food-products industry, with 13.4 per cent; and the clothing industry, with 10.9 per cent. It is of interest to point out that 22.7 per cent of all female employees in noncontinuous factory establishments have tho maximum working-day of 11 hours, as against 14.6 per cent of all the males. This proportion is due to the extensive employment of females in the textile industries.

The following table shows the number of establishments and the persons employed therein whose working-day is in excess of 11 hours per day:

NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND PARTS OF ESTABLISHMENTS NOT OPERATING CONTINUOUSLY AND OF EMPLOYEES WITH WORKING TIME OF MORE THAN 11 HOURS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1906.

1 Of all noncontinuous establishments in the respective industry groups. 2 Of males employed in the noncontinuous establishments in the respective industry groups. 8 Of females employed in the noncontinuous establishments in the respective industry groups. 4 Of all persons employed in the noncontinuous establishments in the respective industry groups. Including 2 establishments with a working day of 12 and of 14 to 15 hours for part of the time. Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.