Articles of Religion, to be signed by all clergymen and schoolmasters. 1552.

2. Quarrels among the Protestants; no uniformity or even decency in ritual; decrease in the number of students at the Universities.

3. Foundation of grammar schools out of the spoils of the monasteries, the one noble measure of the time.

4. General misrule, both under Somerset and Warwick. a Royal expenditure four times as great as before.

b Crown lands given away to personal friends of the two Protectors.

c Debasement of the coinage.

d Surrender of Boulogne to France (see Henry VIII. F 3.), to prevent its being taken.

Mary, 1553-1558,

A Northumberland's (Warwick's) "Plan" to Regulate the Succession. Pp. 353, 354.

1. Table showing the descendants of daughters of Henry VII.

HENRY VII.

JAMES IV. (1)=Margaret = Earl of Angus (2)

Mary Duke of
Suffolk

JAMES V. Margaret Douglas

Frances Brandon

Dauphin of France

1

= MARY=Lord Darnley Earl of Jane Gray Catherine Grey

Lennox

Edward Seymour

JAMES I.

Arabella-William Seymour.

2. The settlement of the succession, though confirmed by Act of Parliament, illegally altered. Mary and Elizabeth passed over as bastards; Jane Grey, grand-daughter of Mary, younger daughter of Henry VII., named as successor, to the exclusion of her mother, Frances Brandon, and married to Northumberland's son, Guildford Dudley.

3. Failure of the "plan," owing to the discontent of the nation. Even in Protestant London "not one calls God speed ye.' Imprisonment of Northumberland and Jane Grey. 1553.

4. Reaction in favour of the old religion, except in the matter of the confiscation of the Church lands and the rejection of the Papal supremacy.

B The Spanish Marriage (with Philip, son of Charles V.), Pp. 354-356.

1. Mary attracted to the marriage partly by religious, partly by political reasons, to secure herself against the claims of Mary Stuart, married to the Dauphin of France.

2. Discontent of the English: the marriage involves the ruin of the New Religion, and also the New Learning. Insurrection of Kent, under Sir Thomas Wyatt, through hatred of the Spaniards, crushed by the courage of the Queen. 1554. 3. The Queen's revenge. Execution of Jane Grey, Suffolk (her father), and Thomas Wyatt. 1554.

4. Marriage of Mary and Philip at Winchester. July, 1554.

C The Submission to Rome and the Protestant Martyrs.

1. Arrival of Reginald Pole, as Papal Legate; the Houses of Parliament receive absolution on their knees. Nov. 30, 1554.

2. Opposition of Parliament to a purely Catholic policy. Refusal to settle the succession on Philip or to give up the Church lands.

3. Effect produced by the Protestants, who know at least how to die.

a Revival of the Statute de Hæretico Comburendo (see Henry IV. A 2.). Martyrdom of Taylor, vicar of Hadleigh.

b Martyrdom of Bishop Hooper at Gloucester; of Bishop Ferrars, at Carmarthen; of Bishops Latimer and Ridley, at Oxford. Oct. 16, 1555.

c Recantation and martyrdom of Cranmer, the second Bishop in Western Christendom; these martyrdoms, especially that of Cranmer, the death-blow to Catholicism in England.

D The Death of Mary. Pp. 360, 361.

1. Departure of Philip, partly owing to the failure of the Catholic policy, partly owing to Mary's childlessness.

2. Persecution urged on by Mary. Growing indignation of the people. "You have lost the hearts of twenty thousand that were rank Papists within these twelve months."

3. War with France to support Philip. Capture of Calais by the Duke of Guise, the last English possession in France. Jan. 7, 1558.

4. Death of Mary. Nov. 17, 1558.

Elizabeth. 1558-1603.

A The Time. P. 362.

1. Defeat abroad (France mistress of the Channel, and the old social discontent at home.

2. Religiously, the party of the New Learning dissolved; the Protestants fiercer, the Catholics bound closer to Rome. 3. The style and arms of an English Sovereign adopted by Mary Stuart of Scotland, wife of Francis II. of France. 4. Exhaustion of the Treasury by the Protestant misrule under Edward, Mary's attempted restoration of the Church lands, and French war.

B The Character of Elizabeth. Pp. 362-370.

1. Beneath her love of pleasure and flattery her nature, purely intellectual, hard as steel, untinctured by the affections. 2. Her policy marked by a woman's simplicity and tenacity of purpose.

a In the choice of her aims-to preserve her throne, to keep England out of war, to restore order.

b In the pursuit of her aims.

I The rejection of large schemes of ambition, e.g., the presidency of a Protestant league and the sovereignty of the Low Countries.

2 Her scheming policy, which gains time, i.e., strength.

3 Her self-confidence and vigour, when she believes she is strong enough to act.

c In the selection of the right men to carry out her aims -statesmen, financiers, discoverers, divines.

3. Her real greatness lies in her power over her people, gained

a By the wide range of her sympathies.

b By the wisdom and vigour of her government.

c By her boldness in the solution of the agrarian difficulty through the system of poor-laws.

d By her economy and maintenance of peace.

e By the absence (especially in her earlier years) of persecution.

ƒ By her respect for the opinion of the people (as in the surrender of monopolies).

g By her love for the people. "No worldly thing under the sun is so dear to me as the love and goodwill of my subjects."

4. Her life marked by a terrible loneliness.

a The loneliness of her position. The last of the Tudors. "I am but a barren stock." Marriage

impossible to her owing to the strife between the Old and New Religion.

b Moral isolation: her nature purely intellectual without love and without hate (see her ingratitude to Drake

in the matter of stores against the Armada, to Walsingham, to Davison).

c Religious isolation from her people and the religious feelings of the time. Public order her leading idea. No conception of theological zeal, hence her requirement of outer conformity, which "leaves opinion free."

C The Settlement of Religion. Pp. 369-372.

1. Elizabeth at first adopts her father's policy-royal supremacy and dissolution of the monasteries, with the addition of freedom of conscience.

2. Driven on by the Protestant feeling of the people, she gives up the celibacy of the clergy and the use of the crucifix.

3. Appointment of Parker as Primate to restore order in discipline and worship. 1559.

a Catholics forbidden, by a prohibition from Rome, to be present at the new worship. Absentees thereupon fined for "recusancy." 1562.

b Thirty-nine Articles (of Edward's forty-two) constituted the Standard of Belief.

1563.

c A commission appointed to enforce the Act of Uniformity in Public Worship. 1564.

D Elizabeth and Scotland. Pp. 372-374.

1. History of Scotland from the beginning of the Hundred Years' War. 1339. (See Edward I. A 2, and Edward II. B.)

a Scotland as an ally of France in the war.

1 Battle of Neville's Cross, near Durham, October 12, 1346. David Bruce defeated and kept a prisoner till 1357.

2 Raids and skirmishes such as Otterburn (near the Reed), where a dead Douglas wins the field, August 19, 1388 (see the ballad of Chevy Chase); and Homildon Hill, September 14, 1402.

The power of the Crown sinks into insignificance. Strife between the Houses of Douglas and of March. Invasion by Donald of the Isles and the Highlanders of the West. Donald defeated at Harlaw (near Aberdeen), July 21, 1411. The Lowlands saved from the rule of the Celt. c Return of James I. from his captivity and education in England, 1424. Organisation of Scotland, and submission of the Highland clans. Murder of James. 1436.

d Strife between the House of Douglas and the Crown. Final supremacy of the Crown in the Lowlands by the defeat of the Douglases at Arkinholm (in Eskdale), 1454; in the Highlands by the annexation of Orkney and Shetland as pledges for the payment of the marriage dowry of Margaret of Norway, 1469, and by the breaking up of the Lordship of the Isles. 1504.

Marriage of James IV. to Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII. 1502.

f Henry VIII. revives claim of English supremacy.

I Invasion of England by James IV., and battle of
Flodden. September 9, 1513.

2 James V. intrigues with the English Catholics,
defeated by Somerset at Solway Moss. Birth of
Mary Stuart. "It came with a lass, and it will
go with a lass." 1542.

3 Somerset's invasion of Scotland to bring about marriage of Edward VI. and Mary Stuart. Fruitless victory of Somerset at Pinkie Cleugh (near Musselburgh), 1547. Mary of Lorraine (widow of James V. and Regent) marries Mary Stuart to Francis II. then Dauphin of France, leading in consequence to the counter-marriage between Mary of England and Philip of Spain. 2. Elizabeth's accession and Mary Stuart's claims to the English Crown.

a Elizabeth gains a year by raising the hopes of the English Catholics as to her conversion, while she intrigues with the Scotch Protestant nobles, “The Lords of the Congregation."

b Elizabeth suddenly attacks the French force in Scotland. Siege and capitulation of Leith. Treaty of Edinburgh, and admission by the French of Elizabeth's title. 1560.

3. Mary Stuart. Pp. 375-384.

a Death of Francis II., and landing of Mary Stuart in Scotland. 1561. Mary's charm of manner, and political ability, wins to her all Scotchmen except Knox. Refusal of her claim to be recognised in Parliament as Elizabeth's successor. "I am not so foolish as to hang a winding sheet before my own eyes." France parted from Scotland by the downfall of the Guises, and the supremacy of Catherine of Medicis. 1563.

b Disappointed in France, Mary appeals to the English Catholics, suffering from the passing of the Test Act (1562), by a marriage with Henry Darnley, grandson of Margaret Tudor, thus uniting their sympathies.